DOCSLIB.ORG

A Discursive Analysis of the Liberatory Function and Development of African American Beauty Salons and Culture

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

IF THIS SHOP COULD TALK: A DISCURSIVE ANALYSIS OF THE LIBERATORY FUNCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF AFRICAN AMERICAN BEAUTY SALONS AND CULTURE A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY AFRICOLOGY & AFRICAN AMERICAN STUDIES Shané Weaver by Shané Quantisa Weaver August 2021 Examining Committee Members: Dr. Molefi Kete Asante, Advisory Chair, Africology and African American Studies Dr. Kimani Nehusi, Africology and African American Studies Dr. C. Amari Johnson, Africology and African American Studies Dr. Monifa Love Asante, External Member, Bowie State University © Copyright 2021 by Shané Q. Weaver All Rights Reserved ii ABSTRACT “If This Shop Could Talk: A Discursive Analysis of The Liberatory Function and Development of African American Beauty Salons and Culture” explores the intersection of political consciousness, aesthetics, and community development engendered in quintessential and atypical locales of African American beauty culture with an emphasis on the African American beauty salon as a discursive space. As it seeks to expand limited understandings of African American beauty culture, this analysis employs Afrocentric, Black Feminist, and Womanist theoretical perspectives as it traverses temporal and geographic boundaries. As proclamations of Black pride and beauty are juxtaposed in present day society against a multitude of headlines that detail stories of discrimination based upon hair, this work addresses matters of how and why Africana women assert such prideful proclamations amidst injustice. How do African American women know that there is power in beauty? Why do African American women believe such a thing? Why do African American women engage in beauty culture and beauty salons? This work focuses on 20th through 21st century America, by exploring Black beauty culture concepts and byproducts including trends, styles, community activism, and consciousness as connected to African history in Kemet, African history in West Africa prior to the Transatlantic slave trade, and African history in America between the 16th and 21st centuries. This work employs discourse analysis and Afronography to reveal and assert the existence of a unique epistemology within Africana women’s beauty culture that has been employed in the subversion of oppression and the assertion of Black female identity in America. An Afronographic research study accompanies this analysis and iii represents qualitative findings from interviews conducted with women who identify as persons of African descent and members of intergenerational family beauty practice, where women in their families preceded them in beauty service provision. The researcher’s perspective is also included throughout the work as she is a licensed cosmetologist and member of an intergenerational family of beauty practice. Ultimately, this work suggests that there is a unique, significant, and sacred agency that exists in the phenomena, traditions, history, and locations of African American beauty culture which has generated aesthetic creations in hair, skin and nails that rhetorically shift paradigms, in addition to words, actions, and feelings that foster an epistemology that can aid in the liberation of Africans in the United States and abroad. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to thank The Ancestors for providing me with strength and guidance during this journey of mind, spirit, and community. To my mother, siblings, grandmother, and stepfather your love was the steam that allowed me to face challenges and opportunities in this journey with optimism. My dear friends, thank you for the limited conversations, although they were short and infrequent, they helped to keep me centered. To my Temple University Africology family, thank you for your support, open minds, enthusiasm, and grounding; I truly feel that I am amongst family when in your presence. Dr. Asante, Dr. Love, Dr. Nehusi, and Dr. Johnson, I appreciate you all beyond the scope of words, thank you for believing in the ideas and passions of this Black girl; your examples as pillars of education and culture allowed me to believe that I could accomplish this feat while presenting my truth in perspective, research, and experience. To all of the Black girls and women across the globe who think that your unique style, thoughts, perspective, and ideas are misunderstood, may you find this work as a base for you to assert yourself to the world; the work I do is for you, you are beautiful and powerful beyond measure. May this only be the beginning of efforts to expand the scope of understanding and autonomy of African descended women from a perspective that centers our perspectives. