Index

Abacus, 99 America Online, 297 Accounting , 139, 156–161, AmeriTech, 184, 189 183, 221, 223 Ampex Corporation, 49, 188 Activenture, 289 Anacomp, 154 Activision, 7, 275, 284 Ansa, 256, 263 Ada, 310 Apple , 202, 243, 247, 250, 260 Adabas, 146–148, 151 Apple [I], 202 Addison-Wesley, 307 Apple II, 202–206, 213, 217, 220, 221, Adobe Systems, 236, 261, 262 224, 227, 253 Acrobat, 262 Lisa, 247 Illustrator, 255, 263 Macintosh, 247, 253, 256, 258, 261, Advanced Computer Techniques, 57, 262, 306 58, 66–69, 74 vs. , 250 Advanced Information Systems, 104 Application Junction, 256 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc., 239 Application Service Providers, 162 Adventure International, 277 Application Software, 117 Advisory Council for Applied Research Applicon, 160, 244 and Development, 24, 309 , 6, 36, 57–59, Airline reservation systems, 65, 112, 66, 67, 73, 74, 79, 100, 101, 105, 107, 115, 149, 152, 153. See also 111–116, 122, 123, 148, 151, 168, Aldus, 236, 255, 261, 263 169, 184, 187, 189, 305 Allen-Bradley Inc., 106 Autoflow, 6, 58, 69, 100–107, Allen, Paul, 202–207, 253 113–116, 135 Allied Leisure, 273 Librarian, 116 Allways, 253 MetaCOBOL, 116, 135 Altair, 202, 204, 221 Roscoe, 116 Amdahl Computer Corporation, 143 Armand, R., 24 Amdahl, Gene, 143 Arthur Andersen and Co., 190, 195 American Airlines, 41–45 Arthur, Brian, 242 American Banking Association, 99 Arthur Young Business Systems, 307 American Management Association, Artzt, Russell, 182 66–69 Ashton, Alan, 254 American Management Systems, 165, Ashton-Tate, 203, 210–212, 219–220, 172, 178 227, 236, 251, 256–258, 263, 305 362 Index

ASK Computer Systems, 123, 131, BMC Software, 102, 172 154–156, 168, 223 Boehm, Barry, 92–94 Asset Management Company, 102 Boeing, 110, 115, 197 Association of Computing Machinery, Boole and Babbage, 101, 102 66, 146 Borland, 236, 253, 257, 259, 260, 263 Association of Data Processing and BPI Systems, 183, 221, 223 Services, 1, 13–17, 20–22, 62, 63, 77, Bricklin, Dan, 213, 214, 252 307 Britain, 10, 22, 75–80, 130, 138, 150, Association of Independent Software 166, 175, 223, 300, 303, 309, 310 Companies, 74, 85, 130 British Tabulating Machine Company, AT&T, 144, 207, 240, 255 48, 49 Atari, 224, 249, 272–275, 280, 284, 288 Broderbund, 7, 210, 226, 277–279, 292 Atari 800, 276, 280 Brooks, Fred, 95 VCS 2600, 275, 279, 280 Brown, Walter, 129 VCS 5200, 280 Bundling, 177, 258, 285 Atlantic Software, 129 Burroughs Corporation, 26, 37, 48, 65, Attachmate, 172 70, 82, 85, 98, 174 Auerbach, Issac, 75 Bushnell, Nolan, 272–275 Auerbach Publications, 27, 75, 132 Business Communications, 26, 132 Autodesk, 236, 242–246, 261, 265 Business Software Alliance, 20 AutoCAD, 244, 245 AutoDesk, 244 , 260 AutoScreen, 244 CADCON, 244 Autoflow, See Applied Data Research CalcStar, 258 Automatic Data Processing, 62, 73 Research Association, 51 Automatic Payrolls Inc., 62 Calman, 160, 244 Auto-trol, 160 Cambridge Software