Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-15638-8

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-15638-8 — The Cambridge World History of Violence Edited by Matthew Gordon , Richard Kaeuper , Harriet Zurndorfer Index More Information

Index

Aba Bakr, Timurid prince, 71 contemporary criticism of, 375, 377, 385 Abaoji, founder of Kitan empire, 24, 26, 30 defeat of, 384 Abbasid dynasty kinds of violence, 375 coup against Umayyads, 8, 460 Al-Andalus, 486 court scholars, 5 Alaric II, king of the Visigoths, 80 defeat of Tang China, 4 Alberti, Leon Battista, Della pittura, 656 and jihad, 464 Albigensian Crusade, 303, 414, 436, 477, notion of protected inviolability, 615 482, 485 ‘slave-military’ structure of warfare, 5 Alexios I Komnenos, Byzantine emperor, use of torture, 170 288, 308 Zanj revolt, 8, 617–18 as arbiter of Christian doctrine, 291, 292, Abd al-Malik, caliph, 577 293, 301 Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani, poem, 620 policy of heresy trials, 291, 304 ‘ 458–9 461 Abd al-Razzaq al-S˙an ani, Mussanaf, , Alexios I Megas Komnenos, king, of Abd Allah Ibn al-Mu‘tazz, hunting poet, 613 Sinope, 171 Abd Allah ibn ‘Umar, 460 Alfred the Great, king of Wessex, 103, 186 ‘ 111 Abdallah bin T˙ ahir, governor of Khurasan, Alfred of Surrey, ealdorman, 68 ‘ 174 463 Ali bin Abi T˙ alib, fourth caliph, , ‘ ‘ 318 ‘ 617 Abdallah, son of Umar bin al-Khat˙˙tab, Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad, Abu Bakr, first caliph, 318, 466 ‘Alishah, prince of Khwarazm, 72 Abu Huraya, Companion, 461 Altichiero da Verona, 651 Abu Salama ibn Abd al-Rahman, 464 Amadeo VI of Savoy, 95 Abu Shama al-Maqdisi, historian, 177 Amboise, Cardinal d’, 279 fi Abu Zayd al-S˙ira , Accounts of India and Americas China, 609 human sacrifice, 390–409 Abu‘l-Qasim Babur, succession conflict, 75 see also Aztec empire; Inca; Maya; Moche Adams, Henry, 426 An Jincang, suicide, 570 ‘ 179 32 45 55 al- Adil T˙ umambay, sultan, An Lushan Rebellion, Tang China, , , , Adolphson, Mikael, 376–7, 384, 385 140, 233 Adrian IV, pope, 482 Andronikos I Komnenos, Byzantine emperor, Adrianople, captured by Ottomans (1362), 288, 309 95 lynching of, 309, 310 adultery, punishments for, 176, 178, 336, 596 Andronikos II Komnenos, Byzantine Aghlabid dynasty, 5 emperor, 307 Agincourt, Battle of (1415), 14, 94 Angevins, as kings of Naples, 92 Agnadello, Battle of (1509), 274 Anglo-French war (1545), 284 Aguda, Jurchen Jin emperor, 29 see also Hundred Years War Akapama complex, Andes, 402 animal hunting akuso¯, Buddhist warrior monks (Japan), 373–6 Arabic poetry, 612–13

676

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-15638-8 — The Cambridge World History of Violence Edited by Matthew Gordon , Richard Kaeuper , Harriet Zurndorfer Index More Information

Index

visual imagery of, 578, 579–81, 585 Türkmen, 70, 71, 72, 89 animal sacrifice see also armies, Europe; armies, Iran; Inca empire, 394 armour; artillery; Byzantine army; Maya, 524–6 cavalry; Chinese army; Mongol animals armies; nomad armies; soldiers; Arabic literature on, 612–15 warriors; weapons trials of, 193 armies, Europe, 79–98 Anna Komnene, on heresy trials, 299 Charlemagne’s, 81, 83 Anselm of Lucca, 416 domination of great lords, 85 De caritate, 421 financing of, 272 Anselm, St, 336 France, 270 ‘Antata ibn Shaddad, Mu‘allaqa poem, 603 infantry, 86, 92, 268 Antioch permanent garrisons, 94 burning of heretical texts, 298 pillaging by, 278–9, 281 crusader state, 89, 300 professionalisation, 94, 97 Apollonius of Tyre, romance, 627 rise in permanent armies, 92–5 apostasy, Islam, 166, 167 size of, 270–2 Apros, Battle of (1305), 92 armies, Iran (Middle East) Aquinas, St Thomas, 193, 335, billeting of troops, 67–71, 75 631 conscription, 60 Arab/Islamic world corvée (forms of), 54, 60, 61–2 accounts of, 5 devastation caused by, 71–3 art, 576–99 extraordinary levies, 67, 71, 76 expansion, 4 garrisons for, 70 regicides, 7 na‘l-baha payment to, 66–7, 76 and state formation, 4 provisioning of, 62–4 trade, 8 recruitment (medieval Iran), 59–61 see also Egypt; Iran; Islam; Islamic law; siege warfare (depictions), 585, 586, 590 Islamic period; jihad; Muslims; Syria use of barat tax cheques, 64–6, 76 Arabian Nights, 169, 179 see also Mongol armies; nomadic armies Arabic writers see literature, Arabic (Islamic) armour Aragon, house of, 92 leather, 79 Aragon, kingdom of, 486 plate, 96 Arakawa, Japan, 217 Roman, 79 arbitration Arnold of Brescia, 303, 482 institutions of, 200 Arnorr, skald, 112 Japan, 146, 208 Arnulfings, 80 archery Arras, France, 283 Chinese societies, 237 monastery of Saint-Vaast, 101, 117 crossbows, 96 art horse (Mongol), 231, 241 battle and warfare, 649–57 longbows, 93–4 China, 536 types of bows, 241 death and mourning, 593, 594 Arian Christianity, 473 effect of violent imagery on mind of ‘Arib al-Ma’muniyya, slave woman, 324 spectator, 647–9, 657, 662–3 Aribert, archbishop of Milan, 482 European medieval, 645–73 aristocracy see elites; knights; seigneurial hell and demons, 596–8 (aristocratic) violence human sacrifice in Americas, 392 armies hunting scenes, 578, 579–81, 585 corvée (forms of), 54 iconography of violence, 645–9 garrisons, 283 imagery of warfare, 648 Ottoman, 95 Iranian designs on paper, 595 Islamic lands, 576–99

677

Index

art (cont.) and centres of force in human body, 398 legendary heroes, 581, 585, 586, 587, 593 compared with Inca, 407–8 magical creatures, 588, 593 cultural origins, 393 Maya ritual violence, 532 domestic religion, 404 middle period Iran, 583–8 Festival of the Flaying Man, 399 Orientalist, 164 human sacriﬁce, 394–6, 397–400, 407 princely cycle (combat and hunting), 583–8 to accompany dead dignitaries, 403 see also carvings; ceramics; literature; of children, 392, 399, 405 metalwares New Fire Ceremony, 529 artillery population, 395 bombards, 96 and war captives, 404 cannons, 97 warriors, 405 effect in battle, 96, 274 weakness of state, 407 Europe, 267 see also Maya gunpowder and, 96 handguns, 97, 268 Badr, battle of (624), 451 iron shot, 267 Baghdad naval, 267 billeting of soldiers, 68, 70 for siege warfare, 96, 268 Mongol sack of (1258), 33, 589, 590 Artois, military campaigns in, 281 public violence against women, 314, 324–7 Ashdown, Battle of (871), 103 Bahram Gur, Iranian hero, 585 Ashikaga Taukauji, 569 al-Bajuri, scholar, 175 and Kemnu Formulary (second bakufu, Japanese warrior government, 558 shogunate), 148–54, 160 Baldwin, count of Hainaut, 86 and War of Northern and Southern Balkans Courts, 559 Bogomilism in, 301, 303 Ashikaga Yoshumitsu, third shogun, 566 Norman expansion into, 300 assassinations ball courts, Maya, 523 Arabic, 7, 616 ballgames, as ritual and sport (Aztec), 406 China, 127, 128, 131 Balsac, Robert de, 272 Mongols, 22, 26, 29 Baltic Crusades, 94, 414 asylum, church sanctuary, 188, 334, 341, 495 bandits Ata ibn Ali Rabah, 460, 466 China, 236 Athanasius of Alexandria, 505 Japan, 207, 214, 215, 220 Athens, 92 ‘roving’ and ‘stationary’ theory of, 35 Augustine of Hippo, St, 473 and trade routes, 9 Against Faustus, 631 Bannockburn, Battle of (1214), 93 concept of just war, 11, 334, 416 Baptistère de Saint-Louis, visual imagery on, Sermon 302: On the Feast of St Laurence, 630 595–6 Austin, López, 407 barat tax cheques, for army Austregesil, feud with Sichar, 250 requisitioning, 64–6 Austria, Privilegium Maius (1358), 195 Baraz, Daniel, 422 auto-sacriﬁce see bloodletting Barber, Malcolm, 485 Auton, Jean d’, 270, 274 Barkyaruq, Seljuq sultan, 63, 72 Autun, Battle of (641/2), 79 Bartolus of Sassoferrato, jurist, 194 Auxy, attack on (1472), 280 Baruch the German, 477, 489 Avars, in Hungary, Charlemagne’s campaign Basil I, emperor, Imperial Laws, 293 against, 82 Basil of Seleucia, 663 ‘Ayn al-Qudat, mystic, 173 Basil, St, 496 ˙ ‘Ayn Jalut, Battle of (1260), 175 Basil ‘the Bogomil’, trial for heresy, 299, 301 Ayyubid dynasty, 6, 91 Basra, sack of (871), 617–18 al-Azmeh, Aziz, 180 The Battle of Maldon (poem), 105, 110 Aztec empire (Mesoamerica), 390, 391 Battle of virtues and vices, carving, 662

678

Index

battlefields Hussite wars, 483 casualties, 274, 275–8 Majestas Carolina (1355), 195 corpses left on, 115, 118 Bohemond of Taranto, in Balkans, 300 descriptions and depictions of, 272–5, Bologna 649–57 prosecution of crime, 192 Japanese descriptions, 563 University of, 188 use of chariots, 231 Boroughbridge, Battle of (1322), 93 see also siege warfare; warfare Börte, wife of Chinggis Khan, 23 Bavaria, Land law code (1346), 195 Bouin, France, Viking raid, 101 Bayan, Mongol commander, 239 Boulogne, 277 Baybars, Mamluk general, 175 Bourgthéroulde, Battle of (1124), 86 Bayeux Tapestry, 650 Bouvines, Battle of (1214), 86, 87 Bayezid, sultan, 95 Bray, Julia, 314 Beaumanoir, Philippe de, 194, 196 Brémule, Battle of (1119), 86 Bekhter (half-brother of Chinggis Khan), 22 Brésin, Louis, chronicler, 283 Benedetti, Alessandro, 274 Brethren of Purity Benedict, St, 336 debate between man and animals, 613–15 benefit of clergy, England, 341 On the Classes of Animals, 614 Benevento, Battle of (1266), 92 Brittany, duchy of, 261, 444 Beowulf, 112 Brunhild, queen, 250 Berhtwulf, king of Mercia, 102 Brunner, Otto, 258 Berke, khan of Golden Horde, 26 Bruno of Cologne, 84, 421 Bernard of Clairvaux, St, 436, 474, 661, 662 Bryhtnoth, ealdorman, 105 Berthar, Frankish warrior, 79 Buddhism Bible loss of influence to Islam, 11 accounts of Herod’s massacre of the Lotus Sutra, 370 innocents, 664 Mantra Kings, 376 accounts of Passion of Christ, 670–3 martial elements, 376 Bird Jaguar IV, Maya king, 531 see also Buddhism, in China; Buddhism, in birds, for Maya animal sacrifice, 525 Japan Bishr bin ‘Abdallah, 319 Buddhism, in China Biwarasp the Wise, king of the Jinn, 614–15 conflict with Daoists, 361 Bizhan, Iranian hero, and Manizha, 586, 587 and cults of dead warriors, 357 Blacas ewer, 584 deities, 359 Black Death, 10, 476 eschatology, 356, 361 Blanshei, Sarah, 192 and ‘Eternal Mother’ sect, 363 Bloch, Marc, 331, 646 fighting monks, 354, 364 Blois, burning of Jews (1171), 475 literature, 16, 349, 351 Blois, Theobald, count of, 475, 479 Maitreya (Buddha of the future), 361, ‘blood-eagle’ Viking image of, 118 362, 364 bloodletting (auto-sacrifice), 390 monasteries, 240, 356 deposits of body parts, 523 narrative of kingship, 353 instruments for, 392, 517, 533 non-violence, 350, 539 Maya, 516–23, 533 notion of new age (kalpa), 352 as rite of passage (Maya), 521 power of prediction, 351 Bobrinsky Bucket, 583, 584 and rebellion (515-517), 352 Boccaccio, Giovanni, 642 Red Turban uprising, 362 Decameron, 640–1 relations with state, 352, 364 Boethius, 79 state persecution of, 351, 355–6, 364 Bogomilism supernatural violence, 359 in Balkans, 301, 303 Tantric texts, 354, 359 trials in Byzantium, 304 transfer of merit, 351 Bohemia uprising (1420), 362