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................... V LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................ VIII CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1 Statement of the Problem ............................................................................... 1 Need and Timeliness ...................................................................................... 5 Delimitation .................................................................................................... 8 Methodology ................................................................................................ 10 Theoretical Basis .......................................................................................... 18 Methods ........................................................................................................ 19 Terminology/Vocabulary ............................................................................. 25 Review of Literature ..................................................................................... 27 Breakdown of Chapters ................................................................................ 31 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 34 2. SPLITTING HAIRS: A CONTEXTUALIZATION OF AFRICAN AMERICAN HAIR AND SALONS IN THE UNITED STATES AT PRESENT (2020-2021 AND THE PANDEMIC) ............................................ 35 3. SPEAKING IT INTO EXISTENCE: AFRICAN ORIGINS OF BEAUTY, DISCOURSE, AND SACREDNESS AS HISTORICAL CONTEXT (KEMET 2000-15TH CENTURY WEST AFRICA) ......................................................... 49 4. TANGLED: DISCOURSE PRACTICES AND THE ORIGIN OF BEAUTY/ HAIR PRACTICES AND PLACE AS A TOOL OF RESISTANCE DURING ENSLAVEMENT (1520s-1865) ...................................................................... 77 5. BLESS THE WOMAN THAT’S GOT HER OWN: BRICK AND MORTAR AS GOD AND HAIR GROWERS DOMINATE THE CONVERSATION (1865 INCLUDED HERE BUT THE FOCUS IS ON 1919-1950) ................. 91 6. I’LL GIVE YOU SOMETHING TO TALK ABOUT: THE SALON TRANSFORMATION TO A HUB FOR SOLIDARITY AND REFUGE AND INDIVIDUALITY (1960-1980s) ................................................................... 102 7. IT’S ABOUT MAINTENANCE: A STEADY FLOW IN INDUSTRY, SALON ATTENDANCE, AND STYLE CATEGORIES (1990-2000) ........ 114 8. HAIR, THERE, AND EVERYWHERE: TAKING THE CONVERSATION TO DIFFERENT/ NEW PLACES AND THE SALON AS A REPOSITORY FOR AUTONOMY AND INDIVIDUALITY (2000-2021) .......................... 126 vi 9. THE BIGGER THE HAIR, THE HARDER THEY’LL STARE: QUALITATIVE STUDY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE FUTURE EMPOWERMENT OF THE SALON .......................... 137 Interview Questions .................................................................................... 138 Narrative Presentation of Qualitative Findings .......................................... 144 REFERENCES CITED ....................................................................................... 152 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Figure 1: Demographic ........................................................................................ 140 2. Figure 2: Coding ................................................................................................. 141 viii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION A fundamental question that all Black women, irrespective of skin tone, hair type and socio-economic class have asked themselves at one point in time is: what am I going to do with my hair? Black hair, in all its manifestations, must always be contemplated. ––Cheryl Thompson, “Black Women, Beauty, and Hair as a Matter of Being” Statement of the Problem African women’s hair has become a vogueish topic in media across the globe. From the continent of Africa to television screens in Europe, news outlets in the Caribbean, halls of litigation in the United States, and the boundless annals of social media, discussions of African women’s hair persist. In 2019 New York, California, and New Jersey deemed natural hair discrimination illegal and in 2020, Virginia, Colorado, Washington, and Maryland joined that group of states. Hair discussion topics include styles, rights, economics, health, and more, however, the origin of such important discourse is ignored. The source of such substantial discussion pertaining to African women’s identity and hair is beauty culture and more specifically, the beauty salon. Initiatives to interpret and express African American women’s
Recommended publications
  • Presentazione Sarcofagi-V.Pdf