Collaborative, AVI Institut, 148 307 Cap Gemini, 24, 77 Baan, 172, 197 Capex, 182 Bachman, Charles, 146 Carlston, Douglas, 24, 277–279 Backus, John, 31, 34 CBS Entertainment, 284 Bally Midway, 273, 284 CCA, 117 , 48, 49, 298 CD-ROMs, 289, 290 Bank Street Writer, 226 C-E-I-R, 50, 53, 75, 76 Barclays Bank, 78 CGE, 175 BARIC, 78 Charles Babbage Institute, 26, 27 Barnaby, Rob, 217 Chase Manhattan Bank, 48, 49 BASIC, 204, 205, 260 ChipSoft Inc., 296 Bastian, Bruce, 254 Choplifter, 226 Bauer, Walter F., 58, 65, 66, 71, 75, 80, Chu, J. Chuan, 98 96, 104–107 Cincom, 126, 145, 146, 151, 155, 168, Bedford Software, 183 187, 189, 198, 307 Bedke, Janelle, 220 Client-server computing, 195, 196 Bell Labs, 37, 38, 144 Clippinger, Dick, 304 Bendix Aviation Group, 37 Clustering of software companies, 185, Benjamin, Alan, 77 186, 306–308 Index 363

COBOL, 35, 36, 47, 53, 54, 100, 113, Computer Sciences International, 76 135, 177, 205, 304 Computer Services and Software Codd, Edgar F., 31, 187 Industry, 57, 59 Cogent II, 115, 117 Computer Services Association, 77 Coleco, 224, 275, 276, 284, 288 Computer Space, 272 COMDEX, 216, 244, 248, 255 Computer Usage Company, 5, 24, 31, Committee on Data Systems and 50–52, 57, 59, 71, 73 Languages, 35, 148 Computer Vision, 128, 129, 160–162, Commodore Business Machines, 203, 244, 245 217, 224, 280 ComputerLand, 209, 255 PET, 203 , numbers of, 89, 90 VIC-20, 224, 276 Computers and Software Inc., 62 Communications Orientated Computicket, 73 Processing Equipment, 84 Compuware, 168, 172 Communications Trends, 27 Comshare, 63 Compilers, 34–36, 70, 100, 135, 177 Configuration Utilization Evaluator, Complementary software products, 102 307, 310 Connecticut Mutual Insurance Com-plete, 151 Company, 219 Compton’s Encyclopedia, 292, 294 Consolidated Edison, 149 Compuflight II, 115 Continental Software, 227, 294 CompuServe, 297, 301 Continuous Integrated System, 154 CompuShop, 209 Control Data Corporation, 62, 82, 102, Computax, 73 109, 250 Computer-aided design, 128, 139, CDC 1604 computer, 80 160–162, 236, 243–245, 261, 265 Cook, Scott, 261, 294, 295 Computer Analysts and , Copyright, See Intellectual property 77 issues Computer Applications Inc., 50, 59, Corel, 261, 263 71, 73, 82 Cornfeld, Bernie, 83 Computer Associates, 9, 10, 27, 59, 103, COSMIC, 130 126, 136, 148, 156, 165, 168, 169, CP/M, 206, 215–218, 239–241, 249 173, 178–185, 189, 190, 198, 221, Creative Strategies International, 26 223, 231, 234, 264, 266, 297, 298, 307 Cricket Software, 183 CA-Datacom/DB, 184 Cross-platform software, 262 CA90s architecture, 184 Cullinane Corporation, 86, 122, 126, CA-SORT, 136, 176, 182 148, 165 Computer Craft, 209 Cullinane, John, 148, 169, 189, 190 Computer Factory, 209 , 168, 184, 187–190 Computer Industries Inc., 80, 84 Cyrix, 239 Computer Information Management, Cytation Inc., 291 148 Computer Leasing Company, 80 Data Decisions, 132 Computer Machinery Group, 77 Data General, 159, 160, 254 Computer Sciences Corporation, 5, Data Pro, 132 12, 50–54, 57, 70–73, 76, 83, 84, 115, Data Products Corporation, 80 117, 195, 205, 304, 305 Data Systems Analysts, 58, 59 364 Index