679

Index

Buddhism, in China (cont.) use of torture, 170 view of Chinggis Khan, 361 Byzantine army, 288 violence in Chinese tradition, 350–2 cavalry, 79 White Cloud, 361 European mercenary companies, 92 White Lotus movement, 361 liturgies for, 503, 506 Buddhism, in Japan, 368–88 popular view of, 507 byo¯do¯ (teaching of equality), 383 and symbols of the faith, 501–2 conflict with native religion (kami deities), Byzantium 369–71 access to and enforcement of law, 494 doctrinal justifications for religious attitudes to violence, 493 violence, 376–80, 385 and Christian orthodoxy, 289–91 doctrinal schools, 371 and church view of just war, 498–505 early introduction, 369 continuity of tradition in, 492–3, 508 hongaku ho¯mon doctrine, 378, 381, 385 ethnic diversity, 288–9, 307 Kanko¯ruiju¯ (Digest of the light of Han), 379 and First Crusade, 300 and mappo¯ (period of the final dharma), 375, heresy trials, 288, 291, 308 377–8 honour and shame, 507 monasteries, 371, 383 and legal status of incomers, 306 aristocratic domination of, 372, 373, military role of emperor, 502, 504 374, 375 persecution of heretics, 289, 302–6, 309 conflicts between, 373 rejection of concept of ‘holy war’ (jihad), suppression of Pure Land Buddhism, 505–9 380–1 relations with Normans, 287, 300–1, religious revolts, 381–4 306 Sanju¯shi-ka no kotogaki (Notes on Thirty- relations with papacy, 304 Four Articles), 378 relations with Saracens, 4 as state religion, 370–1 religious character of warfare, 508 and warrior monks (akuso¯), 373–6, 377, 384 role of church, 492 Bukhara, 59 role of emperors as arbiters of doctrine, 461 289–91 309 al-Bukhari, ˙Sahih, , Bu’l-Fadl Bayhaqi, chronicler, 61 and Sasanid dynasty, 5, 8 ˙ Bulgaria traditions of Roman law, 492 campaign of Constantine V in, 508 and Venetians, 305–6 dualist heresy, 483 warfare, 492–509 surrender to Ottomans, 95 wars with Persians, 499 Bulgars, Byzantium and, 503 see also Byzantine army; Constantinople Bulghar, market town (on Volga), 106, 111, 610 Cadoc, French mercenary, 87 Bull, Marcus, 330 Cahokia, St Louis, Mississipian centre, 402 bureaucracies Calais China, 125, 141 English garrison, 94 Europe, 256 siege of, 444 Burgundian army, 80, 280 Callot, Jacques, Les grandes misères de la burial rites guerre, 654 and grave goods, 402, 403 Cambrai, 282 and human sacrifice (Americas), 398, 402–4 Camille, Michael, 660–1 Rus, 610 cannibalism, 391, 393 suicides, 343 and human sacrifice, 401–2, 407 Viking, 111 canon law, 193 Burke, Peter, 272 Byzantium, 305, 492 Bursa, fall to Ottomans, 95 and forced baptism of Jews, 477 Buyid dynasty Cao Cao, ruler of north China, 544 in Baghdad, 68 Capetian rulers of France, 83, 84

680

Index

Carmen Miserabile chronicle (Mongol invasion on honour, 430, 432–3 of Hungary), 19 on knightly suffering, 438–9 Carruthers, Mary, 648 on shame, 435 carvings Charroux, Council of (989), 255 Battle of virtues and vices, 662 Château Gaillard, siege of (1203–4), 87 Metz ivory book cover, 664, 665 Chaudhry, Ayesha, 317 Souillac trumeau, 657–61 Cheng Zhijie, general, 139 Castile (Léon-Castile), kingdom of, 195, 486 chevauchée (burning and pillaging of enemy prosecution of rape, 339 territory), 14, 93, 261 castles, 86 Chicago School of sociology, 630 England, 263 child sacriﬁce, 392, 394, 399, 405 in Europe, 253–6 Maya, 526–9, 533 motte and bailey, 86 children Catalonia, Remences rebellion, 7 beating (to discipline), 336 Catellanus, Andreas, on courtly love, 340 father’s rights over, 337 Cathars (‘Good Men and Women’), 303, 414, China 436, 481, 482 accounts of Mongol invasions, 5 cavalry bandits, 236 Byzantine army, 79 Buddhist monasteries, 240, 356 Chinese steppe, 229 campaign against Türk empire, 31 in crusades, 90, 414 civil wars, 131, 133–4 European knights, 86, 92, 443 classes, 230 Frankish, 79, 80, 81 Classic of Filial Piety, 547 French army, 270 Complete Collection of Illustrations and high saddle, 84, 96 Writings, 549 Muslim heavy (ghulams), 90 coups d’état, 132 nomadic, 4, 32 dynastic changes, 124, 131–6 Ottoman heavy (sipahis), 95 early medieval dynasties, 124–5 use of stirrup, 80, 84, 96 Eastern Zhou dynasty, 535 see also knights education, 537 ceramics ethical belief systems, 537–40 Maya, 526, 530 ethnic and geographical divisions, 124 visual imagery, 585–8 Five Dynasties, 130, 233 Ceresole, Battle of (1544), 273, 275 Former Shu Kingdom, 130 Cerro de Huistle, Chalchihuites site, 393 Han dynasty, 134, 543 Cerro Manati, Mexico, Aztec site, 392 as honour culture, 535 Chaghri, Seljuq prince, 71 Jin dynasty, 361 ch’ahb (bloodletting, penance), 519 law and order Chang’an, Tang capital, 39 forced relocation of populations, 14 Charlemagne, king of the Franks, 80, 81–3 imperial suppression of sanctioned army, 81, 83 vengeance, 536–7 as emperor of the West, 81 maintenance of, 540, 552 Charles the Bald, Holy Roman Emperor, 111 legal recognition of supernatural, 365 Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, 280 legal-bureaucratic system, 125, 141 Charles II, king of Naples, expulsion of Jews Liang dynasty, 352 (1289), 479 literati class, 235, 238, 241, 537 Charles Martel, king of the Franks, 80 Manchu conquest, 19, 30, 245, 357 Charles V, emperor, 267, 281 Mandate of Heaven ideology, 124, 234, armies, 270, 282 540–1, 544 Charles VIII, king of France, 271 Manichaeism, 51, 355, 360 Charny, Geoffroi de messianic rebellions, 361 Book of Chivalry, 429 military tradition, 13, 126, 536 and French Order of the Star, 442 farmers trained as militia, 228, 231

681

Index

China (cont.) Tumu Incident, 244 and loyalty of military, 230–1 China, Song dynasty (960–1270), 8, 43, 47, 56, and ownership of weapons, 231, 232, 234–8 238, 240 Chanyuan Covenant (1005), 234 trained violence, 228–46 culture, 235 military violence, 31 Fang La rebellion, 8, 51–5, 360 Northern Qi dynasty, 132 Former Song dynasty, 127 Northern Wei dynasty, 28, 131 and Jin, 237 Northern Zhou dynasty, 132 martial arts performances, 235, 236, 237 patrimonialism, 125 military, 46–51, 234, 236 political ritual in foreign relations, baojia system, 235 542–3, 553 professional army, 229, 235 political violence, 123–41 Mongol invasions, 4, 5, 238, 357 and power, 123–4 rebellions against Mongol rule, 242 proverbs, 46 and rise of Mongols, 237, 357 Qing dynasty, 30 Southern Song, 236–8 relations with Inner Asia, 3, 541–3, 553 and Tang legal code, 137 religion and violence, 349–66 China, Tang dynasty (618–90; 705–907), 38–55, religious rebellions, 352–3, 360–2 231–4, 245 representations of violence, 531 An Lushan Rebellion, 32, 45, 55, 140, 233 rise of high culture, 537, 553 aristocracy, 44, 537 Romance of the Three Kingdoms, 364, cultural heritage, 38 543–545 defeat by Abbasids, 4 self-mutilation and suicide, 547–50, 553 fall of (907), 129, 233 Shang dynasty, 552 female self-mutilation, 549 state violence, 136–40, 233 fubing system (farmer/soldier), 44–5, 229, succession struggles, 124, 126–31, 140 232–3, 245 Sui dynasty, 7, 132 Huang Chao insurgency, 8, 38–41, 43 supernatural Later Tang dynasty, 130 and concept of hell(s), 359, 365 legal code, 137–8, 364 cults of dead warriors, 357 military violence, 31 legal recognition of, 365 police force, 42 perception of enemies as demons, 358, political power of eunuchs, 129 364–6 and reuniﬁcation, 133–4 trade networks, 8, 39 succession conﬂicts, 128–9 Western Jin dynasty, 127, 240 ‘Sweet Dew Incident’, 129 Yuan dynasty, 238–42, 246 Chinese army, 47 Zhou dynasty, 135 conscription, 46, 49 see also Buddhism; China, Ming dynasty; decline under Ming, 244–5 China, Song dynasty; China, Tang defections and desertions, 49 dynasty; Chinese army; Daoism; effect of destruction of aristocracy on, Jurchen; Kitan; Mongols 44, 45 China, Ming dynasty (1368–1644), 229, fubing system (farmer/soldier), 44–5, 229, 242–5, 246 232–3, 245 collective violence, 243 hereditary military households, 229, 243 court violence, 243 horse archery, 231, 241 defeat by Manchus, 19, 30, 245, 357 and loyalty to dynasty, 230–1 and ‘Eternal Mother’ sect, 363 and military ethics, 538 Great Wall, 244 northern dynasties, 126 hereditary military households, 229, penalties for failures, 139 243, 244 professionalisation of, 46, 229 and Mongols, 244 public view of, 49, 50, 537 and Red Turban uprising, 362 public works labour, 54

682

Index

reliance on, 43 pacifism of, 333, 435 Song baojia system, 235 and penitential warfare, 417 and steppe cavalry, 229, 231 perceived influence of saints, 333 tattooing, 49–50 and pilgrimage, 418 training, 238, 240, 244 problems of doctrine, 290 violence of, 31, 46–51, 55 and suffering, 418 Chinggis Khan (Temüjin), 20, 22 view of Islam, 470, 487 Buddhist view of, 361 and violence in medieval Europe, 333–5, campaigns, 32 416, 424 Great Yasa law code, 24 violent imagery of, 415, 645 rivalry with Jamuqa, 25 and warfare, 3, 413 wars between descendants, 21 see also church; crusades; papacy chivalric violence, 412, 426–45 Christians, conversion to Judaism, 478 and chivalric codes, 429 Christine de Pisan, 428, 433 and holy war, 435 Chunqi, consort of Abaoji, 30 and honour, 268, 269 church in just cause, 433 and aristocratic violence, 255–6 and knightly suffering, 438–9 and Byzantine cult of saints, 501 as prowess with honour, 430, 432 Byzantine theologians, 499 religious valorisation, 435–40 Byzantine view of just war, 498–505 and warfare, 268, 441–5 and defensive warfare, 505 chivalry, 249 denial of burial to suicides, 343 chivalric orders, 441, 442 in France, 84 ideology, 430–5 and heresy courts, 478, 483–4, 485 literature of, 429, 437 and killing of non-Christians, 88 and piety of knights, 434, 436 and knightly piety, 436 as reformist code, 428 and monarchy, 84, 255 Romantic representation of, 426–7 and penance, 88 treatises on, 428, 433 prayers of intercession, 333 see also crusades; knights reform movement (eleventh century), 417 Chramnesind, feud with Sichar, 250 rejection of view of soldiers as martyrs, 506 Christi Leiden in einer Vision geschaut (German and sanctuary (asylum), 188, 334, 341, 495 Passion tract, 1350), 670, 673 and social order, 88 Christian violence, 470–90 and violence in medieval Europe, 333–5 against Christian heretics, 481–5 and warfare, 88 against Jews, 472–81 see also heresy; papacy against Muslims, 485–8 Ciompi Revolt, Florence, 7 and construction of other, 470–2 Circassian peoples, recruited as fighters, 6 as ethically neutral, 416 cities ideology of, 471–2 fortified (Europe), 86 justification of, 334, 489, 496–8 Italian, 85, 92, 256 see also Albigensian Crusade; Baltic Mongol treatment of, 20 Crusades; crusading violence Netherlands, 256 Christianity civil wars, 7 Byzantine emperors as arbiters of doctrine, and changes of dynasty in China, 131, 133–4 289–91, 309 see also Japan, Warring States period development of view of Jews as enemies of civilians Christians, 476 attacks on forbidden in Islam, 466 and divine justice, 333, 436 chivalric warfare and, 440, 441, 443, 444, 445 and fear of Muslim states, 487–8 effect of European warfare on, 278–83, 284 hegemony in western Europe, 478, 489 forced relocation of, 14 Japan, 384 nomadic violence against, 31–3, 63 and loving intention, 416, 421 violent response to soldiery, 279

