Political, Social & Religious Reforms, Organisation

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CHAPTER - 7 POLITICAL, SOCIAL & RELIGIOUS REFORMS, ORGANISATION & MOVEMENT

Hindu Reforms-Organisations & Movements • He condemned idol worship, discouraged Arya Samaj pilgrimages, ceremonials and penances- among the Brahmos. 1.Founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswati in 1875. 8.Keshab Chandra Sen joined the Brahmo Samaj in 1858. 2.Important works of Dayanand are Satyartha 9.Raja Ram Mohan Roy published his first Prakash, Veda Bhasya, Veda Bhasya Bhumika. philosophical work. Tuhbatul Muwahhiddin in 3.Swami Dayanand rejected Western idea and 1805. emphasized on reviving the ancient of the 10.He provided enthuisastic support to David Hare Aryans. who, along with many other Indians founded 4.His real name was Mulshankar and he was the famous Hindu College in 1817. born in a Brahmin family. 11.First split in Brahmo Samaj in 1867. 5.First Arya Samaj unit was organised at Bombay. • Brahmo Samaj of India led by Keshab 6.Later on the headqurters was established at Chandra Sen. Lahore. • Adi Brahmo Samaj led by Devendranath 7.Condemned idol worship. Disregarded the Tagore. authority of the later Hindu sriptures like the 12.Second split in Brahmo Samaj of India in 1878. Puranas. Launched a frontal attack on the numerous abuses like idolatry, polytheism, • Church of the New Dispensation belief in magic, charms, animal sacrifices. • Sadharan Brahmo was Samaj led by 8.Dayanand’s slogan of ‘Back to the ‘Vdas’ was a younger group. call for revival of vedic learning and vedic purity 13.Raja Ram Mohan Roy established Atmiya Sabha of religion and not revival of vedic times. in 1815 to fight against social evils in 9.Produced leaders of the eminence like Lala Hinduism and also to propagate monotheism. Hans Raj, Pandit Guru Dutt and Lala Lajpat Rai. 14.Raja Ram Mohan Roy also gave opinion on Brahmo Samaj Permanent Settlement. 1.Founded by Raja Ram Mohan Rao in 1828. Ramkrishna Mission 2.Condemned idolatry, caste system and 1.Inaugrated by Swami Vivekanand (originally religious rituals. Narendra Dutta) in 1896 with its headquarter at Belur (near Calcutta). 3.Started a campaign for the abolition of sati, condemned polygamy and concubinange. 2.Ramkrishna Math was founded in 1997 as a registered religious trust by Vivekanand. 4.Raja Ram Mohan Roy in the The Precepts of Jesus published in 1820, tried to separate moral 3.Spread message of Vedanta and founded and philosophical message of the new vedanta society in U.S.A. testament. 4.Carried on philanthropic and charitable works. 5.Established Vedant College in 1825. 5.Opposed untouchability and caste system. 6.He was the initiator of public agitation on 6.Condemned ‘touch me not’ attitude of Hindus political questions in the country. on religious matters. 7.Devendranath Tagore Brahmo Samaj in 1842. 7.Attended Parliament of Religion at Chicago

