Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. ISSN 1110 – 6131 Vol. 24(4): 463 – 478 (2020) www.ejabf.journals.ekb.eg

Two gastrointestinal parasites from freshwater sharptooth , gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

Medhat Ali1,2*, Amira Lotfy1 and Ahmed Nigm1 1Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt 2Department of Biology, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, KSA *Corresponding Author: [email protected]

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History: The sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus is a popular tropical catfish in Received: June 15, 2020 . C. gariepinus considered a good source of protein for human Accepted: July 5, 2020 consumption and has been believed as an important fish for farming. The Online: July 8, 2020 present study aims to investigate gastrointestinal parasites of C. gariepinus ______in a local area within Qaluobaya Governorate, Egypt. Thirty males and females C. gariepinus (Teleostei: Clariidae) were examined for the presence Keywords: of gastrointestinal parasites. Two parasite species were found naturally Catfish; infect C. gariepinus. Polyonchobothrium clarias (Cestoda: Polyonchobothrium Pseudophyllidea) which infected the pyloric stomach, small intestine, bile clarias; duct, and gall bladder. The other parasite was Procamallanus laeviconchus Procamallanus (Nematoda: Camallanidae) which infects the small intestine of C. laeviconchus; gariepinus. The prevalence of P. clarias was 33.33 % which was higher Parasites; than the prevalence of P. laeviconchus (6.67 %). The prevalence of gastrointestinal; infection in males of C. gariepinus was 26.67 %, however, the prevalence of gall bladder infection in females was 6.67 % which was significantly lower than prevalence of infection in males. The total recovered P. clarias was 188 worms, while the total number of P. laeviconchus was 23 worms. It was also observed that the tissues at the infected sites were greatly destructed. This study reinforced that C. gariepinus is highly susceptible to infection with different helminths.

INTRODUCTION

Clarias gariepinus is a common and important tropical catfish in Africa and the Middle East (Clay, 1979; Marcogliese and Cone, 2001, Hassan et al., 2010). It is widely distributed, occupying tropical swamps, lakes, and rivers in Africa (Olufemi et al., 1991). C. gariepinus is regard as one of the best models of omnivorous fishes (Holden and Reed, 1972; Clay, 1979). It is considered as a predator, feeding mainly on aquatic insects, molluscs, fishes; it also feeds on plant debris and fruits (Micha, 1973 and