    Presentazione Sarcofagi-V.Pdf

    Corso di Egittologia e civiltà copta, Prof.ssa P. Buzi Lezione monografica I sarcofagi nell’Antico Egitto Un’introduzione alla loro evoluzione stilistica ed iconografica Valeria Tappeti 28/11/2019 Pagina 2 Qrsw e altri termini qrsw (Wb V, 65, 13-14): “sarcofago”, anche usato come determinativo. Indica la tipologia di sarcofago più diffusa durante l’Antico Regno: modello architettonico con coperchio voltato e barre finali. Nella mastaba di Senedjemib Inti (G 2370, V Din.) si trova un rilievo con la scena del trasporto di un sarcofago qrsw, insieme al relativo coperchio (‘ɜ), dalle cave di Tura. ḏrwt (Wb V, 601, 3): in Pyr. 616 d. nb ‘nḫ (Wb I, 199, 14): il soprintendente all’Alto Egitto Uni fu inviato da Merenra presso le cave di granito di Ibeht, a SE della II cateratta, per prendere il sarcofago, nb ‘nḫ, hn n nb ‘nḫw, “signore della vita, cassa dei viventi” (Urk. I, 106, 14). ḏbɜt (Wb V, 561, 9-10): si riferisce a sarcofagi litici e lignei, indica più probabilmente il “sarcofago esterno” in contrapposizione a wt, letteralmente “involucro”, che denoterà il sarcofago antropoide introdotto alla fine del Medio Regno. mn-‘nḫ (Wb II, 63, 1): possibilmente l’equivalente ramesside di nb ‘nḫ. Pagina 3 Funzione e aspetti religiosi • Protezione: preservazione del corpo per assicurare al defunto la sopravvivenza nell’aldilà. Questo aspetto/potere simbolico e religioso era assicurato per mezzo della forma del sarcofago e della selezione di testi e immagini ivi raffigurati (capacità performativa di immagine e parola: protezione della mummia conservata all’interno del sarcofago, letteralmente “avvolta” dalle formule inscritte e dipinte).
  • Who's Who in Ancient Egypt

    Who's Who in Ancient Egypt

    Who’s Who IN ANCIENT EGYPT Available from Routledge worldwide: Who’s Who in Ancient Egypt Michael Rice Who’s Who in the Ancient Near East Gwendolyn Leick Who’s Who in Classical Mythology Michael Grant and John Hazel Who’s Who in World Politics Alan Palmer Who’s Who in Dickens Donald Hawes Who’s Who in Jewish History Joan Comay, new edition revised by Lavinia Cohn-Sherbok Who’s Who in Military History John Keegan and Andrew Wheatcroft Who’s Who in Nazi Germany Robert S.Wistrich Who’s Who in the New Testament Ronald Brownrigg Who’s Who in Non-Classical Mythology Egerton Sykes, new edition revised by Alan Kendall Who’s Who in the Old Testament Joan Comay Who’s Who in Russia since 1900 Martin McCauley Who’s Who in Shakespeare Peter Quennell and Hamish Johnson Who’s Who in World War Two Edited by John Keegan Who’s Who IN ANCIENT EGYPT Michael Rice 0 London and New York First published 1999 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004. © 1999 Michael Rice The right of Michael Rice to be identified as the Author of this Work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
  • Aegyptiannamesfemale.Pdf

    Aegyptiannamesfemale.Pdf

    Aahotep Fareeza Kesi Mukantagara OJufemi Sobkneferu Aat Fayrouz Khamaat Mukarramma Olabisi Sopdu Abana Femi Khamereernebty Muminah Olufemi Sotepenre Abar Fukayna Khamerernebty Mut Omorose Sponnesis Acenath Gehane Khasnebu Mutemhab Oni Sslama Adjedaa Gilukhepa Khedebneithireretbeneret Mutemwia Oseye Stateira Afshan Habibah Khenemet Mutemwiya Pakhet Subira Ahhotep Hafsah Khensa Mutneferu Panya Suma Ahhotpe Halima Khent Mutnefret Pasht Sutailja Ahmose- Meryetamun Hapu Khenteyetka Mutnodjme Pebatma Tabes Ahmose-Nefertiri Haqikah Khentkaues Mutnodjmet Peksater Tabesheribet Ahmose Hasina Khentkawes Muttuy Peshet Tabesheritbet Ahwere Hathor Khepri Muyet Phoenix Tabia Ain Hatnofer Khnemetamun Nabirye Pili Tabiry Ajalae Hatshepsut Khnumet Naeemah Pipuy Tabubu Akila Hebeny Khonsu Nailah Ptolema Taheret Alexandria Hehenhit Khutenptah Nait Ptolemais Tahirah Amanishakheto Hehet Kissa Nakht Qalhata Tahpenes Amenemopet Henetmire Kiya Nakhtsebastetru Qemanub Taimhotep Amenia Henhenet Koss Naneferher Quibilah Tairetdjeret Amenirdis Hentempet Kthyopia Nany Rabiah Tais Amenkhenwast Hentmira Lapis Nathifa Rai Taiuhery Amenti Henttawy Layla Naunakht Ramla Takhaaenbbastet Amessis Henttimehu Lotus Naunakhte Rashida Takharu Amosis Hentutwedjebu Maahorneferure Naunet Raziya Takhat Amunet Henut Maalana Nebefer Reddjedet Takheredeneset Amunnefret Henutdemit Maat Nebet Rehema Tale Anat Henutmehyt Maatkare Nebetawy Renenet Talibah Anhai Henutmire Maatneferure Nebethetepet Renenutet Tamin Anhay Henutnofret Maetkare Nebethut Reonet Tamutnefret Anippe Henutsen Mafuane
  • Ä G Y P T I S C H E