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(1893) where he emphasised on need for a 3.He was dismissed from the Hindu College in healthy balance between spiritualism and 1831 because of his radical views. materiaslism. 4.Derozio is called first nationalist poet of modern 8.Quotes. India. • Him I call a Mahatma whose heart bleeds Tattvabodhini Sabha for the poor, othrwise he is a Duratma. 1.Established by Devendranath Tagore in 1839 • So long as millions live in hunger and to carry on Rammohan’s ideals independent of ignorance, I hold every man as a traitor the Brahmo Samaj. who while educated at their expense, pays 2.A Tattvabodhini Press was established in 1843. not the least head to them. 3.Tattvabodhini Patrika, a journal of the • Subhash Chandra Bose wrote - So far as organisation was started for the propagation of Bengal is concerned Vivekananda may be ideas. regarded as the spiritual father of modern Paramhans Sabha nationalist movement. 1.Established in 1849. • Ramakrishna Paramhans used to say - All 2.Founder was Dadoba Pandurang Tarkhadkar. different religious views are but different ways leading to the same goal. 3.The first reform organisation of 19th century Maharashtra. 9.Ram Krishna Paramhansa Guru of Vivekananda was a priest at Dakshineshwar Rajahmundary Social Reform Association temple near Calcutta. 1.Founded by Viresalingam Pantulu in 1878. Theosophical Society 2.Emphasized on promotion of widow remarriage. 1.Founded by H.P. Blavatasky in the USA in 1875. Bombay Social Reform Association 2.Later the US Army colonel M.S. Olcott joined 1.Founded by M.G. Ranade in 1903. it. Widow Marriage Association 3.Headquarters shifted to India at Adya in 1882. 1.Foundation by Vishnu Shastri Pandit & M.G. 4.The society accepted the Hindu belief in re- Ranade in 1861. incarnation Karma and drew inspiration from Dharma Sabha the philosophy of the upanishads and 1.Founder by Radha Kant Deb in 1830. Samkhya, Yoga and Vedanta school of thought to promote international brotherhood. 2.Stood for socio-religious status quo. 3.Campaigned agaisnt abolition of Sati. 5.Mrs. Annie Besant joined it in 1893 & became the President of this society in 1907. Gandiya Sabha 6.She laid the foundation of the Central Hindu 1.Founded by Radha Kant Deb. College is Banaras in 1898 where both the Veda Samaj Hindu religion & western scientific were 1.Founder under the influence of Keshav taught, which later on rose into Benaras Hindu Chandra Sen’s visit to Madras. University (1916). 2.Truned into Brahmo Samaj of Southern India Parmhans Mandali in 1871 by Sridhalu naidu. 1.Formed by Balakrishna Jayakar in 1850 in Muslim Reforms-Organisations & Movements Maharashtra. Wahabi Movement Young Bengal Movement 1.Started in Indian in 1821 under the leadership 1.Initiated by an Anglo-Indian teacher of the of Syed Ahmed of Raibaraily who was Hindu College, Henry Vivian Derozio. influenced by the teaching of the DelhiSaint 2.Derozio was a free thinker & a rationalist, who Shah Walliullah. helped to promote a radical and critical outlook 2.The main centre of this movement was at among his students. Patna.

3.Aimed at refromation of religious life and Farangi Mahal Movement restoration of political power of the Muslim 1.Famous traditional school at Farangi Mahal in Community. Lucknow. 4.It was a kind of holy war. Deoband Movement 5.Syed Ahmed was killed in the Battle of Balacot 1.It was anti-British movement started by Md. in 1831. Qasim Nanawatawi and Rashid Ahmed Gangohi 6.Suppressed by the British in 1870’s. in 1867 at Deoband. Ahmedia Movement / Quadiani Movement 2.Aimed at upliftment of muslims through 1.Started in around 1899 at a town Quadiyan religious education and resuscitate classical under the leadership of Mirza Ghulam Ahmed Islam. of Quadim (Gurudaspur, Punjab). 3.Welcomed the formation of Indian National 2.Aimed of restoration of the free and unpolluted Congress in 1885. faith of Islam to the followers of the prophet. 4.Deoband Ulema issued Fatwa against S.A. Aligarh Movement Khan’s organisation- 1.Started by Sayyaid Ahmed Khan in 1860’s. • India United Patrotic Association 2.Based on the liberal interpretation of the Koran. • Muhammadan Anglo Oriental Defence Association. 3.It aimed at spreading western and scientific education among the Muslim masses. Khaskar Movement 4.Foundation of Scientific society in 1864 to 1.Started by Allam Mashirigi in 1931. introduce the western sciences through urdu 2.It was based on religious ideology of early Islam. translation. 3.It was popular in Punjab, Sind etc. 5.Publishing of urdu journal Tahzib-Al-Akhlaq in Movement of Titu Mir 1870. 1.Started by Mir Nitha Ali / Ttu Mir, a desciple of 6.Establishment of Aligarh Anglo-Mohammadan Syed Ahmed of Baraily in Bengal in 1820’s. Oriental College in 1875. 2.It was independent off shoot of Wahabis. 7.Muhamadan Anglo-Oriental Education Conference was started in 1866 for promoting 3.It was against the customs and beliefs borrowed western education among muslims. from popular Hinduism. 8.S.A. Khan was in judicial service of the 4.It came in conflict withHindu landlords and company. British Indigo planters and eventually with 9.1878 he became a member of imperial British administration. Legislative Council. Farzi Movement 10.Work in 1860- The Loyal Muhammadans of 1.Started by Hazi Shariatuitah in 1847 at India. Faridpur *East Bengal). 11.Was given title of Knighthood in 1888. 2.It was the protest of the peasants against the 12.Opposed Ilbert Bill and said - Hindus and zamindars, govt. officials and British indigo Muslims are two eyes of India. planters. 13.Founded Indian United Patriotic Association to Taayyuni Movement counter Congress. 1.Started by Karmat Ali Jaunpuri. 14.Against the Indian National Congress withRaja 2.It rejected introduction of new things in Islam. Shiv Prasad of Banaras. Pagal Panthis Movement 15.Founded Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental 1.Founded by Karam Shah in Bengal. Defence Association in 1890. 2.It was a semi-religious sect. 16.Persons associated with Aligarh Movement- associated with him - Altaf Hussain Hali, 3.It took up the cause of the tenants against the Maulavi Nazir Ahmed, Maulavi Shibh Numani. oppressions of the zamidars.