464 Medhat Ali et al., 2020

Bruton, 1979). Clarias gariepinus has been considered as an important fish for farming in Africa. C. gariepinus has many advantages such as, having a wide range of geographical distribution, an extraordinary growth rate, nearly unaffected with handling and trauma, and well appreciated in many African countries (Akinsanya and Otubanjo 2006). Clarias gariepinus is an important human food fish, as it considered as a good source of protein and had low level of cholesterol. Economically C. gariepinus is considered as a source of subsistence income (Aken'ova, 2000; Steffens, 2006 and Eyo and Effanga, 2018). In Egypt, parasitic diseases stand for nearly 80 % of fish diseases (Eissa, 2006). Parasitic infections in fishes lead to decreased production that results in economic loss through fish mortality, drop in fish growth and fecundity, rise the susceptibility of fish to more diseases, and elevated cost of treatment (Cowx, 1992). Under normal circumstances, 50-90 % of freshwater fishes, harbor one parasite species (Sineszko, 1979). It was also reported by Palm (2011) that, based on a cautious estimate, there is an average of 3-4 parasites in each living species of fishes and the described fishes were about 31,400 species, so it can be estimated that up to 120,000 parasite species may be found in fishes. Fishes are affected by different parasites, as they are not only can act as intermediate hosts for many digeneans and cestodes, but they also can act as definitive hosts for many helminths. The infection of wild fish with parasites are common where the requirement of parasites for intermediate and definitive hosts are chanced (Feist and Longshaw 2008). Piscivorous birds, in which several helminths develop into adult stages, are important, as they can spread parasite eggs over extended distances, making it difficult to control the propagation of infections among water bodies (Saayman et al., 1991). The most common parasites are gastrointestinal parasites that compete with the fish host for nutrients, hence reducing the essential nutrients to be absorbed by fish. Subsequently, these parasites hamper the growth of fish leading to morbidity and mortality and making the fish more susceptible to surrounding predators (Azadikhah et al., 2014 and Omeji et al., 2015). Fish helminthology is not as broadly researched as other aspects of aquatic parasitology and fish biology. This is possibly because helminths are principally infecting the internal organs, chiefly the gastrointestinal tract. For humans, the gastrointestinal tract does not involve the edible part of the fish (Ibrahim et al, 2008). Hamouda (2019) examined two , serratus and Synodontis schall from lake Nasser, Egypt for endoparasites. She found in both catfishes, one cestode: Wenyonia virilis, and three nematodes: Cithariniella citharini, P. laeviconchus, and Spirocamallanus pseudospiralis. She also found a cestode, Proteocephalus sulcatus, and one acanthocephalan, Rhadinorhynchus sp. were only recorded from Synodontis schall. Polyonchobothrium clarias is extensively distributed in African freshwater C. gariepinus having been documented from (Aderounmu and Adeniyi 1972). It was also described from the Bagrid catfish Chrysichthys thonneri from Gabon, the Two gastrointestinal parasites from Clarias gariepinus 465 mudfish Clarias anguillaris and Heterobranchus bidorsalis from (Khalil 1973), and in C. anguillaris from Egypt (Amin 1978). P. clarias was first spotted by Mashego (1977) from C. gariepinus in seven dams in the Le bowa region, Limpopo province, South Africa. Concerning P. laeviconchus, it belongs to family Camallanidae whose members commonly infect clariid fishes of African freshwaters such as C. gariepinus (Moravec, 2019). Polyonchobothrium clarias infects pyloric stomach of C. gariepinus. It is deeply embedded by its scolex into the infected tissue which induces a deep cavity-like depression inside mucosal tissue. Also, it destroys mucosal epithelia around the site of infection comparable with uninfected tissue leading to dilation of blood capillary of the infected tissue. (El-Mansy et al., 2011). P. clarias was also collected from the gall bladder of C. gariepinus that looked enlarged with thickened bile duct; P. clarias was also gathered from the glandular stomach. The parasites were mainly attached at the junction between the muscular and glandular stomach and sometimes, they were attached near the beginning of the bile duct in the glandular stomach. (Eissa et al., 2012). Procamallanus laeviconchus is an intestinal nematode of many fishes. It is prevalent in many African fish families such as Clariidae and Schilbeidae from Lake Kariba. In Nigeria, Chishawa (1991) and Douëllou (1992). Khalil (1973) recovered P. laeviconchus from seven species of fishes from belonging to the Mormyridae, Schilbeidae, and . Many species of Procamallanus infecting freshwater fishes have also been documented in Europe (Moravec 1994) and the Neotropical region (Santos et al., 1999). Opara and Okon (2002) and Yakubu et al., (2002) reported P. laeviconchus from Oreochromis niloticus (Cichlidae) and from both C. gariepinus (Clariidae) and Tilapia zilli (Cichlidae) respectively. El-Mansy et al., (2011) observed P. laeviconchus embedded its buccal capsule in the cardiac portion of the stomach of C. gariepinus causing damage, rupture to mucosal tissue and hemorrhage at the attachment site of the parasite. Due to the wide geographic distribution, the diverse diet of C. gariepinus, as well as its commercial and aquaculture values, the investigation of the helminth parasites of C. gariepinus as well as their effects on this important catfish were explored in the present work.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sample collection and worm staining: Thirty C. gariepinus fish were obtained randomly from a fish market in Qaluobaya Governorate, Egypt. Specimens were brought to the invertebrate Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University. The gills of fish were dissected out, deposited in Petri dishes containing saline solution (0.85 % NaCl), and checked for parasites. Then fishes were opened ventrally, and the body cavities and mesenteries were examined for parasites. The gastrointestinal tract was opened from the oesophagus to the