Data Transmission Company, 84 Ellison, Larry, 180, 185, 188, 190 , 6, 101, 113, 116, 123, 133, Encyclopedia, CD-ROM multimedia, 134, 145–149, 156, 176, 184–191, 269, 288–294, 300 203, 210, 213–216, 219–221, 234, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 288–294 244, 251, 256–259, 263, 301, 307 Enterprise Resource Planning soft- relational, 31, 149, 168, 169, 185–191, ware, 12, 168, 169, 172, 191–198 198, 307, 310 ENVIRON/1, 151 DATACOM/DB, 116, 146–148, 151, 184 Equitable Life Insurance, 84 Dataskil, 78 Erdwinn, Joel, 66 Datasolv, 78 ERMA, 48, 49 Datran, 84, 85 Eubanks, Gordon, 263, 264 dBase II–IV, 7, 203, 210–212, 215, 219, EXEC-8, 143 220, 254–257, 259, 263 Exodus, 115 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, 41 Facilities management, 59, 62, 63, 72, Desktop publishing software, 236, 261, 73, 87 263 FACT, 35, 36, 53, 54, 70, 304, 305 DESQ, 249 Fairchild, 275 DeVries, John, 82 Famicom, 284–286 Diana project, 48, 49 File management systems, 103–105, Digital Computer Association, 32, 33 113–117, 132, 133, 145, 305 Digital Equipment Corporation, Financial sector software, 98, 131, 136, 143–145, 159, 160, 173, 188, 195, 138, 154, 157 213, 306 Flowcharts, 69, 100, 101, 113, 115. See , 203, 206, 207, 217, also Autoflow, Flowcharter 234, 239, 241, 248, 249, 264, 289 , 31, 34–36, 47, 53, 54, 70, Disruptive technologies, 186, 187 72, 113, 130, 205 DistribuPro, 183 Fox Software, 256, 259 Dorling Kindersley, 292 Foxbase, 256, 259, 263 Dow Chemical, 195 Framework, 258 Drake, Dan, 243 France, 22, 24, 75–77, 175, 306 Draw!, 261 Frank, Werner L., 65, 91–94, 123 DrawPerfect, 258 Frankston, Bob, 213, 214, 252 Dun & Bradstreet, 168, 172, 191, 195 Freelance Programmers Limited, 78 DuPont, 195 Frogger, 226 Frost & Sullivan, 26, 132 EasyWriter, 183, 209, 215, 217 Fujitsu, 143, 174 Economics of increasing returns, 236, Funk Software, 253, 307, 308 237, 242, 243 Fylstra, Dan, 214 Educational software, 225, 227 Edu-Ware, 227 Galactic, 277 Electric Pencil, 209, 217 Game Boy, 286 Electrologica, 75 Garmisch, software engineering con- , 283, 284 ference at, 94, 95 Electronic Data Services, 12, 62, 63, Gartner Group, 27 73, 77, 82, 83, 154, 195 Gates, Bill, 23, 180, 185, 202–207, 231, Electronic Trend Publications, 27 242, 253, 264, 265, 289, 291, 309 Index 365

Gatt, Lou, 66 Hopper, Grace, 34, 35 GEM, 251 Hoskyns Group, 77 General Electric, 30, 37, 45, 49, 51, 62, Hoskyns, John, 77 73, 82, 144–148, 155, 197 Hughes, 45, 46 Time-Sharing System, 203 Hughes Dynamics, 104. See also General Instrument, 274 Advanced Information Systems General Motors, 35, 70 Humphrey, Watts, 114 Genesis, 286 Hurd, Cuthbert C., 31 Gerber, 160 Germany, 22, 76, 130, 148, 166, 175, IBM Applied Science Division, 31 191–194 IBM computers Geschke, Charles, 