    Ä G Y P T I S C H E

    Ä g y p t i s c h e Geschichte Ä g y p t e n Ägyptische Genealogie und Geschichte nach Erkenntnis von Gotthard Matysik Pharao Tutanchamun Pharaonen-Thron Nofretete Ägyptologen: Champollion Jean Francois (Franzose), entzifferte 1822 die ägyptischen Hieroglyphen Belzoni (Italiener), der Sammler Lepsius (Deutscher), der Ordner Mariette (Franzose), der Bewahrer Petrie (Engländer), der Messende u. Deuter Schlögl (Schweiz) Historiker der Geschichte Ägyptens: Manetho, ägyptischer Hohepriester in Heliopolis, * in Sebennytos im 3. Jahrhundert v. Chr., Verfasser einer nicht original überlieferten Pharaonengeschichte mit ihrer Einteilung in 30 Dynastien. Diodorus Sicullus, aus Sizilien, griechischer Historiker, 1. Jahrhundert v. Chr., Verfasser einer ägyptischen Geschichte Prf. Kenneth Kitchen (Ägyptologe). Verfasser des „The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt“ von 1973 Dr. David Rohl, Verfasser von „Pharaonen u. Propheten“ u. „Das Alte Testament auf dem Prüfstand“ von 1996 Herrscher in ä g y p t e n Stufenmastaba von König Djoser Felsentempel von Abu Simbel Das Schwarze Land (ägyptisch: Kemet) war der Wohnsitz des Horus, eines lebenden Königs u. seiner göttlichen Mutter Isis. Das Rote Land (ägyptisch: Deschret), die riesige Wüste, das Reich der Gefahr u. des Unheils, regiert von Seth (ägyptisch: Set Sutech), dem Gott des Chaos. Pharao (Titel) = par-o = großes Tor (ähnlich der „hohen Pforte) Vordynastische Periode vor 3200 bis 3150 vor Chr. um 3400 v. Chr. Onyxkopfstandarte Fingerschnecke Fisch Pen-abu um 3300 Elefant Funde könnten seinen Namen tragen, Lesung unsicher. Stier um 3250 Rinderkopfstandarte, vermutl. Kleinkönig von Skorpion I. besiegt. Skorpion I. um 3250 v. Chr. Skorpion I. in Oberägypten. Schrift und Bewässerungsanlagen wurden eingeführt. Grab in Abydos 1988 entdeckt.
  • The University of Manchester KNH Centre for Biomedical Egyptology: Certificate in Egyptology

    The University of Manchester KNH Centre for Biomedical Egyptology: Certificate in Egyptology

    The University of Manchester KNH Centre for Biomedical Egyptology: Certificate in Egyptology Keeping up appearances: beauty, ageing and realism and its symbolism in art and literature in ancient Egypt Student name: Suzette Hartwell; mgax4sh6; Year 4 Course number: 0458564 Submission date: 12 June 2008 I hereby declare that the materials contained in this essay are entirely the product of my own work, that sources used are fully documented and that the whole has not previously been submitted for any other purpose. Dedicated to my loving husband Greg Ellis With my love, gratitude and sincere thanks for your unending supporting in my lifetime studies of Egyptology. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page no. INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………….………….…………... 5 CHAPTER 1 – BEAUTY ……………………………………….…………......................... 6 Notions and ideals of beauty………………………………………….……………………… 6 Daily beauty and for the afterlife …………………………………….……………………… 7 Beauty from the Old to the New Kingdoms ………………………………………………… 9 Amarna: beauty and ageing icons …………………………………………………………… 14 CHAPTER 2 – LITERATURE ............................................................................................. 20 Written remedies for the skin …….…………………………………………………………. 20 Written potions for the hair …………………………………………………………………. 22 Beauty in poetry ………………………………………………………………….................. 22 Yearning for old age ………………………………………………………………………… 24 Poetry to the god and pharaoh ……………………………………………….……………… 26 Pharaoh’s likeness ………………………………………………………………………….. 27 Old age in hieroglyphs ………………………………………..…………………………….
  • ART and SOUL ART and 12D 9D 8D 7D - - the Intersection