683

Index

Clavijo, battle of, 651, 653 property crime; punishments; rape; Clement IV, pope, Turbato corde (1267), 478 suicide Clement of Sasima, bishop, 304 cross, Christian Clovis, king of Franks, 79, 80 as crusading symbol, 413 Cnut, king of England, 105, 113, 117 imperial Byzantine military, 501 Cohen, Esther, 203 as symbol of Byzantine warfare, 498, 507 coins, Umayyad imagery on, 577 cruelty, Christian view of, 415, 422, 439 collective (communal) violence crusades, 7, 89–91, 411–24 against heretics, 482, 485 against heresy, 483 against Jews, 476, 478–9 against pagans in northern Europe, 94, 414 Buddhism and, 353 Barons’ Crusade, 91 in Constantinople, 288 and defence of Christendom, 420 lynching of Andronikos I, 309 definition of, 412 Ming China, 243 effect on European warfare, 89, 414 Cologne, burning of heretics, 303 Fifth Crusade, 91 community First Crusade, 89, 300, 411, 412 and domestic violence, 320 and Gesta Francorum, 418 and law enforcement, 192 rogue attack on Jews in Rhineland, 474 and legal authority, 191 Fourth Crusade, 10, 91, 423, 503 Commynes, Philippe de, 278 last (1572–73), 412 Confucianism, 246, 538–9 and military orders, 90, 412, 420 benevolence (ren), 538 multinational leagues, 414, 424 righteousness (yi), 538, 545 penitential character of, 412, 413, 417 ritual propriety (li), 538 and remission of sins, 412, 417 and Romance of the Three Kingdoms, 544 Second Crusade, 421 Constance, Council of (1415), 483 and symbolism of cross, 413 Constantine I, emperor, 290, 498 Third Crusade, 91, 478 adoption of Christianity, 289, 497 crusading violence, 412 Edict of Toleration (313), 497 against ‘enemies of Christ’, 422–3 Constantine V, emperor, 500, 508 against non-Christians, 412, 413, 474 Constantinople brutality of, 414 mass arrest of Venetians, 306 community function of, 420–2, 423 massacre of the Latins (1182), 287–8 conceptual justification for, 415 sack of (1204), 10, 415, 436 as imitatio Christi, 414, 418–19 siege (1396), 95 as ‘not cruelty but piety’, 415, 439 siege and fall (1453), 96, 97, 492 papal authorisation, 412, 414 see also Byzantium as spiritually beneficial, 413, 416, 424, 506 Cordoba, Umayyad caliphate of, 486 and suffering, 418 Cordoba, Gonzalo de, 275 types of warfare, 414 corpses, left on battlefield (Viking), 115, 118 unauthorised, 415 Cossé-Brissac, Marshal Charles de, 276, victory as military triumph, 418 277 see also Christian violence Courtrai, Battle of (1302), 92 Cund¯,ı Tantric goddess, 362 Crécy, Battle of (1346), 93, 444 customary law, Europe, 186–90, 193, 194 use of cannon, 97 Cyprus, as crusader state, 412 crime and law in Europe, 185–203 Daian-ji temple, Nara, 370 origin of word, 185 dancing, in Aztec festival vigils, 400 penance for, 495 Dandolo, Enrico, Venetian doge, 10 ‘public’, 189, 190 Daniel, Norman, 164 in Roman law, as public misdemeanour, Daoism 189 avoidance of conflict, 539 see also executions; heresy; homicide; conflict with Buddhists, 361

684

Index

and control of supernatural forces, 354 Dorestad, Frisia, Viking raid, 117 deities, 358 Dou Jiande, rebel, 133 ghost soldiers, 350, 351 Dreux, Battle of (1562), 269 and human sacrifice, 354 Dreyer, Edward L. 46 and portrayal of violence, 16 du Bellay, Guillaume, 269 and self-inflicted violence, 353 du Bellay, Martin, 273, 281 and state, 356, 364 du Rœulx, comte de, 282 texts, 350 duels, judicial, 197 Thunder Magic text, 358 Duplin Moor, Battle of (1332), 93 and violent apocalypse, 356 Durán, Diego, 391 Daowu, Northern Wei emperor, 128 Duverger, Christian, 400 Dargazini, Seljuq vizier, 174 David, assault on the Amelakites, 651, Earley, John of, 432 652 East Anglia, kingdom of, 103 David, king of Scotland, 445 economies Daylami, life of Ibn Khafif, 74 Japan, 222–4 Dean, Trevor, 342 and nomadic violence, 34–6 Dehodencq, Alfred, ‘Execution of a Moroccan Edessa, crusader state, 89 Jewess’, 164 Edward I, king of England, 195 deities campaigns against Welsh and Scots, 93 Chinese Buddhism, 359 expulsion of Jews (1290), 479 Daoism, 358 Edward III, king of England native Japanese, 369–71 campaigns in France, 444 deities, Aztec, 392, 396, 397 military tactics, 93 human sacrifices to, 397–400 Egypt, 10 re-enactment of death of, 397 Fatimid caliphate, 8, 89, 180 transfer of energy to, 398–9, 408 Saladin and, 91 violence of, 396 Egypt, Mamluk sultanate, 6, 10, 95, della Ciarda, Bernardino, 651 175 demons metalware, 595 China, 358, 364–6, 551 torture and state violence, 168, 175–80 in European art, 596–8 El Palmar, Guatemala, Maya child Deventer, Netherlands, Viking raid, 108 sacrifice, 526 Diaz del Castillo, Bernal, 523 El Zotz, Guatemala, Maya child sacrifice, Diessenhofen, Heinrich von, chronicler, 527, 529 476, 480 Eleanor, lady of Vendôme, 261 disease Elias, Norbert, 249, 331 after battles, 275 The Civilizing Process, 629 plague, 281 elites disloyalty, as crime in Japan, 156, 157–8 Chinese aristocracy, 44, 45, 537 Dolcino of Novara, and Marguerite, culture, 3 heretics, 485 early medieval Europe, 249, 250, domestic violence 257 Byzantium, 494 Japanese, 144, 210, 372, 375 China, 545 knights as, 87 community involvement, 320 local powerholders in Iran, 73–5, 76 Europe, 190, 335–8 and provision of armies, 251 in Islam, in adab (ethical precepts), 319–24 relations with kings, 250 legal limits on, 336 and social order, 88 prosecution of, 190, 202 see also seigneurial (aristocratic) violence wife-beating, 313 Ella, king of Northumberland, 118 see also marriage; women Elukin, Jonathan, 472, 489 Donnan, Christopher, 398 Enghien, duc d’, 273

685

Index

England Euthymios of Sardis, 302 Anglo-Saxon conquest, 79 executioners anti-Jewish riots, 478 forgiveness of, 197 aristocratic violence, 262–4 Islamic jallad, 169 baronial rebellions, 263 executions and death penalties centralised state administration, 6, 190, 262 Byzantium, 494 Chancery (court of equity), 193 hanging, 6 convictions for murder, 340, 341 of rebel leaders, 140 Danelaw, 103 for theft, 187 expulsion of Jews (1290), 479 see also executions and death penalties, limits on aristocratic feud (Anglo-Saxon China; executions and death penal- law codes), 252 ties, Islamic Middle Period payment of Danegeld, 105, 110 executions and death penalties, China Peasants’ Revolt (Great Rising) (1381), 7 cutting in half at waist, 138 permanent garrisons, 94 decapitation, 137 procedures for land disputes, 263 slicing, 138 royal government, 2, 256 strangulation, 137 rules of inheritance, 263 wrapped in carpet and trampled by horses treatment of suicide, 343 (Mongol), 241 use of longbow, 93–4 executions and death penalties, Islamic Viking raids, 9, 101, 102, 104–5 Middle Period, 164–82 178 see also Hundred Years War by bisection (tawsit˙), English common law, 186, 187–8 burning, 173, 174 Enryaku-ji monastery, 373, 375, 384 of corpses, 173, 174 and Pure Land movement, 380, 382 crucifixion and gibbeting (salb), 174, equity, concept of, 193 176–7, 620 Ermentarius, abbot, on Viking raids, 104, 117 decapitation, 175 Erzhu Rong, Northern Wei general, 131 flaying alive, 179–80 Eschenbach, Wolfram von, Parzival, 627–8 hanging, 176 Eteriano, Hugh, Against the Patarenes, 303, 305 Mamluk Egypt, 175, 182 Ethelred, king of England, 105, 110 and parading of body parts, 179 ethnicity public performance of, 178 Byzantium, 288–9, 307 stoning China, 124 heretics, 172–3 Eugenios Zigabenos, monk, Dogmatic sexual crimes, 171, 176 Panoply, 291, 292 thrown from heights, 175 Europe trampling by elephants, 174 armies, 79–98 exile crime and law, 185–203 punishment in Byzantium, 494 customary law, 193, 194 punishment in China, 137 and fear of violence, 344 legal records, 332 fama (rumour), Roman law and, 199 military power and violence (late Fang La rebellion, Song China, 8, 51–5, 360 medieval), 267–85 Fatimid caliphate personal political power, 264 Egypt, 8, 89 reputation for violence in Middle Ages, use of flaying alive, 180 330–2, 624–6, 645–7 Fei, Western Wei emperor, 132 seigneurial (aristocratic) violence, 248–65 Feng Changqing, general, 139 state administration, 6, 256 Ferdinand, king of Spain, and Queen trade, 9 Isabella, 478 see also art; England; France; Germany; conquest of Granada, 488 Italy; literature; Spain expulsion of Jews (1492), 479 Eusebius of Caesarea, 498 Ferrer, Vincent, friar, 476

686

Index

feudalism, 253 militias, 279 English ‘bastard’, 263 population, 269 origins of, 81 prosecution of seigneurial war-makers, 261 feuds remission (of punishment), 192 in Germany, 200, 201, 258–60 royal government, 256, 260 law and, 187 royal pardons, 192, 262 legal regulation of, 200, 342 seigneurial violence, 260–2 and peace-making (early Middle Ages), taxation, 270, 272 250–2, 259 Viking raids, 101, 103, 104 and seigneurial (aristocratic) violence, violence by women, 338 Europe, 248, 249 wars with Habsburg empire, 269–72, 281 within nomadic society, 21, 22–7, 33 see also Albigensian Crusade; Franks; women and, 23, 249, 250, 254, 261 Hundred Years War see also vendetta France, John, 416 fiefs (grants of land and castles), 253 Francis of Assisi, St, 626 filial piety (China), 548–9 Francis I, king of France, 271 Flanders Battle of Pavia, 272, 275 comital power, 201 and mauvais garçons, 279 invasion of Hainault, 86 Frankish army, 80 Viking raids, 101 cavalry, 79 Fletcher, Joseph, 27 size of, 81 Florence Franks, 80, 81 Ciompi Revolt, 7 description by Usama ibn Munqidh, 611–12 secondary vendetta, 342 punishments, 188 vendetta in, 200 succession disputes, 79 Flori, Jean, 445 see also France ‘flyting’, poetic jousting competitions, 607 Fredegund, queen, 250 Focillon, Henri, 657 Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, 91, Foix–Armagnac feud, 200 486, 488 Fornovo, Battle of (1495), 274 Muslim bodyguards, 488 fortifications freemen, military obligations, 79, 82 cities, 86 Froissart, Jean, 443 as place of refuge, 14 Fujiwara Ieyasu, estate resident, 220 see also castles Fukano-myo¯estate, Japan, 214 Foucault, Michel, Discipline and Punish, 331 Fulda, German monastery, 108 Fournier, Jacques, bishop of Pamiers, 477 Fulk the Black of Anjou, 88 Fourquevaux, Raimond, baron de, 270 Fulrad, abbot of Saint-Quentin, 82 France, 6, 84, 253, 260 Fürstenberg, Wilhelm von, 276 army, 270, 271 Carolingian, 81, 188, 251 Galicia, Irmandiños rebellion, 7 church in, 255 Gao Huan, and Eastern Wei state, 131 Compagnies d’Ordonnance, 94 Gao Kaidao, rebel, 134 customary law, 193, 194 Gao Xianzhi, general, 139 and dispute resolution (conventum), 253–5 Gaozong, Tang emperor, 128, 135, 139 expulsion of Jews (1306), 479 Gaozu, Tang emperor, 128 feuds in, 200, 250, 252 Garigliano, battles for (1503), 275 Jacquerie rebellion, 7 Gautier, Léon, 427 jurisdictions, 195 Gauvard, Claude, 203, 332, 344 local seigneurs (counts/comtes), 253 Genghis Khan see Chinggis Khan and Low Countries, 92, 280–3 Genoa, 10 low-level violence in war regions, 283 attack on bastion (1507), 274 mauvais garçons, 279–80 Genso¯, bandit, 220 military hospitals, 276 Geoffrey le Baker, chronicler, 444

687

Index

Germany, 83, 194 Gui, Bernard, inquisitor, 484, 485 church and monarch, 84 Guibert of Nogent, 487 customary law, 193 Guiscard, Robert, Norman adventurer, 300 feuding, 200, 201, 258–60 Guise, Cardinal de, 276 jurisdictional rights, 195 Guizhang, act of luan, 47 local lordships, 253 gunchu¯jo¯, report of loyal military service political fragmentation, 253, 256 (Japan), 559–63, 564, 573 torture and killing of Jews (1348-49), 476 gunpowder and wars against pagans, 94 effect on Chinese warfare, 357 Gesta Francorum, on First Crusade, 418 ﬁrst use in Europe, 96 Ghazan, Mongol Il-khan, 63, 65 and handguns, 97 Ghaznavid dynasty, Khurasan, 6, 60 problems of, 96 armies, 61, 71 Guthrum, Viking chieftain, 103 use of barat tax cheques, 64 ghazwa raiding technique, 14 Hadith (teachings of Prophet Muhammad), 2, Ghent, feuding, 201 458–64, 619 ghosts martyrdom in, 461–2 in Chinese literature, 551–2 and violence, 11 in Daoism, 350 Hadrian IV, pope, 304 propitiation of, 351 Hainaut, invasion by Flanders, 86 Ghuzz rebellion, against Türkmen (1153), 73 Hale, J. R. 272, 649, 653 Gillingham, John, 442 Halfdan, Viking chieftain, 103, 117 Given, James, 330 Halidon Hill, Battle of (1333), 93 Go-Daigo, Japanese emperor, 148, 149 Halmyros, Battle of (1311), 93 and War of Northern and Southern Courts, Hammer, Carl, 338 558, 565 Han Shantong, White Lotus Buddhism, 11 Go-Saga, Japanese emperor, 558 Han Yu, Chinese writer, 233 Go-Shirakawa, Japanese emperor, 374 Hanawalt, Barbara, 330, 338 Go-Toba, Japanese emperor, 146 Hangzhou, Southern Song capital, 53 ‘Golden Book’ (Codex aureus) (Gospel Book), Hanseatic merchants, 94 stolen by Vikings, 111 Harald Hardrada, king of Norway, 105 Golden Horde, 10, 26 Harner, Michael, 407 ‘Good Men and Women’ see Cathars Harold Godwinson, king of England, 105, 650 Gothic Wars (535–54), 79 Harris, Marvin, 407 Gottschalk of Orbais, 481 Hasanwayh, Kurdish lord, 74 Goya, Francisco, Los desastres de la guerra, 654 Hastings, Battle of (1066), 86, 105 ‘grâce par mariage subsequent’, 198 Hattin, Battle of (1187), 90 Graf, Urs, Schlachtfeld, 654 Hauberg stela (Maya), 521 Granada Hawkwood, Sir John, 92 Muslim kingdom of, 164, 486 heart sacriﬁce Spanish conquest of (1492), 488 of animals (Inca), 394 Grand Catalan Company (mercenaries), 92 Aztec, 392, 403 Gratian, Christian theorist, 416 hell(s) see underworld Decretum (c.1140), 477 Helmholz, Richard, 336 Gregory VII, pope, 416, 417 Henri II, king of France, 267, 276 Gregory IX, pope Henry I, king of England, 86 Decretals, 337 Henry II, king of England, 86, 441 and heretics, 483, 484 Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, 84, 417 Grímnismál (Viking eddic poem), 115 Henry of Huntingdon, 117 Gringore, Pierre, 272 Henry of Lancaster, 438 Grosseteste, Robert, bishop of Lincoln, 479 Henry of Lausanne, 482 Guan Yu (god of war), in Chinese art, 536 Henry, the Young King (son of Henry II), Guangzhou, massacre (879), 8, 39 432, 437