261 AN/FSQ-7 (Q7), 38, 39, 41, 44 Getty Oil, 106 AS/400, 172, 197 Gibbons, Fred, 210, 220 Future System, 124 Goetz, Martin, 58, 67, 100, 101, 111, 650, 33, 90, 91 113, 123 701, 29–31 Go-Go years, 59, 74, 79–86, 121, 165 702, 33 Gorf, 284 704, 32–34 Government funding of R&D, 705, 33 308–310 1401, 41, 62, 90, 96–101, 115 Grad, Burton, 110 3090, 177 Grandma and Me, 292 7090, 44 Graphical user interface, 241, 242, 9370, 177 246–253, 256, 258 PC, 206, 207, 214, 216, 224–227, Graphics software, 183, 214, 216, 247 237–240, 253–256, 274 Grolier Encyclopedia, 290 PC Jr., 224 GUIDE, 33 System/3, 123, 132, 172 Gulf Insurance Company, 84 System/32, 136 Gupta Technologies, 185 System/360, 4, 72, 89–91, 94–96, 101, 102, 105, 114–116, 123, 124, 133, H&R Block, 297, 298 142, 148, 150, 178, 182, 237, 304, Haefner, Walter, 85 305 Hawkins, Tripp, 283 System/370, 142, 157 Hewlett-Packard, 145, 155, 159, 195, IBM Corporation, 6, 46, 48, 59, 62–65, 207, 220, 303 69, 70, 80, 82, 91, 95–98, 101, HP 3000, 220 108–118, 123, 125, 134, 136, 138, Hills, Richard, 65 143, 149–154, 167, 173–178, 182, Hitachi, 143, 174 187–190, 195, 197, 232, 236–240, Hogan Systems, 126, 154, 172, 178 250–252, 259 Hogan, Bertie, 154 IBM Finance Program Exchange Home Accountant, 227, 294, 295 Directory, 99 Home banking, 261, 299, 301 IBM Hursley Laboratories, 150, 151 Homeword, 226 IBM Information Processing Services, Honeywell, 36, 53, 62, 82, 98, 148, 205 176 Liberator, 98 IBM Pointers, 30 200 series, 98, 101 IBM Program Applications Library, 96, Hopp, Dietmar, 193 97 366 Index

IBM San Jose Research Laboratory, Informatics, 6–8, 23, 57, 58, 64–66, 70, 185–188 71, 74, 79, 80, 84, 91, 96, 103–109, IBM software, 173–178 115–118, 123, 126, 133, 145, 155, ’62 CFO, 97 168, 169, 180, 214, 221, 305 AIX, 145 Mark IV, 6–8, 58, 80, 103–109, Assembler, 113 115–118, 133, 145, 305 ATMS-III, 217 Information Builders, 256 BOMP, 146 Information Sciences, 126 CICS, 113, 134, 149–152, 176, 266 Association CMS, 142 of America, 13, 17 COMTRAN, 35, 36 Information Unlimited, 183 DB2, 189 Informix, 169, 188, 307 DL/1, 146 , 156, 169, 188 DOS, 142 INPUT, 13–17, 20–22, 26, 27, 132, 162 Flowcharter, 113, 114 INQUIRE, 117 GIS, 113, 117 INSAC, 130 IBM Assistant Series, 226 Institute for Numerical Analysis, 104 IMS, 113, 146, 176, 177, 189 Insyte Corporation, 148 OS/2, 250–256, 265 Integrated Software Systems, 182 OS/360, 94, 95, 111, 135, 142, 150, Corporation, 148, 201, 238–240 176 microprocessors, 204, 205, 238, 246, PARS, 112 249 PC/IX, 242 Intellectual property issues, 98, 107, SQL/DS, 189 108 System/R, 188, 189 Intellivision, 284 Systems Application Architecture, Interact, 244 177, 178, 184 Intergraph, 160, 244 TopView, 249 International Computer Programs IBM Technical Computing Bureau, 30, Inc., 25–27, 63, 99, 104, 162 31, 51, 52 ICP Business Software Review, 136 IBM word processing systems, 203 ICP Quarterly, 25, 99, 131, 133, 136, IBM/Delta 9072 SABRE, 48 139 