466 Medhat Ali et al., 2020 rectum and parasites were encountered carefully from the pyloric portion of the stomach, gall bladder, bile duct, and intestine. The collected helminth parasites were put in the saline solution, then fixed in 70 % ethyl alcohol, counted, and recorded. Parasites were then washed in distilled water and stained in borax carmine (ADWIC company, Egypt). Differentiation was carried out in acidified alcohol (70 % ethyl alcohol and few drops of HCl) for few minutes this was followed by dehydration in an ascending series of ethyl alcohol (70-100 %) 15 minutes each. The clearing was performed in clove oil and eventually mounted in DPX and covered with glass slips. The parasite identification is carried out according to Barson and Avenant-Oldewage (2006), Ibrahim et al. (2008), Iyaji and Eyo (2008), Kuchta et al. (2012), Moravec and Jirků (2017) and Moravec and Scholz (2017). Histological preparation: Stomach and bile duct were fixed in Bouin’s solution for 24 hours and were put in 70 % ethyl alcohol. They were dehydrated in an ascending concentrations of ethyl alcohol and cleared in terpineol. This step was followed by embedding in paraffin wax, sectioned with microtome at 6 µm thickness, stained in hematoxylin and eosin and finally examined and Photographed using Kodak digital camera (model 1450Z) attached to the compound microscope. Statistical analysis: Statistical analysis was done using one-way ANOVA to determine the variations between prevalence as well as the intensity of infections in males and females of C. gariepinus. The p-value was set at 5 %.

RESULTS

In this study, ten Clarias gariepinus fishes out of thirty dissected were infected (Table 1). The prevalence of infection in fishes was 33.33 % (26.67 in males and 6.67 in females) (Table 2). The prevalence of infection in C. gariepinus males was significantly higher than that of females (P < 0.05). Generally, the intensity of parasites recovered from infected C. gariepinus ranged from 1 to 58 (1-23 in females and 4-58 in males) (Table 2). The mean intensity of infection in males was 14.38±5.59. The mean intensity of infection in females was 1.62±1.54 which was significantly lower than that of males (P < 0.05). There were two parasite species recovered, the cestode P. clarias and the nematode P. laeviconchus (Fig. 1). The first parasite P. clarias infected both pyloric and cardiac stomach, the intestine, gall bladder, and bile duct of C. gariepinus (Table 1). Polyonchobothrium clarias attached firmly by its scolex into the mucosal epithelium of the stomach destroying mucosal epithelia around the site of infection compared to non-infected tissue (Figs. 2A- E). Polyonchobothrium clarias was also recovered from the bile duct of C. gariepinus (Table 1), causing erosion to mucosal layer (Figs. 2F-H). Two gastrointestinal parasites from Clarias gariepinus 467

It was observed that the intensity of P. clarias was 1-51 (1-20 in females and 4-51 in males). (Table 2). The mean intensity of infection of P. clarias in the pyloric stomach was 11.90±4.28, the mean intensity of its infection in the intestine was 3.50±2.09 (Table 1). There was no significant difference between the mean intensity of infection of P. clarias in both pyloric stomach and intestine (P > 0.05). The intensity of infection of P. clarias in other infected sites (Cardiac stomach, gall bladder and bile duct) ranged from 2 to 30 (Table 1). Polyonchobothrium clarias which belongs to pseudophyllidean cestodes was collected from both the pyloric and cardiac portions of the stomach, intestine bile duct, and gall bladder. The infected parts of the gastrointestinal tract appeared enlarged. Infected bile duct had thickened walls and containing a pale-colored watery bile. The scolex of P. clarias was elongated, nearly rectangular, and carries two opposite rows of hooks and possesses laterally two shallow bothria (Fig. 1A, 1B and 1C). Immature proglottides of strobila followed the scolex and they were partially segmented (Fig. 1D). In mature proglottides, the ovary is centrally located (Fig. 1E). The gravid proglottides were greatly occupied by uteri and were filled with eggs (Fig. 1F). In the present study, the nematode Procamallanus laeviconchus (Camallanidae) was also recognized. This parasite was collected from the intestine of C. gariepinus. The prevalence of infection of P. laeviconchus in C. gariepinus was 6.67 % with an intensity of infection ranged from 3 to 20 parasite per fish (Table 2). Procamallanus laeviconchus (Fig. 1G) has a buccal capsule, which is well chitinized with a wide oral ring; the buccal capsule was divided into two cavities anterior and posterior (Fig. 1H). The oesophagus is long, cylindrical, and muscular (Fig. 1H). In females, the uterus was large occupying most of the posterior third of the body and was filled with larvae (Fig. 1I). The vulva opened at an elevated fold of the body (Fig. 1I). The female posterior end was pointed (Fig. 1J). Double infections with cestodes and nematodes were only recorded in two fishes (Table1). It was also observed from all infected C. gariepinus fishes, there were no infections with nematodes alone; however, the nematode infection was always combined with cestode infection. The prevalence of double infection concerning all fishes was 6.66 %. The double infections were 5.88 and 7.69 % in male and female fishes, about the total numbers of males and females, respectively. The gastrointestinal epithelium of infected C. gariepinus with P. clarias had damaged mucosal layer (Figs. 2C, 2D and 2E) after the attachment of P. clarias with its hooks. It was noted that, there was a loss of continuity of columnar epithelial cells of mucosal layer; this destruction of the mucosal epithelial was proportional to the number of parasites. Pathological changes obviously appeared in infected stomach of C. gariepinus (Fig. 2E), which include pressure and damaging lesions and severe torn out mucosal and submucosal layers. The normal C. gariepinus gastrointestinal had an intact mucosal layer, with firmly attached columnar cells (Figs. 2A and 2B). The bile ducts infected with P.