Muslim Political & Nationalistic Organisations was born in a Shudra Mali family in Poona in 1827. Arhar Movement Rejected the sacred Hindu texts and scriptures. His main ideas on economics of the agrarian 1.Started by the youn muslim nationalists Md. classes was published in the pamphlet, Isara in Ali, Hakim Ajmal Khan, Mazhar-ul-Haq, Zafar 1885. Propagated his ideas through a journal Deen Ali Khan in 1890 in Punjab. Bandhu in Marathi, his book Gulamgiri (slavery) 2.It was against loyalist politics of Aligarh school and Setakaryancha Asuda (the whip-cord of the and was inspired by the modern idea of self- peasantry). Opposed Indian National Congress, for government. it failed to take up peasant problems. After the death of Jyotibha Phule Satya Sahodhak was Azad Muslim Conference revived by Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj of Kolhapur, 1.Founded by Allah Bux in 1940. Phule was the first Indian to start a school for 2.Supported by the nationalist muslims within untouchables in 1854. He started a girl school in the Congress, Jamayatal-ulema, Ahrar Party Poona with his wife in 1851. It was anti-Brahmin etc. organisation. 3.It opposed the claim of Pakistan. Justice Party Krishak Praja Party The founders were T.N. Nair, P. Tyagaraya Chetti and C. Natesa Mudaliar. Founded in 1916 in 1.Founded by Fazlul Haq in Bengal in 1929. Madras. the real name was Indian Liberal 2.It was a muslim peasntry party. Federation. The initial demand of the Justice Khudai Khidmatgar Leaders was the reservation seats in the Provincial Legislative Council. Later on, the demand was 1.Also known as Red Shirt Movement. extended to include concessions in education, 2.Started by Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan in 1030 in public appointments and nomination to local North-West frontier province. boards. Social base was non-brahmin leading zamindars and the urban business groups. It served 3.It was nationalist pro-congress organisation. the political interests of feudal and commercial 4.In Baluchistan the nationlist muslims were classes. Vellals (Tamil) Reddis (Telegu) and organised into Watan Party. Kammas (Telugu) constituted the movement. 5.It started no-rent campaign during civil- Self Respect Movement disbedience Movement on Gandhian It was started by E.V. Ramaswami Neicker who was methodology. popularly known as Periyar. He advocated the Khilafat Movement burning of Manu Dharma Shastras and Ramayana. 1.Started in 1919 by Hakim Ajmal Khan, Hasrat Abandoned Hindu mythology. Vehemently Mohani, the Ali brothers and Maulana Azad. supported the Harijans and became a hero of satyagraha at Vaikom, Kerala started his paper, 2.Initially it was religious in spirit but later on Kudi Arasu in 1925 & turned into a radical social assumed political complexion and lined with reformer attacked religion and the supremacy of Indian Freedom Struggle. the Brahmins and the caste system and 3.A protest movement against the humilation of emphasized on the issue of widow marriage and the calipha. birth control. Self respect League was merged with Watan Party Justice Party in 1944 to from Dravida Kazhagam. Sri Narayan Dharma Paripalana Yogan 1.Founded in Baluchistan by Nationalist Muslims. Founded in 1902 in Kerala. Founder was Nanu Asan popularly known as Narayan Guru. Aimed at 2.It’s attitude was pro-congress. assertion of rights for Ezhawas. Temple - entry was Harijan Upliftment-Organisations & Movements the main programme. His gospel was-one caste, Satya Shodhak Samaj one religion, one god. Started by Jyotibha Govindrao Phule in 1875. It All India Depressed Classes Federation aimed at fighting against Brahminism and its Founded by Dr. Ambedkar in 1920 for the Maharas ideology. It criticized idolatry, and priesthood, of Maharashtra. Bahiskrit Bharat Movement was theory of karma, rebirth and heaven. Jotiba Phule also started by him.