IBM/Pan American PANAMAC, 48 International Computers Limited, 75, ICT 1301, 304 78, 175 IDMS, 148, 184, 189 International Data Corporation, 13, Illustra, 185, 188 22, 26, 132 Imlay, John, 24, 156 International Federation for Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd., Information Processing, 75, 114 193, 195 International Reservation Information Management Sciences, Corporation, 73 202, 209, 217 International Resource Development, IMSAI 8080, 202, 206, 217, 220 27, 132, 136 InaComp, 209 , 11, 143, 162, 185, 231, 262, India, 10, 310, 311 272, 301, 308, 310 Infocom, 277 Intex, 307 Infodata, 117 Intuit, 261, 269, 294–299 Infonet, 73, 84 Ireland, 80, 311 Index 367

Italy, 76, 175 Logica, 77 ITT, 45, 46 London Airport Customs Entry System, 76 Jacobs, John F., 67–69 Look&Link, 253 Jacquard, 160 Lotus Development Corporation, 8, Japan, 10, 22, 86, 116, 166, 174, 273, 173, 180, 183, 210–212, 216, 228, 274, 280, 281, 300 234, 236, 251–259, 263–265, 289, Japanese videogame manufacturers, 305, 310 284–288 AmiPro, 259 Java, 11 1-2-3, 2, 7, 210–212, 216, 247, 252, J. D. Edwards, 172, 197 258, 289, 297, 306, 307 Jobs, Steve, 202, 216 SmartSuite, 258 Johnson, Franklin “Pitch,” 102 Symphony, 258 Johnson Systems, 182 Lunar Lander, 272 Joint Computer Conference, 114 Jones, Fletcher, 33, 52, 53 Macintosh. See Apple Computer JOVIAL, 46, 47 MacNeal, Richard, 24, 126 MacNeal-Schwendler Corporation, 24, Kahn, Phillipe, 263 72, 126 Kapor, Mitch, 216 Magic Wand, 218 Katch, David, 102 Magnuson Systems Corporation, 143 Kildall, Gary, 202, 206, 207, 217, 250, Managing Your Money, 295–298 264, 289, 290 MANMAN, 155 Killer applications, 7, 212, 213, 285, Marin Systems, 243 288, 291, 292 Mario Bros., 283–286 Kiplinger, 297 Martin Marietta, 45, 77 Knowledge Industry Publications, 27 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Knowledge-Set, 289 37, 38, 48, 144 Kolence, Ken, 102 Mathematica, 117 Kriya Systems, 227 Mattel, 275 Kubie, Elmer, 24, 51, 52, 73 McCormick and Dodge, 191 Kurtzig, Sandra, 24, 155 McDonnell Douglas, 45, 47 McDonnell Douglas Automation, 115 L systems, 5, 46, 74, 75 MCP, 143 Laboratory for Electronics, 48, 49 MECA Software, 295, 297 Lanier, 160, 219, 254 Micro Instrumentation Telemetry Laser printer software, 236, 256, 261 Systems, 202 Lautenberg, Frank, 62 MicroPro International, 7, 203, Leading Edge Software, 219 217–219, 227, 234, 240, 254, 255, LEASCO, 59 258, 305. See also WordStar Lecht, Charles P., 58, 67, 69, 74 Microrim, 256 Legent, 168, 180, 185 Microsoft Corporation, 7–10, 23, 24, Lesourne, J., 24 144, 173, 174, 180, 183, 185, 197, Lincoln Laboratory, 37, 39, 46, 67–69 203–207, 212, 231–242, 248–266, Linear programming software, 112, 131 290, 291, 298 , 11 vs. Apple, 250 Lockheed, 110 and bundling, 258, 297 368 Index