468 Medhat Ali et al., 2020 clarias had also damaged mucosal layer with completely torn out epithelial cells (Fig. 2G) compared to non-infected bile duct with intact mucosal cells (Fig. 2F).

Table 1. Detailed information of the examined in males (M) and females (F) Clarias gariepinus fishes infected with either Polyonchobothrium clarias (P.c.) or Procamallanus laeviconchus (P.l.) or both recovered from different infected organs. *: refers to double infection.

Fish Number Infected Parasite Number of Mean Sex of Fishes Organs Parasites intensity

ــــ ــــ ــــ F 11 F 1 Intestine P.c. 1 P.c. F* 1 Intestine P.l. 3 Intestine 3.50±2.09 P.c. 20

M 1 Pyloric stomach P.c. 30 Pyloric stomach M 1 Pyloric stomach P.c. 11 11.90±4.28

M 1 Pyloric stomach P.c. 4 Cardiac stomach 0.2±0.2 ــــ ــــ ــــ M 9 M* 1 Intestine P.l. 20 Pyloric stomach P.c. 38 Gall bladder 0.2±0.2 M 1 Intestine P.c. 4 M 1 Pyloric stomach P.c. 22 Bile duct 3±3 M 1 Pyloric stomach P.c. 7

Intestine 10 Cardiac stomach 2 M 1 Gall bladder P.c. 2 P.l. Bile duct 30 Intestine Pyloric stomach 7 2.3±1.99

Table 2. Number (No.), Prevalence (%) and the intensity of infection of Polyonchobothrium clarias (P.c.) and Procamallanus laeviconchus (P.l.) in males (M) and females (F) Clarias gariepinus (C.g.) fishes.

C.g. No. of No. & No. & Intensity Fishes Infected Prevalence Prevalence of Infection Fishes (%) (%) M F M F M F P.c. P.l. M F (double infection) 17 13 8 2 26.67 6.67 M F M F 4-58 1-23 8 2 1 1 P.c. P.l. P.c. P.l. 30 10 33.33 26.67 6.67 3.33 3.33 4-51 20 1-20 3 Two gastrointestinal parasites from Clarias gariepinus 469

Figure 1. Photomicrographs of Polyonchobothrium clarias (A-F) and Procamallanus laeviconchus (G-J) showing A: The scolex (S) with hooks (black arrow), bothria (b) that followed by an unsegmented neck (N). B and C: higher magnifications of the scolex with two opposite rows of hooks (white arrows); each hook has two portions, a proximal thick portion and a distal thin portion (white thick arrow) D: The immature (IM) and mature proglottides (M). E: The mature proglottides. F: The gravid proglottides with uterus filled with eggs (e). G: The whole worm coiled on itself, H: Anterior end of the worm with buccal capsule (bc) which divided into two cavities (*); a long muscular esophagus (mo) extends from the buccal cavity. I: The posterior third of the worm at the region of the vulva (black arrow), note the presence of larvae (LV) in this region. J: The posterior pointed end of the female worm.