688

Index

Heraclius, emperor, 499 monetary compensation for, 187, 341 Herat, Battle of (1270), 25 prosecution of (medieval Europe), 340–3 heresy as public crime, 190 Byzantine trials for, 288, 291, 308 punishment (Byzantium), 495 as capital crime in Islam, 173 self-defence, 341 Christian courts of inquisition, 478, serial killing, 342–3 483–4, 485 use of ‘murder’ for premeditation, 341 conflation of sacrilege and high treason, 293 and vendetta, 341–2 definition of, 292–8, 481 homicide rates, 332 ecclesiastical justifications of, 482, 485 Ho¯nen, Buddhist thinker, 377 opinion on punishment by burning, 305 and Pure Land Buddhism, 380–1 and reform movements, 482 Hongan-ji, Pure Land Buddhist centre, heretics 382, 384 brutality of violence against, 484 honour burning at stake, 303, 482 Byzantium, 507 categories of, 295 China, 535 Christian violence against, 481–5 and chivalric warfare, 268, 269 death penalty for, 484 and Germanic feuds, 258 identification of, 298–301 Islamic, 322, 603, 615 persecution of, 289, 302–6 and prowess (of chivalric knight), 430, 432 punishment of, 334 and rights of men over wives, 336 return to orthodoxy, 471 and shame, 433, 434, 507 torture of, 483 honourable housemen, Japan, 146, 147 Hermogenes of Tarsus, 662 Hoppenbrouwers, Peter, 330 Herod, king, massacre of the innocents, Horik, king of Denmark, 102 663–70 hospitality, and king’s protection, 188 heroism Hou Jing, Northern Qi military governor, 134 Chinese literary heritage of, 8 Huaca Rajada tombs, Sipan, Andes, 403 legendary heroes in art, 581, 585, 586, Huai River, China, 238 587, 593 Huang Chao, 40 Hesdin death, 40 attack on (1472), 281 insurgency (Tang China), 8, 38–41, 43, 233 campaign (1522-53), 277, 282 Hugh, castellan of Lusignan, dispute with Hideyoshi, Toyotomi, 384 William of Poitou, 253–5 Hiranodono estate, Japan, 215, 221 Hugh Eteriano, Against the Patarenes, 303, 305 Hiroshi, Kobayashi, 156 Huizinga, Johan, 269, 330 historiography Huizong, Song emperor, 52 of Byzantium and Sasanids, 5 Hülegü, founder of Ilkhanate, 26, 33 Middle Ages, 185 human sacrifice nomadic peoples, 5 Chinese tales of, 357 History of the Song (Songshi), 47 Daoism, 354 Ho¯jo¯, Japanese warrior clan, 558, 559 female, 28 mass suicide by seppuku, 567–8, 570 see also human sacrifice, in Americas Ho¯jo¯ Masako, wife of first shogun, 558 human sacrifice, in Americas, 390–409 Holmbjörn, Swedish chieftain, 113 to accompany dead rulers, 403, 527 Holy Roman Empire, Habsburg wars with Aztec, 394–6, 397–400, 407 France, 269–72, 281 and blood of victims, 398 homicide and burial rites, 398, 402–4 as crime of passion, 192, 202 and cannibalism, 401–2, 407 and flight of murderers, 340 capacocha child sacrifice, 394 of husband by wife, 338 categories of victims, 395, 408 intentional, in Islamic law of talio, 166–7 depictions of, 392 by jealous husband, 322 and dying like a god, 397–8

689

Index

human sacrifice, in Americas (cont.) Account of mission to the Rus, 610–11 as entertainment, 406 Ibn Farhun, jurist, 167 heart sacrifice, 392, 394, 403 Ibn Hajar, jurist, 174, 178 Inca, 394 Ibn Hanbal, Ahmad, flogging of, manufacture of relics, 401 619–20 Maya, 398, 403, 527, 529–32 Ibn al-Humam, jurist, 167 meanings of, 396–400 Ibn Iyas, 180 methods of killing, 396, 527, 529 Ibn al-Jawzi, chronicler, 173, 619 burning, 529 Ibn Kathir, exegete, 455 decapitation, 398 Ibn Khafif, military governor, 73 flaying, 399, 531 Ibn Khaldun, 13 throat-cutting, 395, 398 Ibn al-Nafis, Mamluk courtier, 168, objectives of, 408–9 175 occasions for, 396 Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, jurist, 167 and prestige of death, 394, 405 Ibn al-Rumi, funeral ode for Basra, scaffolds in Maya ritual, 530 617–618 sensory experience, 530 Ibn Taymiyya, jurist, 167, 169 slaves, 395, 403, 405, 408, 529 Ibn al-Zayyat, Abbasid vizier, 170 and social power relations, 404 Ibrahim bin Mas‘ud, Ghaznavid sultan, and transfer of energy to gods, 398–9, 408 174 war captives, 395, 399, 404, 408, 529, 531 iconoclasm, as heresy (second crucifixion of see also auto-sacrifice (bloodletting); Aztec Christ), 295, 296, 297 empire; child sacrifice; Maya; ritual Ifriqiya (Tunisia), 5 violence Ilkhanate, 26 Hundred Years War, 93 Ilkhanids, Mongol rulers, visual imagery, and conflicting jurisdictions, 195 589, 592 England and, 4, 14, 263 ‘Inan, slave woman, 323 and property crimes, 203 Inca empire (Andes), 390 raiding in France, 443 animal sacrifice, 394 warfare, 94 capacocha child sacrifice, 394 Hungary, 95 compared with Aztec, 407–8 Mongol invasion, 19 human sacrifice, 394 wars with Ottomans, 95–6 see also Akapama; Moche; Nasca Hunt, Margaret, 313 incense, Maya, 520 Hus, Jan, 483 Ine, king of Wessex, law code, 188 al-Husayn ibn ‘Ali, 616 Inner Asia Hyo¯do¯, Hiromi, 566 charismatic leaders, 28 and China, 3, 541–3, 553 Ibbetson, David, 194 escalation of violence within, 22–7 Iberian peninsula factional wars, 30 military orders, 420 political violence, 27–30 Muslim conquest, 11, 83, 486 attempts to curb, 30 violence against Muslims, 486, 487, 488 rise of empires, 19–22 Visigothic kingdom, 473 see also China; nomadic empires see also Castile; Portugal; Spain Innocent III, pope, 337 Ibn Abd Rabbih, al-‘Iqd al-farid, 320 and Albigensian Crusade, 436, 482 Ibn Abi Shayba, Musannaf, 459, 460 on forced conversion of Jews, 477 Ibn ‘Abidin, jurist, 167, 169 Maiores ecclesie (1201), 477 Ibn al-Anbari, poem, 620 Innocent IV, pope, 483 Ibn Baqiyya, Muhammad ibn Muhammad, L’Institut Religieux et Militaire des Frères crucifixion of, 620 Armés du Sahara, 412 Ibn Battuta, 9 interpersonal violence Ibn Fadlan, chronicler, 111, 178 law and, 198, 201 ˙

690

Index

Middle Ages, 625 pre-Islamic ‘Age of Ignorance’, 449 see also collective violence; feuds; homi- siyasa‘ (capital) punishment, 168, 180, 181 cide; vengeance source material, 313 Iran, 58–77 ‘Sunni internationalism’, 165 art, 583–8, 595 torture and public execution in Middle local powerholders, 73–5, 76 Period, 164–82 ‘ ’ 73 ‘ muqt˙a , sultan s representative, Isma ilis shihna military governors, 73 persecution for heresy, 173 see also armies, Iran; Sistan rebellion against Fatimid caliphate Irmandiños rebellion, Galicia, 7 (Egypt), 8 Islam Italy apostasy, 166, 167 Byzantium and, 287, 300–1 Christian view of, 470 city-states, 85, 92, 256 and depictions of violence, 15, 576–99 Gothic Wars (535–54), 79, 80 and figural imagery, 576–7 Muslim population in southern, 486 heresy as capital crime, 173 police forces, 340 Hijazi scholars, 460 vendetta, 192, 200, 342 and inviolability of human body, 615–21 wars, 92 pre-Islamic conception of time, 603 see also Bologna; Florence; Milan; Perugia; Seljuqs and, 170 Pistoia; Sicily; Venice in Spain, 11 ius commune, development of, 189 Sunni–Shi‘a conflicts, 2, 8 Ivar, Viking chieftain, 118 and war against non-Muslims, 454–5 Ivo of Chartres, 416, 421 and wars with Roman Christians, 499 ‘Izz al-Dawla, amir, 620 see also Islamic period; jihad; Qur’an ‘Izz al-Din Kay Kawus, Rum Seljuq sultan, 170 Islamic law (Sharia), 2 capital crimes, 166, 176 Jacquerie rebellion, France, 7 ‘ 167 180 616–17 discretionary punishments (ta zir), , al-Jahiz˙, On the Upstarts, doctrine of governance in accordance with James, St, and Battle of Clavijo, 651, 653 Sharia, 169 Jami‘ al-tavarikh (‘Compendium of Hanafi school, 317, 465 Chronicles’), Persia, illustrations, Hanbali school, 317, 619 589, 590 illegitimate violence (hiraba), 467 Jamil ibn Ma‘mar, love poetry, 608 and international law, 462–3, 464, 467 Jamuga, rivalry with Chinggis Khan, 25 jihad in, 12, 464–7 Japan, 143–61, 207–26 and just conduct in war, 466–7 agriculture, 223 legal rights of women, 317 attempted Mongol invasions, 147, 222, Maliki school, 317, 461 239, 558 norms of criminal law, 165–6 bakufu warrior government, 558 and Realpolitik, 464, 467 Buddhism and violence, 368–88 Shafi‘i school, 465 centralisation, 222, 557 statutory punishments (hadd), 166, 180 and weakening of central state, 207, talio, 166–7 208–11 and torture, 167, 171, 181 concept of celestial rule, 558, 564–6 Islamic period concept of violence in, 143 authoritarianism, 169 legitimate and illegitimate, 211, 215, civil wars, 7 225 level of violence, 2 offensive/defensive distinction, 152, Mamluk period, 454 153, 158 Meccan period, 449–51 public and private acts, 144, 160 Medinan period, 4, 449, 451–7 wars as change (hen), 565 military governments, 168 wars as disorder (ran), 565, 570 political theory, 168–9 Daisho¯ikki uprising, 382