Microsoft software NEC, 143, 174 Access, 263 Netherlands, 75, 76, 80, 172, 197 Bookshelf, 291 Netscape Communications, 262 Cinemania, 292, 293 NetWare, 260 Encarta, 288–293, 297 Nies, Tom, 145 Excel, 252–258, 265, 297 Nintendo, 281, 284–287, 288 Internet Explorer, 262, 263 Nintendo Entertainment System, Money, 261, 294, 297–299 285–287 MS-DOS, 207, 234, 238–242, 249, Nixdorf, 175 253, 258, 260, 262 North American Aviation, 32 Multiplan, 253, 306 Norton Utilities, 260, 264 Office, 258, 259 Novell, 144, 236, 259, 260, 263, 298, 299 PowerPoint, 258, 259 Nutt, Roy, 33, 34, 52, 53, 66, 70 Windows, 11, 242, 249–258, 262, 265, Nutting Associates, 272, 273 266, 297 Word, 254–258, 265, 269, 297 Office automation, 128, 159, 160. See Works, 297 also Word processing Midland Bank, 154 Office suites, 257–259 Millard, William, 202, 209 Olivetti, 175 Mills, Bryan, 77 One Source, 289 MITRE Corporation, 46, 50, 58, 65–69 On-Line Software, 184 Mock, Owen, 66, 70 Open-source software, 11, 143–145 MODE IV, 143 Operating systems, 11, 94, 95, 111, 113, MRI Systems, 148. See also Intel 125, 133–135, 141–145, 149, 175, Material Resource Planning software, 176, 206, 207, 234, 236, 238–242, 154–156 246–251, 261, 262, 265, 266 Management Science America, 126, Oracle Systems, 9, 11, 12, 24, 123, 168, 139, 156–158, 165–169, 172, 178, 169, 180, 184–191, 196–198, 231, 191, 221–223, 234, 305, 307 266, 307 MULTICS, 144 Organization for Economic MultiMate, 219 Cooperation and Development, 24 Multitasking, 246, 247 Myst, 292 Pacific Gas & Electric, 195, 196 PACT, 32 Namco, 280 Page, John, 220 NASTRAN, 128, 130 Paladin Software, 249, 252 National Aeronautics and Space Admin- Pansophic, 101–103, 126, 165, 168, istration, 41, 65, 72, 128, 130, 219 184, 305, 307 National CSS, 63 PANVALET, 103 National Dairy Industries, 106 Paradox, 256, 259, 263 National Enterprise Board, 130 PARS, 112 National Machine Accountants Pascal, 260, 261 Association, 32 Patents. See Intellectual property issues National Semiconductor, 143 Patrick, Robert, 52, 53 NATO, 94 Patterson, Tim, 240 NCR, 49, 62, 82, 98 Payroll software, 133, 221 315 computer, 98 PC/Focus, 256 Index 369

Peachtree Software, 221–223, 234 QuickBooks, 296 PeopleSoft, 172, 197 Quicken, 261, 294–299 Performance monitoring software, 102 Perot, H. Ross, 62, 82 R:base, 256 Personal finance software, 226, 227, Radio Shack. See Tandy 261, 269, 294–301 RAMIS, 117 Personal Software, 203, 210–216 Ramo, Simon, 45 Personics, 253, 307, 308 Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation, 45, 46 Peter Norton Computing, 260, 264 RAND Corporation, 5, 32, 33, 38–41, Peterson, W. E., 24 45, 46, 50, 92, 94, 104 PFS Series software, 215, 218–221, 226, System Development Division, 38 256, 259. See also Software Random House, 227 Publishing Corporation Rapidata, 63 PGA Tour Golf, 283 Ratcliffe, Wayne, 210, 219, 220, 257 Phase-Four Systems, 160 RCA, 36, 37, 45, 46, 49, 65, 70, 82, 100, Philco, 70 275, 306 Phillips, 70, 75, 76, 289 501 computer, 100 Piscopo, Joe, 102, 103 601 computer, 36, 58 Pitfall!, 275 Spectra 70 computer, 101 PL/1, 113 Real-time software, 153, 