Harijan Sevak Sangh • Established first Indian Women’s Founded by Gandhi in 1932. He gave the University in 1916. untouchables the name Harijan. He started a 10.Mutthu Lakshmi Reddi opposed Devdasi magazine (1933). It’s aim was to work for their System. upliftment. • Made efforts in passign the Act for Traffic Vaikom Satyagraha (Kerala, 1924-25) in minor in 1916. It was led by T.K. Madhavan, K. Kellapan & Keshava 11.Rai Sahib Harbilas Sharda moved a bill for Menon. It was the first organized temple entry increasing the age for marriage. movement of the depressed classed. They asserted • a. In 1929 sharda Act was passed. along Gandhian lines lines the right of Ezhavas & other untouchable to use the road near Travancore • b. The age of marriage for a boy increased temple. to 18 years and a girl 14 years by this Act. Mahad Satyagraha (Maharashtra 1927) 12.Lady Hardinge Medical College was established in 1916. It was led by Ambedkar. Ambedkar demanded the right of the Maharas to use tanks and temples & 13.All India Muslim Ladies Conference held in abolition of Mahar’s traditional service to village 1914. chiefs. 14.Sartadevi Chaudharani founded Bharat Stri Efforts for Upliftment of Women Mahamandal at Allahabad in 1910. 1.Infanticide was abolished by Bengal Regulation • It was the first permanent association for Act, 1795. the women. 2.Infanticide was abolished by Wellesely in 1802. 15.John Filliot Drink Water Bethune founded Bethune School in 1849. 3.Sati was abolished in 1829 by the efforts of Raja Ram Mohan Roy. 16.An Irish, Theopist, Dorothy Raja Dasa established the Indian Women’s Association in 4.Vidyasagar opened a school for women and 1915 under the presidentship to Anie Besant. made efforts in passing the Hindu Widow Remarriage Act 1856. • Started a Journal stri Dharma. 5.Virsalingam emphasized on the education for 17.By the efforts of Margaret Cousin, All India women Women’s conference held at Puna in 1927. • He also laid emphasis on the right of widow • She started a Journal Roshni. to remarry. 18.All India Muslim Ladies Conference held in • He established Rajah Mundry Social 1924. Reform Association in 1878. Social Legislations in Moderns India • He published a journal Vivek Vardhani. 1795 Abollitionof infanticide by Bengal 6.Widow Marriage Association was established Regulation in 1861 by Ranade and Vishnu Shastri Pandit. 1802 Abolition of infanticide by Lord 7.Behramji Malabari made efforts in passing of Wellesly. the Age of Consent Act in 1891. By this act the age of a girl for marriage was increased from 1811 Abolition of slavery under 10 to 12 years. Regulation X by Bengal Government. 8.Ramabai worked for the education and rights of the women. 1829 Abolition of sati by Lord William • She founded Arya Mahila Samaj. Bentick (under Regulation XVII). Pioneering efforts in this direction • She made first attempt to educate widow were made by Raja Ram Mohan Roy. and for this purpose established Sharda Sadan at Bombay. 1831-37 Abolition of Thugi by William 9.Dhondo Keshav Karve made efforts for the Bentick operation by William education of women and widow remarriage. Sleeman