691

Index

Japan (cont.) Buddhism, in Japan; Japan, Warring depiction of mutilation and States period dismemberment, 556–74 Japan, Warring States period (1467–1615) estates, 212–16, 224 (Time of Civil Wars 1470–1580), 154–9 border conflicts, 214–16, 225 Cho¯sogabe daimyo¯ house, law code, 146, mobilisation schemes, 216–22 156, 157 famines, 223 Christians in, 384 Genko¯era, 565 daimyo¯ (warlords), 145, 155, 158–9 Genpei War (1183–5), 146, 374, 558 Date daimyo¯ house, law code, 146, 155, 156, gunchu¯jo¯, report of loyal military service, 157, 159 559–63, 564, 573 Imagawa daimyo¯ house, law code, 146, 155, hanzei (half-tax decrees), 152, 153 159, 161 Heian period, 209, 371–6 Ishiyama War, 383, 384 Ho¯jen Disturbance (1156), 374 military governors, 154 ikko¯ikki uprisings, 382 penal law, 155 influence of landowners, 209, 210, 212, 224 penalties, 156 Insei period, 376–80 Shimabara religious revolt, 384 intra-elite conflicts, 144, 372, 375 Takeda daimyo¯ house, law codes, 146, 159 Jo¯kyu¯Disturbance (1221), 146 Tembun War, 382 Kamakura period (first shogunate), 146, violent crimes, 155 208, 209, 211, 222, 380–1 Yu¯ki daimyo¯ house, law code, 146, 156, legal formularies, 145 157, 159 Jo¯ei shikimoku, 145, 146–8, 155 Jaume I, king of Aragon and Valencia, 488 Kenmu shikimoku, 145, 148–54 Jean II le Bon, king of France, 260, 429 Mikawa ikki, 383 Jean le Bel, chronicler, 442, 443 militias and vigilantism, 224 Jerome, St, on crusading as ‘not cruelty but Muromachi period (second shogunate), piety’, 415, 422 149, 381–4 Jerusalem Nara period, 370–1 crusader state, 89 outcast groups, 213 and Fourth Crusade, 10 bandits, 207, 214, 215 sack of (1099), 414 patronage networks, 144, 208 and Third Crusade, 91 population growth, 223 Jews powers of provincial governors, 151–2 attack on Jews in Rhineland (1096), 474 punishment of violent disputes, 159, 161 and ‘blood libel’, 475 punishments for waging war, 152 communal violence against, 476, 478–9 religious peasant revolts, 381–4 crusading violence against, 412, 415 reward system for warriors, 218, 220, forcible conversion of, 473, 476–8 559 mass expulsions of, 479–80 self-redress, 145, 158 role of state in persecution, 478–9 and seppuku, 567–71, 574 secular protections, 473, 475 shogunates, 144, 160 as servi of kings, 473 see also Kamakura period; Muromachi per- tales of ritual murder by, 475 iod (above) and usury, 474 slave trade (Kyushu), 10 Jiangnan region, China, 52 social and economic changes, 222–4 Jiankang, city of state-sanctioned violence, 143 razed (581), 7 villages, 212, 221, 224 siege of (549), 134 War of Northern and Southern Courts Jie, Chinese Xia emperor, 566 (1330s–1390s), 556, 557–9 Jien, Tendai monk, Gukan-sho¯, 374, 377 warriors (professional licensed), 144, 208, jihad, 11, 448–68 209, 213, 225 Byzantine rejection of concept of, 505–9 see also akuso¯, Buddhist warrior monks; complexity of term, 448

692

Index

greater and lesser, 463 Kaffa, city of, purchase by Genoa, 10 in Hadith works, 458–64 Kamakura regime, Japan, Jo¯ei shikimoku legal and international law, 462–3, formulary, 145, 146–8 464 kami, Japanese native deities, 369–71 in legal works, 12, 464–7 and Buddhist honji-suijaku formula, 371 military interpretations, 451, 453 Kammu, Japanese emperor, 371 non-violent sense (Meccan period), Kang Daibin, rebel leader, 140 449–451 Kanmu, Japanese emperor, 371, 557 Qu’ranic discourse, 11, 448, Karbala, massacre (680), 463 450 Karluks, Turkish, 4 and Realpolitik, 464, 465 Karras, Ruth Mazo, 339 as striving (Qur’an 22:76), 450 K’atun Ajaw, Maya queen, 532 theory of offensive, 454, 466 Kaufringer, Heinrich, The Innocent Murderess, violent reputation, 164 641–2 see also Islam; Islamic law (Sharia); Qu’ran Kaykhusraw II, Rum Seljuq sultan, 171 Jingzong, Tang emperor, 129 Kennyo, Pure Land leader, 383 Jitsunyo, Pure Land movement, 382 K’ex (substitute), Maya concept of, 524 João II, king of Portugal, 480 Kharijism (Khawarij) pietist cult of expulsion of Jews (1497), 479 annihilation, 324, 608–9 John of Damascus, 506 atrocities by, 609 John Grammatikos, iconoclast, 296, 297 Khirbat al-Mafjar site, near Jericho, 578, John I, Byzantine emperor, 302 579 John III Vatatzes, emperor, 503 Khubilai Khan, 361 John of Salisbury, 428, 433, 631 Khurasan, 63 John ‘the Italian’, trial for heresy, 298, 299, caliphate, 6 301 conquest by Seljuq Turks, 71 Journey to the West, Chinese novel, 363 Khusraw II Parviz, Sasanian king, 581 jousts Khwaja Ahrar, 66 between ‘champions’ (France), 269 Khwarazm-Shah, 32, 63 tournament, 432 kinship groups, and feuds, 251 judicial systems Kirgiz, invasion of Uighur empire, 25 accusatorial, 189 Kirman, Iran, 66 and burden of proof, 189 Kitan empire, 24, 34 Europe, 256 Kitan peoples, 229 inquisitorial, 189, 197 Kitan Liao dynasty Japan, 210 China, 19, 52, 236 source materials, 201 war with Song, 234, 357 see also justice; law; law codes knights, 87–8 judicial violence, Japan, 211–12 Frankish, 80 Jurchen Jin dynasty, 19, 29, 236, 240, 357, piety of, 434 361 Romantic representation of, 426–7 armies, 241, 358 social origins, 85, 87 Jurchen Jin tribes, 229 see also chivalric violence; crusades Jurfadhaqani, chronicler, 75 Knights Hospitallers, 90, 420 justice Knights Templar, 90, 420, 436 abstract, 185, 187 Ko¯fuki-ji temple, landowners, 214 and concept of equity, 193 Ko¯fuku-ji monastery, 373, 384 divine, 333, 436 burned down, 382 enforcement of (by ruler), 191 and Pure Land groups, 380 Justinian, emperor Komnenoi dynasty, Byzantium, 288, 310 Body of Civil Law (Digest of Roman law), and canon law, 305 186, 188, 293 persecution of heretics, 308 laws on Christian orthodoxy, 290 Ko¯myo¯, Tendai monk, 374

693

Index

Korea, introduction of Buddhism to Le Mans, 482 Japan, 369 Lea, Henry Charles, 330 Kosmas II, patriarch, 304 Leignitz, Battle of (1241), 91 Kosovo, Battle of (1389), 95 first use of gunpowder, 96 Kumagai Naotsune, gunchu¯jo¯ of, 560, 561 Leo, castellan of Meung, 256 Kurds, and Türkmen nomads, 72 Leo III, emperor, Ecloga, 500 Kuroda estate, Japan, 213, 214, 216 Leo IV, pope, 417 Kyoto, 147, 154, 372, 382 Leo VI, emperor military occupation, 149 Imperial Laws, 293 Tactica, 506, 508 La Noue, François de, 276 on warfare, 504 Lambert, Tom, 188 Leo Africanus, 179 Lanchi Hu people, 140 Leonitios of Balbissa, bishop, 304 land stewards, Japan, 146, 156 Levant Landfriede, Public Peace agreements, 200, 259 crusader states, 412 landowners, medieval Japan, 209, 210, 224 crusading tactics, 414 absentee, 212, 216 Li Cunxiu, Later Tang emperor, 130 landownership, and serfdom, 88 Li Keyong, Later Tang general, 130 Langmuir, Gavin, 475, 489 Li Quan, bandit, 241 Lanling, Grand Princess, 546 Li Shimin, Tang emperor, 133 Lateran Council, Fourth (1215), 334 Li Siyuan, Later Tang emperor, 130 Lateran Council, Third (1179), 88 Li Tan, Shandong governor, 241 law Li Yuan, Tang emperor, 133 and abstract justice, 185, 187 Liaoshi history, 24 coercive function, 186, 187 Limor, Ora, 489 and control of violence, 199–200 Lisbon, conquest of (1147), 421 and creation of marginal groups, 191 literature, violence in, 15 and crime in Europe, 185–203 as constant in human life, 623–4 and definition of crime, 185 Arabic (Islamic), 2, 5, 313, 601–21 early medieval customary, 186–90, 193 adab (ethical precepts), 314 negotiating function of, 186, 203 and apocalypse, 604–6 public process of, 190 Arabian Nights, 169 state and, 185, 189, 201, 257 ghazal love poetry, 608 study of, 188 hunting poetry, 612–13 violent application of, 197 illustrated manuscripts, 588 see also English common law; Islamic law; Jami‘ al-tavarikh (‘Compendium of Roman law Chronicles’), Persia, 589, 590 law codes Kharijite poetry, 608–9 early Germanic, 187 Mi‘rajnama, 596, 597 Europe, 195 Mirrors for Princes, 168, 588 Great Yasa, 24 Mun’is al-ahrah fi daqa’iq al-ash‘ar Ine of Wessex, 188 (‘The Free Men’s Companion ...’) Japanese Warring States period, 154–9 anthology of poetry, 592 Jo¯ei shikimoku legal formulary, 145, 146–8 on non-human world, 612–15 Kenmu shikimoku legal formulary, 145, of remembrance, 606–8 148–54 Shahnama, 586, 592–3, 594 medieval Japan, 211 on spectacle of violence, 615–21 251 316 and private seigneurial feuds, T˙ abaqat (biographical dictionary), law enforcement, 191 travellers’ accounts of ‘abominations’, Japan, 211 609–12 medieval Europe, 340 vituperative poetry (hija), 606, 607 law-making, 203 warrior poetry, 15, 602 Lay of Kráka, 116 as war against time, 602–4

694

Index

Buddhist, 16, 349, 351, 356, 361 and responsibilities for law and order, Byzantine 257, 264 Christian martyr, 493 rights of, 248 hagiographies, 493 Lorenzo de’ Medici, the Magnificent, 650 military handbooks, 494, 502 Louis of Hungary and Croatia, king, 654 Mirrors of princes, 503, 504 Louis III, German king, 108 Chinese, 349, 359, 363–4, 536 Louis IX, St, king of France, 91, 191, 194, Annals of Lü Buwei, 570 197 anomaly tales (of supernatural), 551–2 limits on private wars, 260 Classic of Filial Piety, 547 Louis VI, king of France, 256 depictions of violence, 551 Louis XI, king of France, 271, 278 Romance of the Three Kingdoms, novel, Louis XII, king of France, 270, 271, 274 364, 543–5 Louise, regent of Savoy, 276 Shiji, 569 loyalty European, 623–43 Chinese military and, 230–1 Beowulf, 112 as Confucian virtue, 545 Boccaccio’s Decameron, 640–1 and crime of disloyalty (Japan), 156, 157–8 of chivalry, 429, 628 in feudalism, 253 justifiable violence, 628–9, 637–40, 641–2 and filial piety (China), 548 Kaufringer’s The Innocent Murderess, oath of allegiance to Byzantium, 306 641–2 and reward (Japan), 559–63, 564, 571 lais of Marie de France, 632–5 seppuku as act of, 570 Mai und Beaflor (justified matricide), luan (disorder), concept of, 41–6 637–40 etymology, 41 Nibelungenlied (politically motivated plebianisation of, 55–6 violence), 635–7, 642 Luo Guanzhong, Romance of the Three Parzival, 627–8 Kingdoms, 364, 543–5 violence in domestic context, 626–7, Luo Menghong, religious reformer, 363 632–5 Luoyang, Tang city, 39 Japanese Lur people, Iran, 72 Chinese influence in, 566, 568, 569 gunki military tales, 563 MacFarlane, K. B. 344 Masakadoki, 565 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 270 setsuwa, 370 Maddern, Philippa, 332 Taiheiki (Records of Grand Pacification), Magna Carta (1215), 263 560, 563–6, 574 Maguire, Henry, 663 Tale of Genji, 569 Mahmud, Ghaznavid sultan, 67, 68 Tale of the Heike, war tale, 558, 572 Mahmud al-Ilaqi, 172 Norse skaldic poetry, 112 Mai und Beaflor, tale (c. 1290), 637–40, 642 Viking, 115 Maio, amir of Bari, 487 Lithuania, 94 Makhul al-Shami, 460, 464 Liu Huan, general, 139 Malaterra, chronicler, 86 Liudprand of Cremona, 501 Maldon, Battle of (991), 105 Livre de jostice et de plet, 197 Malik bin Anas, Muwatta, 461, 466 Llull, Ramon, 428, 433 Malikshah, Seljuq sultan, 62, 63, 69, 172 Lombards, cavalry, 79 Malta, as military order state, 420 London Mamalos, burned for heresy, 309 community and legal authority, 191 Mamluk sultanate, Egypt, 6, 10, 175 St Martin Le Grand church, 334 metalware, 595 lordship torture and state violence, 168, 175–80 as component of political life, 257–8 war with Persia, 95 in England, 263 Mamluks (military slaves of Ayyubids), 91, 175 and political power, 264 al-Ma’mun, caliph, 6, 619

695

Index

Manaulf, Frankish warrior, 79 and violence (Japan), 557, 571 Manchus, conquest of China, 19, 30 see also warriors Mandate of Heaven ideology, China, 124, 234, massacres 540–1 Guangzhou (879), 8, 39 Romance of the Three Kingdoms and, 544, Herod’s massacre of the innocents, 663–70 545 Huang Chao insurrection, 39 Manichaeism of Jews in York, 478 Byzantium and, 303 Karbala (680), 463 in China, 51, 355 of the Latins in Constantinople, 287–8 ‘Teaching of Light’, 361 by Mongols, 32 173 487 Mans˙ur al-Hallaj, mystic, of Muslims in Sicily, Manuel I, Byzantine emperor, 302, 303, Master of the Karlsruhe Passion, panel, 670, 306, 308 671, 673 Marguerite, countess of Comminges, 261 Master of the Prayer Books (c. 1500), 15 Marie de France, lais, 632–5, 642 Master of St Lambrecht, votive panel, 653–4 Bisclavret, 633 Mas‘ud, Ghaznavid sultan, 64, 74 Eliduc, 633–4 Mas‘ud, Seljuq sultan, 69 Equitan, 632–3 Matilda, queen of England, 263 Laüstic, 635 matricide Yonec, 634–5 of imperial consorts (Northern Wei Marignano, Battle of (1515), 268, 275 dynasty), 28 marriage Mai und Beaflor, tale (c. 1290), 637–40, 642 China, 546, 550 al-Mawardi, Ali ibn Muhammad, judicial separation, 337 The Ordinances of Government, 466 means of avoiding execution, 198 Maya, 515–16 polygamous (Islam), 318 altars, 402, 530 see also domestic violence; women bloodletting (auto-sacrifice), 516–23 Marshal, William, A History of William ceramic vessels, 526, 530 Marshal, 428, 441 child sacrifice, 526–9 on piety, 437–8 and divinity of kings, 405 on prowess and honour, 431–2 human sacrifice, 398, 403, 527, 529–32 on shame, 434–5 and human souls, 524 Martel-Thoumian, Bernardette, 180 incense, 520 martial arts, China, 245 memorialisation of war, 531 archery, 231, 237, 241 Motul Dictionary, 519 archery societies, 237 obligation and repayment, 515, 519, 532 Ming dynasty, 243 priests, 522 public performances, 235, psychoducts, 402 246 representations of violence, 15 training, 232 ritual violence, 515–33 wrestling, 242 depiction of, 532 martyrdom staged combats, 523 Christian literature, 493 time periods, 522, 527 Christian rejection of soldiers as tombs, 392 martyrs, 506 use of torture, 400, 531 in Hadith, 461–2 way spirit beings, 524 Kharijism and, 609 Meaux, France, Viking capture of, 103, 111 Qur’an and, 457–8, 468 Mecca in Shi‘a Islam, 463 attacked (680), 616 Marwanid–Zubayrid conflict, 8 pre-Islamic Ka‘ba shrine, 449, 616 masculinity medicine, and treatment of battle injuries, China, 8, 535, 547 275–8 and domestic role of men, 335, 336 Mediterranean, trading rivalries, 10

