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Objectivity Lies: the Rhetoric of Anthropology,” in the Rhetoric of the Human Sciences: Language and Argument in Scholarship and Public Affairs, Eds ABSTRACT HUMANITIES JONAS-FOWLER, JOYCELYN J. B.A. CLARK ATLANTA UNIVERSITY, 1996 M.P.A. TROY STATE UNIVERSITY, 2005 IS THIS BLACK ENOUGH FOR YOU? A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF AFRICAN-AMERICAN FAMILIES PORTRAYED IN BLACK FAMILY TELEVISION COMEDIES BETWEEN 1980 AND 2000 Committee Chair: Charmayne Patterson, Ph.D. Dissertation dated May 2018 Research shows that black people watch more television than any other race of people, and, given that television is the most influential media tool, the content of what may affect an audience’s behavior and beliefs deserves analysis. This study examines the black family, alleged pathology, strengths that are specifically associated with them, its portrayal on television, and how television is used as a tool for socialization and influence. A content analysis of the top thirty black family shows that appeared on major network television between 1980 and 2000 was conducted to determine if the family framed was portrayed realistically. Each show analyzed was found to portray some characteristic of strong black families, attributes some media and social critics had not previously recognized or acknowledged. This study suggests that further research is warranted from black family, cultural, and media scholars, as well as social policy and i program makers, and on how television influences entire cultures to shift socially and economically. ii IS THIS BLACK ENOUGH FOR YOU? A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF AFRICAN-AMERICAN FAMILIES PORTRAYED IN BLACK FAMILY TELEVISION COMEDIES BETWEEN 1980 AND 2000 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF CLARK ATLANTA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY JOYCELYN JONAS-FOWLER DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES ATLANTA, GEORGIA MAY 2018 © 2018 JOYCELYN JONAS-FOWLER All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank God for his favor and blessings and for being a God of thousands of chances. I am blessed to have been taught and touched by several generations, thus this study on the African-American family. I appreciate Joseph (my husband) for his patience, love, and laughter through all the vicissitudes. My mother (Veta) loved me through this by praying and making sure I was on everybody’s prayer list and my father (Edward, Jr.) was always, and has always been my rock. I am eternally grateful to my Jonas Grandparents for their dedication and belief in me. My Smith Grandparents always reminded me who God is. My brother (Edward, III) has always been my biggest cheerleader. Encouraging support abounded from the four aunts, Uncle Charles, my family, Dana, Sheree, Tonya, friends, soror and CAU circles, and Warren UMC. Clark Atlanta University afforded me the opportunity to be better. Dr. Osinubi stuck with me all these years, always counseling me to push through the process. Dr. Patterson was always available and provided the direction I needed. Dr. Underwood helped me connect the dots and guided me to the resources needed to help this make sense. Dr. Black made the African-American experience come alive for me and was unyielding in the care he expressed. I appreciated Dr. Bryant’s candor, as it was necessary. Dr. Bradley believed in me, took the time to guide me, and kicked me in the ass when needed. Drs. Duncan, Twinings and Evans open my eyes to different perspectives. Dr. Chapman and Mr. Wilson were awesome in always offering help. If I forgot anyone, please forgive me. You were acknowledged in my heart. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................... iii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................1 Purpose of the Study ..........................................................................................3 Background of the Problem ...............................................................................3 Statement of the Problem .................................................................................18 Rationale/Significance of the Study.................................................................19 Theoretical Framework ....................................................................................23 Methodology/Research Questions ...................................................................34 Limitations .......................................................................................................43 Definitions .......................................................................................................44 Chapter Organization .......................................................................................46 2. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ..................................................................48 Moynihan’s Pathology .....................................................................................50 Black Families: Successful Characteristics .....................................................75 The Rise in Television .....................................................................................85 Boob Tube or Teaching Tool ...........................................................................92 iv CHAPTER African-American Adolescents: Analysis of Television’s Effect ....................96 Rather Laugh than Cry: The Black Situation Comedy .................................101 3. HISTORICAL CONTEXT .............................................................................111 Perceived Beginnings of Black Family Woes: The Black Man and the Black Woman ...........................................................................................111 Diversity and New Trends in African-American Family Structures .............116 Strengths of Black Families ...........................................................................122 Black Families and the Propensity for Portrayal ...........................................132 The Civil Rights Movement and Black Television Representation...............142 Primetime Black Programming......................................................................148 Reagan Won and Television Turns ................................................................151 Black Families on Television.........................................................................163 The Bigot Who Paved the Way for Black Family Television Shows ............167 Why Laugh? Black Face, Black Books, and Black Humor as Resistance ...182 Summary ........................................................................................................193 4. BLACK FAMILY TELEVISION SHOWS BETWEEN 1980 AND 1989 ....197 The Jeffersons—1980 ....................................................................................198 Diff’rent Strokes—1981 .................................................................................204 Webster—1982 ..............................................................................................214 The Cosby Show—1984 .................................................................................224 v CHAPTER 227—1985......................................................................................................236 Amen—1986 ..................................................................................................243 Summary ........................................................................................................251 5. BLACK FAMILY TELEVISION SHOWS BETWEEN 1990 AND 2000 ....252 A Different World—1987 ...............................................................................252 Family Matters—1990 ...................................................................................258 The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air—1991 ...............................................................263 Cosby—1997..................................................................................................278 6. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION ...................................................................291 Results ............................................................................................................291 Conclusion .....................................................................................................298 BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................309 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Strengths of black families depicted in selected episodes of Top 10 black family television shows from 1980 to 2000 .......................................................................297 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Black Family Television Shows in the Top 30 between 1980 and 2000 ...............39 2. Seasons and Episodes of Black Family Televisions Shows from 1980 to 2000 ...40 3. Summary of The Jefferson’s Strengths ................................................................204 4. Summary of Diff’rent Strokes Strengths ..............................................................214 5. Summary of Webster Strengths ...........................................................................224 6. Summary of The Cosby Show Strengths ..............................................................236 7. Summary of 227 Strengths...................................................................................243
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