    ART and SOUL ART and 12D 9D 8D 7D - - the Intersection

    Volume 96 Number 15 | NOVEMBER 28-DECEMBER 4, 2018 | MiamiTimesOnline.com | Ninety-Three Cents 2018 ART AND SOUL BASEL SEE 1C FOR STORY MIAMI GARDENS Developers’ Paradise? $2M for COMMERCIAL REAL ESTATE BOOMS AS SHOPPING CENTER OPENS K. BARRETT BILALI ing,” said Carlos De J. Segre- Gardens Promenade Shop- Poinciana [email protected] ra, chief investment officer ping Center is home to Burl- of IMC Equity Group, whose ington, Ross, DD’s, Marshalls, iami Gardens, which incorporated only 15 years company recently opened Dollar Tree, Five Below, Shoe ago, has had recent success in attracting major Gardens Promenade Shop- Carnival, Citi Trends, Taco developers to invest millions into the young city. ping Center, located at 18605 Bell, Advance Auto Part, Si- in limbo NW 27th Ave. mon Shoe and Peter Piper. M “The city is pro-business “It made sense to develop The municipality was es- cluding residential, retail, in- and pro-development ,” said the shopping center,” said Industrial project’s allocated tablished in 2003, has a pop- dustrial and sport complexes Segrera. Segrera, noting that city hall ulation of nearly 115,000 res- projects – is extensive. “They get some negativity, was only a half a block away money is caught in red tape idents and a crime rate that “People don’t pay too much but they are very proactive in and the great traffic count at is higher than 79 percent of attention to Miami Gardens, improving the city.” the intersection. Florida’s cities and towns but Miami Gardens is grow- The 250,000-square-foot SEE PARADISE 4A K.
  • The Gazelle in Ancient Egyptian Art Image and Meaning

    The Gazelle in Ancient Egyptian Art Image and Meaning

    Uppsala Studies in Egyptology - 6 - Department of Archaeology and Ancient History Uppsala University For my parents Dorrit and Hindrik Åsa Strandberg The Gazelle in Ancient Egyptian Art Image and Meaning Uppsala 2009 Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in the Auditorium Minus of the Museum Gustavianum, Uppsala, Friday, October 2, 2009 at 09:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. Abstract Strandberg, Åsa. 2009. The Gazelle in Ancient Egyptian Art. Image and Meaning. Uppsala Studies in Egyptology 6. 262 pages, 83 figures. Published by the Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University. xviii +262 pp. ISSN 1650-9838, ISBN 978-91-506-2091-7. This thesis establishes the basic images of the gazelle in ancient Egyptian art and their meaning. A chronological overview of the categories of material featuring gazelle images is presented as a background to an interpretation. An introduction and review of the characteristics of the gazelle in the wild are presented in Chapters 1-2. The images of gazelle in the Predynastic material are reviewed in Chapter 3, identifying the desert hunt as the main setting for gazelle imagery. Chapter 4 reviews the images of the gazelle in the desert hunt scenes from tombs and temples. The majority of the motifs characteristic for the gazelle are found in this context. Chapter 5 gives a typological analysis of the images of the gazelle from offering processions scenes. In this material the image of the nursing gazelle is given particular importance. Similar images are also found on objects, where symbolic connotations can be discerned (Chapter 6).
  • Objectivity Lies: the Rhetoric of Anthropology,” in the Rhetoric of the Human Sciences: Language and Argument in Scholarship and Public Affairs, Eds

    Objectivity Lies: the Rhetoric of Anthropology,” in the Rhetoric of the Human Sciences: Language and Argument in Scholarship and Public Affairs, Eds