696

Index

Mehmed II, sultan, siege of Constantinople, personal guards, 94 96, 97 and punishment for homicide, 188 Melitene, burning of heretical texts, 298 monarchy Mencius, Confucian philosopher, 548 and enforcement of justice, 191 Mercadier, English mercenary, 87 and monopoly of violence, 331 mercenaries, 87 use of fear, 344 companies, 92 monasteries, 108, 110, 333 French army, 270 Saint-Vaast, Arras, 101, 117 rise of, 85 treatment of war wounded in, 276 Mercia, kingdom of, 103 see also Buddhism, in China; Buddhism, in Merovingians, 80 Japan metalware monastic orders, military, 90 Mamluk, 595 Möngke, great khan, 29 visual imagery on, 583–5 Mongol armies Metz campaign (1552), 270, 278 and China, 229 Mez, Adam, 181 civilian resistance to, 63 Mézières, joust, 269 military mobilisation and recruitment, 60 Michael II, emperor, 302 military organisation, 6, 239 Michael II, patriarch, 304 selective violence against civilians, 20, 32 Michael III, emperor, 290 training, 241 Milan use of barat tax cheques, 65 burning of heretics (1028), 482 use of forced labour, 62 conquest of (1499), 271 Mongol empire (1206–1368), 19 convictions for murder, 340 character of rule in China, 239–42, 246 military hospitals, 276 and Chinese culture, 239 military orders, 90, 412, 420 failed invasions of Japan, 147, 222, 239, 558 and order-states, 420 navy, 238 Minamoto no Yoritomo, and first shogunate, visual imagery, 589 146, 557 see also China Mingyuan, Northern Wei emperor, Mongols 128 expansion into Song China, 4, 5, 238, 357 Mionoya estate, Japan, 216 feuds and vendettas, 22–4 Mir Haydar, Mi‘rajnama, 596, 597 intra-nomadic conflicts, 25–6 Mirrors for Princes leadership, 239 Byzantine, 503, 504 and Ming dynasty, 244 Islamic literature, 168, 588 reputation for violence, 20, 32, 243 Moche monks, as soldiers, 333 elite tombs, 403 Monluc, Blaise de, 269, 273, 275, 276 human sacrifice, 398 Mononobe clan, Japan, 369 and social power relations, 404 Mons-en-Pévèle, Battle of (1304), 92 use of torture, 400 Monstrelet, Enguerrand de, Chronique de Mohi, battle of (1241), 91 France, 15 Molinet, Jean, 272 Montpellier, 261 monarchs Montségur, defeat of Cathars at (1244), 483 and consolidation of power, 125 Moore, R. I. 344, 470 and European church, 255 morality and European permanent armies, 92–5 Kenmu Formulary emphasis on, 150 Jews as servi, 473 women and (Islam), 322–3 as mediators in feuds, 259 Morgan Bible (c. 1250), 651, 652 and moral justification of rulership Moritoki, Akahashi, seppuku by, 569 (China), 123 Mörs, Dietrich von, archbishop of Muslims as servi, 487 Cologne, 200 obligations of subjects, 4 Mosul, inlaid metalwork, 584

697

Index

Mouyu, Uighur khagan, 29 na‘l-baha (payment to foreign armies), Muhammad bin Tekesh, 63, 73 66–7, 76 ‘ 60 Muhammad ibn Sa d, T˙ abaqat (biographical nambardar, recruitment system, dictionary), 316, 318 Nanjing see Jiankang Muhammad, Prophet Nantes, Viking attack on, 107 Companions of, 318–19 Naples, French expeditions to, 271, 275 on greater and lesser jihad, 463 Nasca, trophy heads and interments, 401 and Hadith, 2, 458–64 Near East on martyrs, 461 crusader states, 412 Meccan period, 449 depictions of violence, 576–99 Medinan state, 4, 449 European crusades, 7 persecution by polytheists, 449, 450 warfare, 4 prohibition on killing of non-combatants, 466 see also Byzantium; crusades; Iran; on treatment of women, 316, 318 Lebanon; Ottomans; Syria Muhammad Siyah Qalam, album of Negoro monastery (Daidenbo¯-in), 374, 384 paintings, 596, 598 Neo-Confucianism, 246 Mujahid bin Jabr, 456 Nesle, sack of (1472), 280 Mun’is al-ahrah ﬁ daqa’iq al-ash‘ar (‘The Free Netherlands Men’s Companion ...’), Persia, 592 city governments, 256 63 271 al-Muntas˙ir, Samanid ruler, Louis XI and, Muqanna‘, prophet, 59 military campaigns in, 92, 280–3 Muqatil ibn Sulayman, 451 Viking raids, 100, 108, 109 al-Muqtadir, Abbasid caliph, 610 see also Flanders Murad I, sultan, 95 Nibelungenlied (politically motivated murder see homicide violence), 635–7, 642 Muromachi regime, Kenmu shikimoku legal Nicaea formulary, 145, 148–54 fall to Ottomans, 95 462 89 Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj, ˙Sahih, and First Crusade, Muslims Nicene Christianity, 473 in Christian military service, 488 Nichiren Christian violence against, 485–8 Rissho¯ankoku-ron (treatise), 380 conversion to Christianity, 487 sect, 382 Granada, 164, 486 Nicopolis, siege of (1396), 95 protection of, 486 Nihon-gi, court annals, 369 Sicily, 83, 487, 488 Nikephoros Blemmydes, Mirror of Princes, 503 in Spain, 11, 83, 486 Nikephoros I, patriarch, iconodule, 297 in Transoxiana, 4 Nikephoros II Phokas, emperor, 501, 506 see also crusading violence; Islam; Islamic Niketas of Byzantium, 506 period; jihad; Qur’an Niketas Choniates, chronicler, 310 al-Mu‘tadid, Abbasid caliph, 170 Nikolaos I, patriarch, 509 ˙ al-Mu‘tasim, Abu Ishaq, caliph, 6, 619 Nishapur, siege and sack of (1221), 32, 72 62 mutilation Niz˙am al-Mulk, depiction of (Japan), 556–74 Noirmoutier island, France, 102 Islamic law, 167 nomadic armies self-mutilation (China), 547–50, 553 cavalry, 4, 32 self-mutilation (Maya), 392 devastation caused by, 71, 72, 76 severing of extremities (China), 138 pasture for horses, 64, 70, 71 see also punishments; torture nomadic empires, 19–22, 27 Myo¯un, Tendai monk, 374 economic function of violence, 34–6 succession conﬂicts, 21, 27–30, 75 Nade estate, Japan, 216 taxes and tribute, 35, 36 Nakatomi clan, Japan, 369 violence against civilians, 31–3 violence at collapse of, 25

698

Index

weakness of emperorship, 28 Pandey, Gyanendra, 313 see also Mongol empire; Türk empire; Panjikent, Samarkand, murals, 581 Uighur empire papacy nomadic peoples and authorisation of crusades, 412, 414, 436 endemic violence, 21, 33 and Byzantine church, 302, 309 historiography, 5, 20–1 and Christian violence, 417 move to sedentary agriculture, 27 and heresy, 303 raids for prestige goods from China, 542 Inquisition, 309 relations with China, 541–3 relations with Byzantine emperors, 304 and supratribal leaders, 26, 34, 35 religious persecution, 304 war between tribes, 21, 25–6 and warfare, 436 warfare, 3–4, 19, 21, 31–3 see also church see also Inner Asia; Mongols pardons, 202 Normandy, English raid in, 443 royal, 192, 262, 341 Normans Paré, Ambroise, surgeon, 274, 277–8 conquest of Sicily, 86 Apologie, 277 expansion into Balkans, 300 Paret, Peter, 653 expansion into Mediterranean, 287 Paris, Châtelet records, 203 relations with Byzantium, 287, 300–1 Parma, campaign (1554), 276 war with Byzantium, 300, 306 Parzival, Wolfram von Eschenbach, 627–8 Northumbria, kingdom of, 103 Pas-de-Suse campaign (1537), 277 Novgorod (Gorodishche), Vikings in, 106 Paschal II, pope, 300 Nuremberg, 197, 339 Pastoreaux movement (Shepherds’ Crusade), nushuz (insubordination) of women, 315 477, 480 Patarene heresy, 303 Ōbe estate, Japan, 207, 214 patronage obedience, of women, 316, 320 Chinese court and government, 126 Oda Nobunaga, Japanese military leader, 375, Japan, 144, 208 383, 384 Paulician heresy, 303 Oghul Qaimish, widow of Güyük, 29 Pauly, Ulrich, 383 Olav Tryggvason, 105 Pavia, Battle of (1525), 272, 274, 275 Olson, Mancur, ‘roving’ and ‘stationary’ Peace and Truce of God movements, 199, 255 bandits, 35 peasants Order of the Star, French, 442 feuding in Germany, 259 Orkhon inscriptions, 24 religious revolts (Japan), 381–4 Orléans, burning of heretics (1022), 482 Peasants’ Revolt (Great Rising) (1381), Ōtsu, Yu¯ichi, 565 England, 7 Otto I, emperor, 84 Peñafort, Raymond, Summa de paenitentia et Ottoman army, 95 de matrimonio, 470 janissaries, 95 penance, 88 sipahis (heavy cavalry), 95 for crimes, 495 Ottoman empire, crusade against (1572–3), 412 Maya bloodletting as, 519 Ottomans Pepin, king of the Franks, 80 penal system, 164, 181 Pere III, king of Aragon, 488 and siyasa punishments, 169 Perpignan, siege of (1542), 277 wars in Hungary, 95–6 Persia Ottonian rulers of Germany, 83 literature, 589, 590, 592 Oxford, homicide by women, 338 and Mamluks, 95 Oxford, Provisions of (1258), 263 wars with Byzantium, 499 Ōyama-no-sho¯estate, Japan, 220 see also Iran Perugia, prosecution of crime, 191 Paekche, king of, 369 Peter of Bruys, 482 Palenque, tombs, 402, 403 Peter the Venerable, 487

699

Index

petitions, legal, 202 Prussia, and Teutonic Knights, 420 Philagathus of Cerami, 664, 669 Puglia, 279 philanthropy, in Byzantium, 496 punishments, 16 Philip II Augustus, king of France, 86 for adultery, 176, 336, 596 Château Gaillard, 87 amputation, 6 Philip IV, king of France, 195, 197, 261 burning, for heresy, 288, 303, 305, 308, 482 expulsion of Jews (1306), 479 Byzantium, 288, 295, 305, 308, 494–5 Philip VI, king of France, 262 China Philippopolis, fall of (1363), 95 beatings, 137, 355 Picardy, Charles the Bold’s campaigns in, 280 collective, 138 Pickering, F. P. 672 of officials and military officers, 138–40 Piedras Negras, 532, 533 Tang dynasty, 135, 137 Maya child sacrifice, 527, 533 commuted to monetary payment, 198 pilgrimage, to Holy Land, 418 cutting off of nose (of adulterous wife), 336 piracy, Indian Ocean, 9 exile, 137 Pisano, Giovanni, ‘Massacre of the innocents’ as form of vengeance, 196 (Pistoia), 665–70 for heresy, 334, 484 Pisano, Nicola, 666 burning, 288, 303, 305, 308, 482 Pitarch, Pedro, 520 flogging, 484 Platel, Jakemon, 197 penal servitude, 137 plunder public, 190 chivalric warfare, 435, 442, 443 for rape, 339 Germanic feuds, 259 ritual humiliation, 198 Vikings, 108 of sinners (by church), 334 Poitiers, Battle of (732), 80 and social status Poitiers, Battle of (1356), 93, 439 China, 137 Poland, Teutonic Order in, 94 Japan, 217 police forces Roman law, 494 Italy, 340 stoning, for adultery, 336 Tang China, 42 of suicides (post-mortem), 343 Pollaiuolo, Antonio, Battle of the Ten Nude for violent women, 338 Men, 656 see also mutilation; torture Polo, Marco, 9 punishments, Islamic, 326 Pope-Hennessy, John, 650 amputation, 182 population concept of siyasa (capital) punishment, 168 Aztec empire (Mesoamerica), 395 corporal, 327 Europe, 332 discretionary (ta‘zir), 167 France, 269 flogging, 176, 619–20 Japan, 223 Mamluk, 168 Portland, Dorset, Viking raids, 9, 101 public staging of, 166, 173, 178, 180, 618 Portugal, expulsion of Jews (1497), 479 sitting backwards on donkeys, 176 Powell, Edward, 339 Qur’anic, 605 pre-Islamic ‘Age of Ignorance’, 449 shaming, 176, 182 Préaux, John de, 431 statutory (hadd), 166 Priscillian, bishop of Avila, 481 talionic capital, 166–7 prisoners of war see war captives of wives by husbands, 316 proof, burden of, 189 property al-Qahir, Abbasid caliph, 170 fi 343 494 176 180 con scation of, , Qans˙uh al-Ghawri, Mamluk sultan, , crimes, 203 Qarakhanid dynasty, Transoxiana, 60 339 325 rape as property crime, Qaramit˙a, religious group, Prudentius, chronicler, on Vikings, 102, Qatada bin Di’ama, successor, 456 107, 117 Qi Jiguang, general, 244