1832 Abolition of slavery under (1552-1574) maintain the cohesion of the Regulation of III community. 1843 Abolition of slavery by Lord • Initiated Langer - Free Ellenborough kitchen maintained by 1856 Approval of widow remarriage by voluntary offerings. Hndu Widow’s Remarriage Act by • Introduced many inovation the efforts of Ishwar Chandra which later helped in Vidyasagar. emergence of Sikh 1872 Banning of child marriage, • Church. polygamy & approval of intercaste Ramdas • Had a tank dug at the site marriage & widow remarriage by granted to his Native marriage Act. (1574-1851) wife by Akbar 1891 Age of marriage for girls was increased to 12 years by Age of • Founded Amritsar Consent Act by the efforts of • During his period Behramji Malabari. succession became 1929 The age of marriage was increased hereditary. to 18 years in the case of Boy’s and Arjun • Founded Harmandir at 14 years in the case of girl’s by Child Amritsar (Golden Marriage Restraint Act commonly known as Sharda Act. (1581-1606) temple 1931 Banning of child marriage by Infant • Composed Gurugranth Sahib Prevention Act. (Adigranth) 1937 Right to property given to women. • Prosecuted byJehangir on the pretext of Khusrav Sikkhism Rebellion Rise & development of Sikhism • Organised collection of Sikhs • Nanak’s disciples called spiritual tribute by agents themselves, denved from the called Mazands sanskrit word Sisya Hargovind • Introduce Militarncy (desciple) or path Sikha (instruction). (1606-1645) • Enlisted a body of Troops Nanak (1469-• Founder of Sikhism • Built Akal Takht (Throne of Almighty) 1539) • Born at Talwandi • Fortified Amritsar • Mystic of Nirguna school • Was taken to Delhi, • Appointed Lehans who imprisoned at Gwalior put succeeded him as Guru and released in 1611. Angad • Defeated the imperial forces Angad • Invented new script at Songrama in 1628. Gurumukhi • Shifted headquarter to • Also known as Lehana. Kiratpur • Divided the sikh spiritual • Har Rai Blessed Dara Shikoh empire into 22 Parishes or Manjis or Gadiyan. • Sent his son Ram Raj to Delhi to represent him when • Started collecting and Aurangzeb called upon him compling Nanak’s hymns Har Kisan • Settled at Anandpur Amardas • Introduced features which served to Tegbahadur • Prosecuted by Aurangzeb