    ABSTRACT HUMANITIES JONAS-FOWLER, JOYCELYN J. B.A. CLARK ATLANTA UNIVERSITY, 1996 M.P.A. TROY STATE UNIVERSITY, 2005 IS THIS BLACK ENOUGH FOR YOU? A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF AFRICAN-AMERICAN FAMILIES PORTRAYED IN BLACK FAMILY TELEVISION COMEDIES BETWEEN 1980 AND 2000 Committee Chair: Charmayne Patterson, Ph.D. Dissertation dated May 2018 Research shows that black people watch more television than any other race of people, and, given that television is the most influential media tool, the content of what may affect an audience’s behavior and beliefs deserves analysis. This study examines the black family, alleged pathology, strengths that are specifically associated with them, its portrayal on television, and how television is used as a tool for socialization and influence. A content analysis of the top thirty black family shows that appeared on major network television between 1980 and 2000 was conducted to determine if the family framed was portrayed realistically. Each show analyzed was found to portray some characteristic of strong black families, attributes some media and social critics had not previously recognized or acknowledged. This study suggests that further research is warranted from black family, cultural, and media scholars, as well as social policy and i program makers, and on how television influences entire cultures to shift socially and economically. ii IS THIS BLACK ENOUGH FOR YOU? A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF AFRICAN-AMERICAN FAMILIES PORTRAYED IN BLACK FAMILY TELEVISION COMEDIES BETWEEN 1980 AND 2000 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF CLARK ATLANTA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY JOYCELYN JONAS-FOWLER DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES ATLANTA, GEORGIA MAY 2018 © 2018 JOYCELYN JONAS-FOWLER All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank God for his favor and blessings and for being a God of thousands of chances.
  • Mechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt, Part XXII: Women Clothing (Predynastic to Middle Kingdom)

    Mechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt, Part XXII: Women Clothing (Predynastic to Middle Kingdom)

    International Journal of Recent Innovation in Engineering and Research Volume 1 Issue 4 ǁ August 2016 ǁ PP.1-12 Mechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt, Part XXII: Women Clothing (Predynastic to Middle Kingdom) Galal Ali Hassaan Department of Mechanical Design & Production, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt ABSTRACT: The evolution of the women clothing industry in ancient Egypt during the Predynastic to Middle Kingdom Period is investigated. Examples are presented of women clothing referred to a specific period in terms of a specific culture or Dynasty. Known information are presented to define clearly the artifact and its location with analysis of each dress type. Women clothing for Queens, Nobles and Normal people is outlined for deep investigation of the subject under study. KEYWORDS:Mechanical engineering history, ancient Egypt, women clothing, Predynastic to Middle Kingdom I. INTRODUCTION Ancient Egyptians built a great civilization continued to thousands of years and left buildings and products could survive for thousands of years withstanding severe environments. Textile industry is one of the great industries in ancient Egypt indicating the glory of this marvelous civilization. This is the 22nd part of a series of research papers aiming at exploring the role of mechanical engineering in building the ancient Egypt civilization. Smith (1954) wrote a book about country life in ancient Egypt presenting large number of illustrations such as tomb reliefs, statues, artifacts, coffins, jewellery, models of sailing boats, and stelas. His illustrations carried some information s about women clothing in ancient Egypt during different historical eras [1]. Smith (1960) in his book about ancient egypt presented illustrations starting from the Predynastic Period to the New Kingdom.
  • Afro-Future Females

    Afro-Future Females

    Afro-Future Females Barr_final.indb 1 4/15/2008 2:52:25 AM Barr_final.indb 2 4/15/2008 2:52:25 AM Afro-Future Females Black Writers Chart Science Fiction’s Newest New-Wave Trajectory Edited by MARLEEN S. BARR T H E O H I O S TAT E U N I V E R S I T Y P R E ss / Columbus Barr_final.indb 3 4/15/2008 2:52:25 AM Copyright © 2008 by The Ohio State University. All rights reserved. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Afro-future females : black writers chart science fiction’s newest new-wave trajectory / edited by Marleen S. Barr. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13: 978–0–8142–1078–9 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Science fiction, American. 2. Science fiction, American—History and criticism. 3. American fiction—African American authors—History and criticism. 4. American fic- tion—Women authors—History and criticism. 5. Women and literature—United States— History—20th century. 6. Women and literature—United States—History—21st century. I. Barr, Marleen S. PS648.S3A69 2008 813.’0876209928708996073—dc22 2007050083 This book is available in the following editions: Cloth (ISBN 978–0–8142–1078–9) CD-ROM (ISBN 978–0–8142–9156–6) Cover design by Janna Thompson Chordas. Text design by Jennifer Shoffey Forsythe. Type set in Adobe Minion. Printed by Thomson-Shore, Inc. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. ANSI Z39.48–1992. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Barr_final.indb 4 4/15/2008 2:52:25 AM Contents PRefAce “All At One Point” Conveys the Point, Period: Or, Black Science Fiction Is Bursting Out All Over ix IntRODUctiOns: “DARK MAtteR” MAtteRS l Imaginative Encounters Hortense J.
  • Historically Black Colleges and Universities Facts