700

Index

qiwama (male supremacy), 316 Ravenna, Battle of (1512), 268, 275 Quintilian, 663 Raymond VII, count of Toulouse, 483 Qur’an, 2, 313, 327 al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din, 451, 458 as apocalyptic text, 604–6 rebellions on cessation of war (8:61), 454 Chinese religious, 352–3, 360–2 on dealing with peaceful states (60:8–9; English baronial, 263 4:90), 453 popular, 7 description of heaven and hell, 596 suppression of (China), 135, 140 and Hadith works, 2, 11, 458–64, 619 see also An Lushan; Fang La on initiation of hostilities (2:190), 453, 466 Reccared, king of Visigoths, 473 Jami‘ al-bayan ‘an ta’wil al-qur’an Red Cliffs, Battle of (208), 544 (exegesis), 315 refugees (of warfare), to fortified locations, 14 jihad as striving (22:76), 11, 450 Regino of Prüm, chronicler, 108 and just cause for military combat, 451–7 Regnault, Henri, ‘Execution without Trial and martyrdom, 457–8, 468 under the Moorish Kings of non-violent self-defence (42:40–2), 450, 452 Granada’, 164 and offensive warfare (9:5), 454, 466 regulation of violence on patience and forbearance (42:43; by centralised states, 16, 23 3:200), 450 and feuds, 200, 342 permission to fight (22:39–40), 451 law and, 199–200 principle of abrogation (naskh), 454, 456, 465 tournaments, 6, 441 punishments, 605 Reinle, Christine, 260 on status of military martyr (3:169; religion 22:58), 457 asceticism, 334 statutory punishments, 166 and violence, 3, 11–12, 368 Surat al-Nisa’ (4:34) (on right of men to see also Buddhism; Christianity; Daoism; correct wives), 314–19 Islam and time, 605 religious ritual, 390 unbelief as ingratitude, 605 festivals, 396 on violation of pacts (9:12–13), 452 see also human sacrifice; ritual violence war against People of the Book (9:29), 456, Remences rebellion, Catalonia, 7 465 Renaud of Boulogne, 87 see also Islam Rennyo, Pure Land Buddhist, 381 Quraysh tribe, Mecca, 449 representations of violence, 15 al-Qurtubi, Muhammad, 451, 453, 455, 456, 458 in Arabic literature, 601–21 Qusayr ‘Amra, near Amman, frescoes, China, 531 579, 580 depictions of battlefields, 272–5, 563, 649–57 Qusun, amir, 179 European medieval, 645–73 Islamic art, 15, 576–99 Rais, Gilles de, serial killer, 342–3 Japan, 556–74 Ralph of Cravent, knight, 84 Maya, 15, 532 Ramihrd, heretic, 482 see also art; literature ransoms revenge see vengeance for captured noblemen, 269, 442 rewards for prisoners of war, 88 for Japanese warriors, 218, 220, 559 rape and loyalty (Japan), 559–63, 564, 571 as property crime, 339 shiki rights, 560 prosecution of (Europe), 190, 339 see also gunchu¯jo¯, report of loyal military use of term, 332 service Rashid al-Din, Persian vizier, 63, 65, 589 Rhodes, as crusader state, 412, 420 on billeting of soldiers, 71 Richard I, king of England, 91, 478 Raub und Brand (plunder and arson), Richmond Tsang, Carol, 382, 383 Germanic feuds, 259 Rieux, Pierre de, 276

701

Index

Riley-Smith, Jonathan, 412 Sabadar movement, Khurasan, 64 ritual death, as offering to gods, 394, 405 sacrilege, and treason (Byzantium), 293 ritual violence Sa‘d al-Din Köpek, vizier, 171 archaeological and iconographic evidence, Sahagún, Bernardino de, 391, 519 390, 398 Saint-Denis monastery, Paris, Viking raid, 110 dedication and sanctification rituals, 402 Saint-Pol, attack on (1553), 282 to enhance transfer of energy to gods, Saint-Quentin, siege (1557), 268, 274, 277 399–400 Saint-Riquier, abbey of, 280, 281 festival vigils, 400 saints frequency of, 406 cult of, 502 and gender relations, 406 relics, 502 objectives of, 408–9 Saladin, use of cavalry, 90 396 178 occasions for, al-S˙alih S˙alah al-Din, sultan, political and social functions of, Sallam the Interpreter, 609 404–406 Samanid dynasty, Iran and Transoxiana, sources, 391 59, 69 women and, 406 San Bartolo, Guatemala, Maya murals, see also human sacrifice 518, 526 Robert Curthose, of Normandy, 87 San Romano, Battle of, 650, 651, 655 Robert II the Pious, king of France, 482 sanctuary, church, 188, 334, 341, 495 Robert, Ulysse, 470 Sanjar, Ghaznavid sultan, 64, 66, 72, 73 Roger Bacon, and gunpowder, 96 Saracens, relations with Byzantium, 4 Roger, count of Sicily, 86 Särbi family, Northern Wei dynasty, 128 Rogerius, Carmen Miserabile, 19 Sasanid dynasty, and Byzantium, 5, 8, 499 Roman empire Saul, and the Philistines, 651, 652 and Christianity, 289 Schapiro, Meyer, 657–60 discourse on cruelty, 422 Scotland, English campaigns in, 93 disintegration in Europe, 79 Scott, James C. 212 Roman law Scrope, Sir Geoffrey le, 444 and fama (rumour), 199 Secret History of the Mongols, 22 and intention, 193 seigneurial (aristocratic) violence, Europe, and ius commune, 189 248–65 limited impact, 193–4 central Middle Ages, 253–6 punishment and social status, 494 constraints on, 264 and reintroduction of torture, 197 and dispute resolution (conventum) reinvigoration of, 186–90, (France), 253–5 256 early Middle Ages, 250–2 and vengeance, 196 and feuds, 248, 249 Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Chinese novel, late Middle Ages, 256–8 364, 543–5 powers of taxation and justice, 249, 257 Rome, siege (1527), 268 and private war, 249, 252 A Roper’s False Wife (homily), 335 and redress of wrongs, 252 Ross, Lia, 342 role of church, 255–6 Ruff, Julius, 630 and royal authority, 248 Ruizong, emperor, 135 and state violence, 249 Rukn al-Dawla, Buyid ruler, 75 see also elites Rum Seljuqs, of Anatolia, 170 Seiwa, Japanese emperor, 557 Rus Vikings, 106 self-defence Ibn Fadlan’s mission to, 610 and homicide, 341 ˙ Russia, Viking fur traders, 105 legal view of, 202, 341 Russian Primary Chronicle, 106 self-inflicted violence Rustam of Sistan, Iranian hero, 582 in Buddhism, 351, 353 Ryo¯gen, abbot, 373 self-immolation, 353

702

Index

self-mutilation (China), 547–50, 553 Siena, prosecutions for murder, 341 self-mutilation (Maya), 392 Siete Partidas, Castile, 194 and use of human flesh for medicinal Sigemund, bishop of Meaux, 103 purposes, 548, 549 Sigismund, king of Hungary, 95 see also suicide Silk Road, robber-bandits, 9 Selim the Grim, Ottoman sultan, 180 Sima family, Western Jin dynasty, 127 Seljuq armies, 70 Sima Qian, historian, 541 Seljuq dynasty, 6, 60 Simon of Trent, death (1475), 476 in Baghdad, 69, 89, 170 Sistan, Iran, 60, 72 and Sunni revival, 170 Samanid conquest, 69 torture and state violence, 170–5 skull racks, wooden, 393, 395, 401 seppuku, suicide by disembowelment, Skylitzes, Chronicle, 302 567–71, 574 ‘slave-military’ state and loyalty, 570 Abbasid, 5 mass suicide of Ho¯jo¯ clan in Taiheiki, Mamluk sultanate, 6 567–8, 570 sources of manpower, 10 serfdom, 88 slavery, decline in Europe, 88, 442 sex, medieval perception of, 339 slaves Shadyakh, garrison city, 68, 70 as human sacrifice, 395, 403, 405, 408, 529 al-Shafi‘i, Muhammad ibn Idris, 464, 465 taken by Vikings, 108, 111–12 Shahrukh, son of Timur, 65, 72 trade for, 10 succession conflict, 75 violence against female (Islam), 323 Shakespeare, William, 14 Smith, Katherine, 415 Shao Bo, chronicler, 40, 50 social status Shaolin Buddhist monastery, Henan, and punishment, 137, 217, 494 China, 354 and right to use violence, 2 Shenzong, Song emperor, 235 Soest, feud with archbishop of Cologne, 200 Shield Jaguar III, Maya king, 532 Soga clan, Japan, and adoption of Buddhism, Shihab al-Din, Ghurid sultan, 63 369–70 Shimabara castle, Japan, 385 Soissons, burning of heretics, 482 Shingon, Buddhist school (Japan), 372, 374 soldiers Shinjitsu, warrior monk, 374 billeting of, 68, 70, 278 Shinran, Pure Land Buddhist, 380, 381 and Christian view of warfare, 497–8, 506 Shirakawa, Japanese emperor, 375 clergy as, 334 Shitenno¯-ji temple, Osaka, 370 European, 85–6, 272 Shizuo, Katsumata, 158 mercenaries, 85, 87, 92, 270 Sho¯mu, Japanese emperor, 370 monks as, 333 Sho¯nyo, Pure Land leader, 382 murders committed by, 283 Sho¯yo, Japanese warrior, 219 punishment of, 67 Sichar, feud with Austregesil and social origins, 85 Chramnesind, 250 violence of, 327 Sicily see also Chinese army; knights; warriors control of, 92 Song of Roland, 438 deportation of Muslims, 488 Sorde, monastery of, 333 massacres of Muslims, 487 Sorqaqtani Beki, mother of Tolui, 28 Muslim conquest of, 486 Souillac, Abbey of Sainte-Marie, Animal Norman conquest of, 86 combat with allegorical figures siege warfare, 81, 86–7 trumeau, 657–61 artillery, 96, 268 Spain casualties, 275 army, 94, 270 Iranian depictions, 585, 586, 590 church in, 255 machinery, 86–7 expulsion of Jews (1492), 479 Mongols and, 32 military orders, 420

703

Index

Spain (cont.) Sweden, Eriksgata (1355), 195 Muslim raids in, 83 Sword-Brothers of Livonia, 420 Reconquista, 11, 420, 486 Symeon, Bulgar tsar, 509 royal government, 256 Syria see also Iberian peninsula and crusades, 91 Spanish Inquisition, 478 Mongol invasion (1260), 91 Sri Lanka, gamblers, 609 Umayyad dynasty, 8, 459 Staraya Ladoga, Russia, Vikings in, 105 visual imagery, 578–81 state formation, by nomadic forces, 4 7 ‘ 315 325 state violence, al-T˙ abari, Abu Ja far, , China, 136–40, 233 al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir, 451, 453, and European seigneurial violence, 249 456, 457 Japan, 143 Tabriz, killing of merchants, 26 Mamluk Egypt, 168, 175–80 Tabuk, Battle of (630), 456 Seljuq dynasty, 170–5 Tackett, Nicolas, 44 see also warfare Tagliacozzo, Battle of (1268), 92 59 states T˙ ahir bin Husayn, governor of Bukhara, and law, 185, 189, 201, 257 Tahmasp, shah, Safavid ruler of Iran, 593 and moves to control violence, 16, 23 Taiheiki (Records of Grand Pacification), multiple jurisdictions, 194–6 Japanese war tale, 560, 563–4, 574 and need for security, 2 and mass suicide by seppuku of Ho¯jo¯ clan, and warfare, 4, 270, 272, 443 567–8, 570 Stedinger Crusade, against German as representation of condition of celestial heretics, 483 moral order, 564–6 Stephen, king of England, 263 use of hara (belly), 573 Strayer, Joseph, 193 Taira Kiyomori, Japanese commander, 374 Strickland, Matthew, 442 Taira warrior house, Japan, 557 suffering Taizong, Tang emperor, 128, 138 Christianity and, 418 Taj al-Din, amir, 171 knightly, 438–9 Takezaki Suenaga, Japanese warrior, 148 Sufyan al-Thawri, 464 Takht-i Sulayman, Iran, wall tiles, 588 Suger, Abbot of Saint-Denis, 256 Talas, Battle of (751), 4 suicide Tale of the Heike, Japanese war tale, 558, 572 China, 547–50, 569 Tale of Ragnar’s Sons, 118 fi 343 69 con scation of property, T˙ alha bin T˙ ahir, Khurasanian ruler, as crime in Europe, 343 talio, Islamic law of, 166–7 forced, 138 Tametoki, Japanese warrior, 217 seppuku, 567–71, 574 al-Tanukhi, Muhassin ibn ‘Ali, 326 see also martyrdom; self-inflicted violence al-Faraj ba‘da al-shidda (anthology), 319, Süleyman the Magnificent, Ottoman 327 sultan, 169 (anthology), 319, 325 Nishwar al-muhad˙ ara Süntel mountain, Battle of (782), 81 Taq-i Bustan, Iran, reliefs, 581 supernatural, Chinese Tarumi Shigemasa, bandit leader, 207, 220 in Buddhism, 359 tattooing, Chinese conscripts, 49–50 in Daoism, 354 taxation legal recognition of, 365 barat tax cheques (army in literature, 551–2 requisitioning), 64–6 supernatural, Maya, way spirit beings, 524 France, 270, 272 Suso, Henry, mystic, 334 to fund crusades, 7 Suzhou, relocation of population, 14 to fund warfare, 270, 272, 443 Suzong, emperor, 140 hanzei (half-tax decrees) (Japan provincial Sveyn, king of Denmark, 105 governors), 152, 153 Swabia, Society of St George, 200 in nomadic empires, 35, 36