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Figure 2. Photomicrographs showing different sections of the stomach of C. gariepinus (A-E). A: Non-infected pyloric portion of the stomach showing normal mucosal layer (ML). B: Magnified section of the non-infected stomach of C. gariepinus with intact mucosal layer (ML).C: Infected pyloric portion of the stomach with Polyonchobothrium clarias showing destructed mucosal layer (ML) and sections of the parasite (P), were clear. D: Magnified section of P. clarias within the pyloric portion of the stomach. E: Infected stomach with P. clarias showing highly destructed mucosal layer (ML). Photomicrographs showing different sections of the bile duct of C. gariepinus (F-H). F: Non-infected bile duct showing normal intact mucosal layer (ML). G: Infected bile duct with P. clarias and the mucosal layer (ML) was destructed, sections of two P. clarias were observed. H: Magnified sections of the two P. clarias within the infected bile duct. Two gastrointestinal parasites from Clarias gariepinus 471

DISCUSSION

The results of the present work showed the existence of two parasites, one belongs to cestodes, Polyonchobothrium clarias and the other belongs to nematodes, Procamallanus laeviconchus. Thirty fishes were examined, ten of them were infected with P. clarias (33.3 %). Two fishes of ten were also infected with P. laeviconchus (6.66 %). So the prevalence of infection with P. clarias was higher than that with P. laeviconchus, this observation agrees with that in Isaac's work (2009) as he found that a higher prevalence of P. clarias (3.75 %) than that of P. laeviconchus (0.625 %), and the infection with P. clarias was six times of infection with P. laeviconchus which is nearly similar to that of the present study. It was observed that 26.6 % C. gariepinus males were infected. This percentage was higher than the infection of C. gariepinus females which was 6.6 %. A similar trend of results was found in the study done by Hassan et al., (2010), as they found that a higher percentage of infection in males (70.58 %) than that in females (68.25 %). Akinsanya and Otubanjo (2006) found the same trend with lower infection rates in males and females of C. gariepinus as they were 5.75 and 3.76 % respectively. Ayanda (2009) found that, the same prevalence of intestinal helminth infection (26.25 %) in both C. gariepinus males and females. The disparity in the prevalence of infection between males and females in many studies may be attributed to the numbers of fishes examined or to the locality, seasonal variation, and water temperature, size of fish, or differences in immunity against helminth parasites between males and females. Sinaré et al., (2015) reported a bothriocephalidean cestode, Tetracampos ciliotheca from the gall bladder of Clarias anguillaris from . Prevalence of infection was 30 % with a mean intensity of infection was 4.3. There was no significant difference in infection between males and females. They also found that there was a positive correlation between fish size and the recovered number of parasites. Clarias gariepinus can be infected with many of helminth species. It was reported, for example, by Oniye et al., (2004), Barson and Avenant-Oldewage (2006), Goselle et al., (2008), Madanire-Moyo and Barson (2010), Enyidi and Eneje (2015) and Rindoria el al., (2020) that a variety of gastrointestinal helminths have been recovered from C. gariepinus. From these helminthes, Diplostomum spathaceum, Alloglosidium corti (trematodes), Anomotaenia sp. Monobothrium sp., Proteocephalus glanduliger, P. clarias, Diphyllobothrium latum, and Diphyllobothrium plerocercoid (cestodes), P. laeviconchus,Paracamallanus cyathopharynx and Contracaecum sp. (nematodes) and Neoechinorhynchus rutli (acanthocephalan). Sosanya (2002) reported a positive relationship between pollution and the prevalence rate of helminths. Sosanya also reported that some Physico-chemical properties such as total dissolved solids (TDS) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) affected helminths positively. It was also reported by Palm (2011) and Lacerda et al., (2018) that there is an