(1664-1675) • accompanied the Mughal in • Kapur Singh organised Assam independent James intome army called Dal Khalsa • resisted deligions under Jassa Singh intolerance of Aurangzeb by encouraging brahmanas of • Sikhs strucked first coinin Kashmir 1764 thereby signifying their sovereign power. Govind Singh• Started Khalsa (1659) (1675-1708) • Introduced two titles Singh Sikh Reforms - Organisations & Movements and Kaur Nirankari Movement • Introduced Panj Piyare (Five 1.Baba Dayal Das was the first among the beloved ones) reformers in Sikh religion. • Put stress on self reliance Namdhari Movement • Introduced Panj Kakke (Five Popularly known as Kuka Movement because of k’s) - Kesa, Kancha, Kara, the followes resorting to shricks (Kukan) while in Kirpan, Kangha ecstasy. • Called “Sachha Badshah” Started by Bhagat Jawahar Mal and Baba Balak • Compiled “Deswan Padshah Singh. ka Granth” Singh Sabha Movement • Introduced a new rite “Pahul” 1.Started in 1873 in Amritsar • Suppressed organisation of 2.Aimed at social and religious reform through the Masands who had the spread of education. become corrupt 3.Khalsa College was founded at Amritsar in • Said about Khalsa-Khalsa is 1892. the Guru and Guru is me Akali Movement Khalsa 1.Started by the sikh reformers to purify their • Defeated by the hill chiets in religious places y removal of the evil social which he lost two sons-Ajit practices. Singh and Juhar Singh 2.Akali reformers had to take control of the • Defeated Wazir Khan, important shrines the Golden Temple and Akal governor of Sirhind Takht because of the misuse of temple • Served Mughals under premises by anti social corrupt elements and Bahadur Shah to Deccan the ban on the entry of low caste people in the • Killed by a Pathan at Nanded holy shrines. on the Godavari river. 3.Resulted in the passing of the All-India Sikhs • Introduced Panj Piyare (Five Gurudwara Act in 1925. beloved ones) Social & Political Organisations Banda • Real Name Lachman Das Servants of India Society Bahadur • Abolished Zamindari 1.Founded by Gopal Krishna Gokhle in 1905. • Defeated Wazir Khan and 2.Started many welfare programmes. sacked Sirhind 3.Aimed at training the National missionaries • Established himself at hill for the free service of India. fort of Lohgarh Social Service League • Captured by Adus Samad Khan governor of Lahore and 1.Founded by Narayan Malhar Joshi in Bombay. put to death in Delhi in 1716 2.Secured the masses better & resonable by Farrukhsiyar conditions of life and work.

Seve Samiti 9.School at Calcutta1830By Alexander duff 1.Founded by Hirday Nath Kunzru in 1914 at 10.Moh. Anglo-Orien-1875 By Saiyed Ahmed Allahabad. tal College at Aligarh Khan 2.The main aim was promotion of education, 11.a. Bethune 1849By John Elliot sanitation and cleanliness. School Drinkwater Parasi Reforms - Organisation & Movement Bethune b. To Promote By Dalhausie Rehnumai Mazadayasan Sabha female education 1.Started by Furdonji, Dadabhai Naoroji and S.S. c. He was President of Council of Education Bangalee in 1859. 13.Dayanand Anglo-Vedic College at Lahore 1986 2.It stood for the modernisation of Parsi religion and social customs. 14.Central Hindu 1898By Madan Mohan School at Banaras Malviya 3.It launched a struggle for the introduction and spread of education among women, and grant 15.Banaras Hindu 1916By Gandhi of a legal status to them. University 4.Also struggled for uniform laws of inheritance 16.a. Wardha 1937By Gandhi and marriage for the Parsi community. Scheme Individual Efforts in the Development of b. Gandhi proposed this idea in Harijan Education c. Committee for this purpose headed 1.Calcutta Madarasa 1781 By Warren by Zakir Hussain Hastings d. Emphasized on free &compulsory education 2.Asiatic Society of 1784 By William till 7 years., vocational education, mother Bengal Jones tongue and manual productive work 3.Sanskrit College at 1791 By Jonathan 17.Asiatic Society 1784By Willaim Jones Banaras Duncan of Bengal 4.Fort William College at Calcutta to train Civil 18.Charles Wilkin, 1785 Servants William carey as teacher of Sanskrit a merchant in E.I.C. translated Bhagwat Gita & Bengali. 19.Charles Wilkin, 1787 1800 By Lord translated Hitopadesh Wellesely 20.William Jones, translated Shakuntala, Gita 5.Hindu College at Calcutta Govinda and Govinda and Manusamhita 1817 By rajaram Mohan 21.Works on Sanskrit grammer and the Vedas by Roy, David Hare enry Thomas Colebrook (Watch Maker) & Edward Hyde East 22.Horace Hayman Wilson translated Meghduta (Chief Justice, 23.James Princep, 1837 Supreme Court) deciphered Ashokan Edicts •School Book Society by David Hare, Louis founded in 1817 Derozio & H.H. Wilson •School at Suripara atby Raja Ram Mohan Calcutta founded Roy for promoting english education 6.Anglo-Hindu 1822By Rajaram School Mohan Roy 7.Vedanta College 1825By Rajaram Mohan Roy

8.Elphinston College1827By Montstuart at Bombay Eliphinston

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