704

Index

tribute tax (Song China), 52 Toltec state, 393 tribute tax (to Vikings), 104, 109 tzompantli platforms, 393 Temüjin see Chinggis Khan Tolui dynasty, 21 Tendai, Buddhist school (Japan), 372 Tomoe, female Japanese warrior, 572 destruction of, 384 Töregene Qatun, Mongol regent, 28 and hongaku ho¯mon doctrine, 378, 385 torture Tenochtitlan in Aztec festival vigils, 400 frequency of sacrifice, 406 China, 135 Temple Mayor, 395, 397 in Egypt, 168, 175–80 tzompantli platform, 395 of heretics, 483 Teotihuacan state, 393 instruments of (Seljuq), 170 Temple of the Feathered Serpent, 393, 403 in Islamic Middle Period, 164–82 Temple of the Moon, 403 of Jews (Germany), 476 Teutonic Order, 420 judicial, 167, 181 crusade against Baltic pagans, 94 public, 170–1 Thanet, Isle of, 102 rejected by Muslim jurists, 167, 171, theft, as capital crime, 187 181 Theodora, empress, 290 Roman law and, 197 Theodore II Laskaris, 503 tearing out of fingernails (Maya), 400 Theodoric, Ostrogoth leader, 79 Viking ‘blood-eagle’, 119 Theodosius, emperor, and Christianity in see also mutilation Roman empire, 289, 498 Toulouse, killing of Jews, 477 Theognostos, Mirror of Princes, 504 tournaments, 440–1 Thérouanne, siege (1553), 268, 282 mêlée, 432, 440 Thessalonike, sack of (1185), 310 regulation of, 6, 441 Thieulaine, Jean, 282 see also jousts Thionville, siege of (1558), 276 trade Thomas Aquinas, St, 193, 335, 631 Arab-Islamic, 8 Thomas of Monmouth, 475 with Byzantium, 288 Thorfinn, Earl, 112 China, 8, 39 Tian Guang, suicide, 569 expansion of, 9 Tiflis, city of, 61 Hanseatic, 94 Tikal, Guatemala, Maya child sacrifice, and slavery 32.190.10 527 Vikings and, 9, 105 Tilly, Charles, 212 and violence, 8–11 time within Europe, 9 Maya periodisation, 522, 527 trade routes Qur’anic, 605 and robber-bandits, 9 violence as war against (Arabic poetry), Viking, 106 602–4 Transoxiana Timur Khwarazmshah destruction of, 73 military recruitment, 61 Mongol invasions, 63 use of barat tax cheques, 65 Muslim control of, 4 Tinchebrai, battle of (1106), 86 Qarakhanid dynasty, 59, 69 Toba, emperor of Japan, 375 Treadwell, Luke, 578 To¯daiji temple, landowners, 207, 213, 214, 216 treason, and sacrilege (Byzantium), 293 69 71 T˙ oghril Beg, Seljuq sultan, , trials To¯ji temple, landowners, 215, 218 of animals, 193 Tokugawa Ieyasu and convictions (medieval Europe), 332, persecution of Christians, 384 340, 341 shogunate of, 160 for heresy (Byzantium), 288, 291, 308 Toledo, councils of, 477 Tripoli, crusader state, 89 Tolentino, Niccolò Mauruzi da, 651 Trivulzio, Marshal, 279

705

Index

trophies concept of, 196–8 display of human (Americas), 393, 401, 531 as duty, 23 and magical powers, 401 legal process and, 198–9 Troyes, Council of (1129), 420 see also interpersonal violence Tumadir bint ‘Amr, death-song poetry, 602 Venice, 10 ˙ 180 306 T˙ uman Bay II, last Mamluk sultan, and Byzantine war with Normans, , Tumu Incident (1449), 244 307 Tun Bagha, Uighur chief minister, 29 and Byzantium, 288, 305–6 Tuoba Xianbei peoples, Manchuria, 28 and mass arrest of Venetians in and fubing system, 44 Constantinople, 306 Turanshah bin Qavurt, Seljuq ruler, 70 navy, 305, 307 Turcopoles, as light cavalry, 90 prosecution of rape, 339 Türk empire (551-744), 19, 24 prosecutions for murder, 341 Chinese campaign against, 31 Vézelay, burning of heretics, 303 Turkic peoples Vikings, 100–19 recruited as ﬁghters, 6 and acquisition of wealth, 108, 109–10, Türkmen migrations, 71–3, 76 112–14 Türkmen armies, 89 attacks on islands, 102 at Baghdad, 70 ‘berserks’ (‘berserkers’), 118 devastation caused by, 71, 72 demand for tribute, 104, 109 Turks, ascendancy (thirteenth century), 91–2 early small raids, 101–2 in eastern Europe, 83, 105–6 Uccello, Paolo, Battle of San Romano, 650–1, and end of Viking Age, 116 652–3, 655 gift-giving, 112–14 Uhud, Battle of (625), 457 ideal warrior (drengr), 114–16 Uighur empire, 25, 27 larger raids, 102–4 succession crises, 29 longships, 102, 107 use of military violence, 32, 140 and plunder, 108 Umar I, caliph, successor to Muhammad, 4 provisions, 108–9 Umayyad dynasty, Syria, 8, 459 raids on England, 9, 101, 102, 104–5 imagery, 577 reputation for violence, 100, 117–18, poetic jousting competitions, 607 119 underworld (hell) tactics, 107 Aztec view of, 405 taking of slaves, 108, 111–12 Chinese concept of hell(s), 359, 365 theft of cattle, 102, 108, 109 graphic descriptions of, 485 trading, 9, 105 Urban II, pope, 416 and Valhöll (Valhalla), 115–16 and First Crusade, 89, 300, 411, 418 ‘Viking burials’, 111 Usama ibn Munqidh weapons, 106 Book of Contemplation, 611–12 Zutphen raid, 100, 109 on hunting, 612 ‘viking’, etymology and use of term, 100 ‘Utbi, Ghaznavid historian, 67 violence ambivalent nature of, 647 Valhöll (Valhalla), 115–16 criminalisation of, 2 vegetarians, executed in China, 360 as culturally contingent, 12 vendetta, 341–2 deﬁnitions, 123 in Italy, 192, 200, 342 economic function of, 34–6 revenge violence, 23 and progress towards civilisation, secondary, 342 629–630 see also feuds and religion, 3, 11–12 vengeance theory of, 12–14 atonement of death, 603 and trade, 8–11 Chinese duty of, 535–6 ubiquity of, 1, 624–6, 643

706

Index

Visigoths visual imagery of, 648, 649–57 Christianity of, 473 see also battleﬁelds; crusades; plunder; siege defeated by Clovis, 80 warfare; warriors in Spain, 80 Wari culture, 401 Vladimir, Grand Prince, 106 warriors Voltaire, 649 aristocratic European, 248 Vouillé, Battle of (507), 80 Aztec empire (Mesoamerica), 405 Japanese, 144, 208, 209, 213, 225 Waldenses ascetic movement, 481 Viking ‘berserk’, 118 al-Walid II, caliph, 578 Viking drengr ideal, 114–16 Walter Milemete, 96 see also akuso¯, Buddhist warrior monks Wang Jian, Former Shu general, 130 (Japan); knights Wang Shichong, rebel, 133 Water Margin, Chinese novel, 8, 364 Wang Xianzhi, insurgency (877-8), 39 al-Wathiq, Abbasid caliph, 609 Wang Yansou, censor, 228, 236 Watts, John, 189, 195, 202 war captives weapons as human sacriﬁce, 395, 399, 404, 408, bows (China), 241 529, 531 Chinese ownership of, 231 ransoms for nobles, 88, 269, 442 crossbow, 96 War of the Eight Princes, China, 127 depictions in Islamic art, 576, 588, 589–92 warfare European, 96 Abbasid ‘slave-military’ structure, 5, 6, 10 longbow, 93–4 battles, 81, 86, 443 Roman, 79 between nomadic and agro-urban peoples, Viking, 106 3–4, 19, 21, 31–3 see also artillery between nomadic tribes, 21 Weber, Max, 125, 536 Byzantium, 492–509 Wen, Former Song emperor, 127 view of just war, 498–505 Wen, Marshal, plague god, 359 changing norms of, 442 Wendi, Sui emperor, 353 changing tactics, 93, 655 Wenming, dowager empress, 128 and chivalric violence, 268, 441–5 Wenzong, Tang emperor, 129 and Christianity, 3, 413, 417, 497–8, wergild, compensation for murder, 187 506 Wessex, kingdom of, and Vikings, 102 church and, 88, 505 Westphalia effect of gunpowder on Chinese, 357 feuding, 200 Hundred Years War, 94 Vehmic courts, 195 ideological, 89, 90 White Cloud Buddhism, 361 increased casualties, 15 White Lotus Buddhism, 11, 361 and just cause, 444–5 William, archbishop of Tyre, 287 late medieval Europe, 267, 269, 443 William I (of Normandy), the Conqueror, 14, as legitimate, 625 86, 105 medieval views of, 630–2 use of mercenaries, 85 offensive/defensive distinction (Japan), William of Newburgh, chronicler, 479 152, 153 William of Norwich, death of, 475 papacy and, 436 William of Poitiers, 86 professionalisation, 88 William of Poitou, duke of Aquitaine, dispute ‘slave-military’ structure, 5 with Hugh of Lusignan, 253–5 by states, 4, 270, 272, 443 William of Tyre, 90 strategies of, 14 women taxation to fund, 270, 272, 443 and aristocratic feuds, 249, 250, 254, 261 technological changes, 96 China types of, 268 depiction as shrew in literature, Viking tactics, 107 545–7, 553

707

Index

women (cont.) reign of terror, 135 jealous (in literature), 546–7 Wu, Southern Qi emperor, 127 martial arts, 235 Wudi, Northern Zhou emperor, 132 role in succession conflicts, 128, 134–6 Wuqimai, Jurchen Jin emperor, 29 self-mutilation, 548–9, 553 suicide, 549–50 Xianzu, Northern Wei emperor, 128 disembowelling of pregnant (by Xiaowen, Northern Wei emperor, 128 Kharijites), 325, 609 Xiaowu, Former Song emperor, 127 domestic conflicts and tensions, 320 Xiongnu empire, 19 exclusion from concept of warrior violence Xuanzong, Tang emperor, 129, 139, 140 (Japan), 571–3 Xunzi, philosopher, on military ethics, 538 expressions of virtue, 548, 549 in Islam Yang Jian, Sui emperor, 132–3 description of wicked, 321 Yangdi, Sui emperor, 138 duties of obedience and service of wives, Yaqut, geographer, 73 316, 320 Yaxchilan, Maya site, 531, 533 early Islamic violence against, 313–28 Yazid ibn Mu‘awiya, Umayyad caliph, 616 legal rights of, 317 Yesügei (father of Chinggis Khan), 22 and morality, 322–3 Yoritomo, General of the Right, 160 nushuz (insubordination), 315 York, massacre of Jews (1190), 478 public violence against, 324–7 Yoshinaka, Japanese warrior, 572 rights of husbands over (Qur’an), 314–24 Yoshisada, Nitta, 568 limited legal rights of, 337 Yugeshima estate, Japan, 218–20, 221 28 60 and matricide of imperial consorts, Yusuf Khas˙s˙ Hajib, Wisdom of Royal Glory, and medieval perception of sex, 339 Yuwen Tai, and Western Wei state, 131, 140 and nomad feuds, 23 political role of in Mongol empire, 28 al-Zamakhshari, exegete, 455 rights of husbands over, 190, 335 Zanj revolt, against Abbasid state, 8, 617–18 and ritual violence, 406 Zara, Christian city of, 10, 415 and sack of Basra, 617 Zhang Heng, 138 sacrificed as impersonation of goddesses, Zhenwu, warrior god, 358 397, 406 Zhong Kui, deity, 360 Viking violence against, 111 Zhongzong, emperor, 135 violence by, 338–40, 572 Zhu Wen, Later Liang emperor, 40 in literature, 632–5, 641–2 Zhu Yuanzhang, first Ming emperor, 14, 242, and violence of extremist religious 243, 362 groups, 324 Zhuang Chuo, chronicler, 49 and violence as social control, 322–3, 326 on Fang La rebellion, 53 see also domestic violence Zmora, Hillay, 259 Wormald, Patrick, 186 Zong Ai, Northern Wei eunuch, 129 wrestling, China, 242 Zongyan, Former Shu emperor, 130 Wright, Arthur F. 45 al-Zubayr, treatment of Asma’, 318 Wright, David, 239 Zurich, treatment of suicide, 343 Wu, empress, 139, 570 Zutphen, Netherlands, Viking raid on, and coup against Tang dynasty, 134–6 100, 109

708