472 Medhat Ali et al., 2020 association between the fish parasites and the pollution, so these parasites can be used as biological markers for water pollution. Poulin (1995) and Lile (1998) documented that parasite variety and richness was correlated with free-living fauna biodiversity in a specified area. Also, the high prevalence of intestinal parasites may be ascribed to the presence of their intermediate host for instance, copepods which would have been consumed by C. gariepinus due to their omnivorous behavior (Bruton, 1979). Aderounmu and Adeniyi (1972) and Mashego (1977) reported heavy infections of P. clarias in C. gariepinus, causing knots at the point of attachment. Physical resistance of detachment of P. clarias from the gastrointestinal mucosa of C. gariepinus indicates that the suction created by the bothria and the clasping of the scolex hooks could result in serious pathological impacts especially in intense infections. In this work, it was found that the epithelial layer of the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract was highly damaged and torn out due to the attachment of P. clarias by its hooks. The presence of P. clarias in the gall bladder may be rare. But according to the previous studies it has been reported that some parasites infect it as in C. anguillaris, C. mossambicus, and C. gariepinus (Amin, 1978; Wabuke-Bunoti, 1980; Nkwengulila and Mwita; 2004 and Barson et al., 2008). In the present work, the bile duct and gall bladder of C. gariepinus were infected with P. clarias; It was observed that one C. gariepinus was infected with 51 P. clarias, this large number of worms may lead some worms to migrate to the bile duct and gall bladder as reported herein to find escape resource competition with other worms. Isaac (2009) reported the cestodes Amonotaenia sp. and P. clarias and nematodes Paracamallanus sp. and P. laeviconchus infect C. gariepinus. The cestodes’ prevalence of infection was 5 % (1.25 % for Amonotaenia sp and 3.75 % for P. clarias), and the nematodes’ prevalence of infection was 6.25 % (5.625 % for Paracamallanus sp. and 0.625 % for P. laevionchus). In the present investigation, the prevalence of cestode infection was much higher if compared with that in Isaac’s study, where the nematodes prevalence of infection was similar in the present and Isaac’s study. Bichi and Yelwa (2010) recorded helminth infection in C. gariepinus with 35.53 % prevalence of cestodes which comprising Anomataenia sp, Bothriocephalus aegypticus, Polyonchobothrium polypetri and Polychobothrium sp, two species from nematodes (28.13 %), with P. laevionchus and unknown species. In the present work, the prevalence of cestodes and nematodes infection is lower than that of Bichi and Yelwa (2010). Eissa et al., (2012) isolated P. clarias from the intestine of C. gariepinus with 50.5 % prevalence. Nnabuchi et al., (2015) also recorded a variety of parasites infected C. gariepinus and C. anguilaris with a total prevalence of 42.1 %; these parasites comprised P. clarias and P. laeviconchus. The difference in prevalence of clariid fishes among different studies may be related to the differences in localities, water temperature and may also be attributed to the size of C. gariepinus. Two gastrointestinal parasites from Clarias gariepinus 473

Eissa et al., (2012) observed hemorrhagic and congested gastrointestinal tract of C. gariepinus infected with P. clarias. In the present work, similar pathological changes appeared in the infected fish tissues with P. clarias, as remarkable damage of the mucosal layer and loosely attached columnar epithelial cells were observed. The bile ducts infected with P. clarias had also destructed mucosal layer compared to the non-infected bile duct. Concerning the description of P. clarias, Barson and Avenant-Oldewage (2006), Ibrahim et al., (2008) and Eissa et al., (2012) found that the scolex was elongated and had a flat to a somewhat raised rostellum. This rostellum was equipped with one row of hooks in the form of a crown with 26-30 hooks. These hooks were split up into two semicircles, each holding 13-15 hooks. Hooks at the end of each semicircle are tinier than those in the center. Two elongated shallow bothria are lined up with the space between the crowns of hooks. Immature proglottids are not entirely segmented. Some mature proglottids appeared fused. the ovary is rounded to oval and centrally situated in the proglottid. The structure of P. clarias in the present work was like the description made by Barson and Avenant-Oldewage (2006), Ibrahim et al., (2008) and Eissa et al., (2012). Eissa et al., (2012) collected P. clarias from the gall bladder near the beginning of the bile duct. P. clarias was also detached from the glandular stomach which appeared clogged. The parasites were mainly appended at the connection between the muscular and glandular stomach and sometimes, they were attached close to the opening of the bile duct in the glandular stomach. In the present work, P. clarias was also recovered from comparable sites in addition to the intestine.