    Historically Black Colleges and Universities Facts

    HBCU Facts Did You Know? Did you know?? The Institute for Colored Youth (briefly the African Institute at its founding) opened on a farm outside Philadelphia in 1837. It is today Cheyney University of Pennsylvania, which is part of the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education. It is the first HBCU. Encyclopedia Britannica Keshia Knight Pulliam Pulliam, who played Rudy Huxtable on The Cosby Show, graduated Spelman in 2001. While in college, she was a member of the Delta Sigma Theta Sorority. Huffington Post HBCUs in the United States • Represent less than 3% of colleges & universities • Enroll 12% of all African American students • Produce 23% of all African American graduates • Confer 40% of all STEM degrees • 60% of all engineering degrees are earned by African American students The Changing Face of Historically Black Colleges and Universities, Black Enterprise Taraji P. Henson As a theatre arts major at Howard University, Academy Award-nominated actress Taraji P. Henson worked as a secretary at the Pentagon to pay the bills. Huffington Post HBCUs in the United States • Educate 50% of African American teachers and 40% of African American health professionals • 70 percent of African American dentists and physicians earned degrees at HBCUs. • 58% of HBCUs offer students the opportunity to study abroad. The Changing Face of Historically Black Colleges and Universities, Black Enterprise Toni Morrison This Nobel Prize-winning author of such esteemed classics as Song of Solomon and Beloved graduated from Howard University with a degree in English in 1953. Huffington Post HBCUs in the United States Among African Americans, the following represents HBCU graduates: Thurgood Marshall College Fund, The Network Journal Pam Oliver Seen on the sidelines of many NBA and NFL games, the ESPN, Fox Sports and TNT reporter first got her feet wet graduating with a degree in broadcast journalism from Florida A&M University in 1984.
  • September 7, 2000

    September 7, 2000

    Knowledge is Liberty" VOL. 78, NO; 4 THE M M A D , S O N BREEZE DOWJONIt Best Non Uuls Sludeni Newspaper in. the Count! v £* B R E\ z E u N THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 7, 2000 Coalition meets again Students hit ^ Many specific problems not discussed directly by tightningggS^ BY TOM STEINFELDT dents during the riot were addressed group attended the meeting in the news editor 11 in a broad, often disconnected man- Hall of Fame Room of the Convoca- ner. tion Center, a turnout similar to the while camping ° The Community Coalition on Suggestions will be reviewed by previous meeting. Alcohol Abuse held its second meet- coalition co-chairs Donna Harper and BY KIMBERLY MILLER The agenda centered on organiz- contributing writer ing in six days yesterday to prepare Hillary Wing, who plan to present ing a four-page laundry list of ideas suggestions aimed at preventing con- their findings to JMU President Lin- from last Friday's meeting into a A JMU student was seriously injured and ditions that resulted in the Aug. 25 wood Rose and Harrisonburg Mayor coherent framework to address com- riot at Forest Hills. another sustained minor injuries when lightning Carolyn Frank next week. munity, campus and administrative struck their campsite in Mt. Pleasant early Satur- Despite the meeting's proposed Harper said the two will form a concerns. focus to address concerns resulting day morning. consensus based on the thoughts of Splitting into four groups to hash Senior Nate Clendenen was hospitalized with from the Forest Hills incident, specif- all members. ic problems between police and stu- an erratic heartbeat and partial blindness in his Twenty-seven of the 46-member sec COALITION, page 7 right eye.