CONCLUSION

It was concluded that males of C. gariepinus were most susceptible to infection than females. P. clarias predominated P. laeviconchus and mostly infected pyloric stomach and the bile duct. P. laeviconchus represented fewer recovered parasites and mainly infected the intestine. Some cestodes move to the gall bladder in case of high infection, causing enlargement and obstruction of the bile duct. In C. gariepinus females, fewer numbers of cestodes and nematodes were reported. The parasitized sites of the gastrointestinal tract as well as bile duct and gall bladder were highly damaged.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Our deep thanks to Dr. Abdalla Ibrahim, Professor of aquatic biology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Ain shams university, for his support, precious advice during the performing this study.

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ARABIC SUMMARY

أثىان مه الطفيليات ال َمعدية ال َمعوية لسمك قرموط المياي العذبة (Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822

مدحث علي1،2 ، أميرة لطفي2 ، أحمد وجم2

1 قسٌ ػيٌ اىحُىاُ، ميُت اىؼيىً، جبؼٍت ػُِ شَس، اىقبهشة ، ٍصش. 2قسٌ ػيٌ األحُبء، ميُت اىؼيىً، جبؼٍت طُبت، اىَذَْت اىَْىسة ، اىسؼىدَت.

سَل قشٍىط اىَُبٓ اىؼزبت Clarias gariepinus هى سَل اىسيىس اىحبد االسخىائٍ اىشبئغ فٍ أفشَقُب وَ ؼخبش ٍصذ س ا جُ ذ ا ىيبشوحُِ ىالسخهالك اىبششٌ وَ ؼخقذ أّهب سَنت ٍهَت ىيَضاسع. وحهذف اىذساست اىحبىُت إىً اسخنشبف اىطفُيُبث اى َ ؼذَت اى َ ؼىَت فٍ سَل اىسيىس بَْطقت ٍحيُت فٍ ٍحبفظت اىقيُىبُت بَصش. فقذ حٌ فحص رالرُِ ٍِ رمىس وإّبد هزٓ اىسَنت السخنشبف هزٓ اىطفُيُبث. وقذ حٌ فٍ اىبحذ اىحبىٍ اىؼزىس ػيً ّىػُِ ٍِ اىطفُيُبث اىخٍ ح صُب سَل اىسيىس بشنو طبؼٍُ. اىطفُيٍ األوه (Polyonchobothrium clarias (Cestoda: Psudophyllidea اىزٌ َ صُب اىؼَذة اىبىابُت واألؼٍبء اىذقُقت واىقْبة اىَشاسَت واىَشاسة. أٍب اىطفُيٍ اِخش Procamallanus (laeviconchus (Nematoda: Camallanidae اىزٌ َ صُب األؼٍبء اىذقُقت ىسَنت اىسيىس. ومبّج ّسبت اّخشبس طفُيٍ Polyonchobothrium clarias 33.33 ببىَئت وهٍ أػيً ٍِ ّسبت اّخشبس اىطفُيٍ Procamallanus laeviconchus اىخٍ مبّج 6... ببىَئت. ومبّج ّسبت اّخشبس اىؼذوي فٍ رمىس سَل اىسيىس )6...2 ببىَئت( أػيً بشنو واضح ٍِ ّسبت اّخشبسهب فٍ إّبد سَل اىسيىس )6... ببىَئت(. وبيغ اىؼذد اإلجَبىٍ ىيطفُيٍ Polyonchobothrium clarias 111 دودة، فٍ حُِ مبُ اىؼذد اإلجَبىٍ ىيطفُيٍ Procamallanus laeviconchus 23 دودة. مَب ى ىحظ أُ األّسجت فٍ اىَىاقغ اىَصببت دٍشث بشنو مبُش. وػضصث هزٓ اىذساست أُ سَل اىسيىس (Clarias gariepinus) أمزش ػشضت ىإلصببت ببىذَذاُ اىطفُيُت اىَخخيفت.