154, 193, 309. PL/M, 206 See also SABRE; SAGE Plan Calcul, 75 Recreational software, 4, 7, 162, 207, Planning Research Corporation, 45, 210, 225, 226, 269–301 50, 71, 73, 76, 77 Relational Systems, 185 PlanPerfect, 258 Relational Systems Inc., 188. See also Plattner, Hasso, 191, 193 Oracle Systems Policy Management Systems, 172 Relational Technology Inc., 185, 188. Pong, 269–274 See also Ingres Postley, John, 104–109, 305 Ritchie, Dennis, 144 Postscript, 261 Rome Air Defense Center, 66 Precision Instrument, 188 Rubenstein, Seymour, 217 Prime, 159, 160 Problem Program Evaluator, 102 SABRE, 41–45, 48, 149 Processing services, 59–62 SAGE, 5, 37–41, 44, 45, 48, 58, 67–69, Program Store, 209 309 Programming languages, 11, 34–36, SAGE plc., 223 113, 186, 198, 204–207, 236, 244, Samna, 259 260, 261, 310 , 144, 236, 261, Programming Methods Inc., 59 262 Programming tools, 125, 133–135 SAP, 12, 24, 126, 166–169, 172, 191–198 Programs Unlimited, 209 R/2, 193–195 Proulx, Tom, 295 R/3, 191, 195–197 Prudential Insurance Company, 98, 106 System R, 193 SAS Institute, 148, 168 Quantum Services, 13 Satellite Software International, 254, Quarterdeck, 249 255 Quattro, 253, 259 Scantlin, 63 370 Index

Scicon, 75, 78 Software AG, 130, 148, 151, 166, 187 Science of Learning, 227 Software Arts, 7, 210, 214, 216, 252 SCORE, 129 Software brokers, 124, 129, 130, 162 , 217 Software City, 209 Sega, 281, 286, 287 Software Dimensions Inc., 221, 223 Service bureaus, 59–62 Software History Center, 27, 101 SHARE, 31–34, 52, 54, 66, 96, 97, 109 Software International, 182 Sheldon, John, 31, 51, 52 Software Plus, 220 Shirley, Stephanie “Steve,” 78, 79 Software Publishers Association, Siemens, 175 17–20, 269–271 Sierra On-Line, 210, 226, 277, 292 Software Publishing Corporation, Silicon Valley, 303, 306 210, 218, 219, 221, 226, 240, 256, SimCity, 281 259 Simply Money, 297 Software, errors in, 95, 125 Sinclair, 224 Sonic the Hedgehog, 284, 286, 309 Sirius, 226 Sony, 281, 287–289 Smith, C. R., 43, 44 Sony PlayStation, 287, 288 Smith, R. Blair, 32, 43 Sorcim, 183, 212, 215–218, 234, 305 Sociétié d’Economie et de Sorting software, 101, 102, 136, 244 Mathématiques Appliquées, 24, 76 Space Invaders, 273 SofTech, 239 Space War, 272 SoftSel, 209 Speedata, 73, 83 Softwaire Center International, 209 SpellStar, 218 Software, major categories of. See also Sperry Rand, 70 Databases; Operating Systems; Real- , 7, 131, 183, 203, time software; Turnkey products 213–216, 222, 231, 234, 246, 247, and suppliers 251–254, 263, 269, 281, 301, 306 applications, 97, 111–113, 123, 125, Spyglass, 263 133, 136–141, 145, 149, 176, 183, SQL, 187 191, 209, 253 Stanford Research Institute, 49 banking, 48, 49, 78, 97, 98, 99, 133, Steinberg, Saul, 59 136, 152–154, 172, 178, 183, 224 Sterling Software, 168, 169, 178–180 cross-industry 133, 139–141, 156–161, Stonebraker, Michael, 188 169–172, 176, 221–223 Strachey, Christopher, 304 health care, 133, 157, 172, 223, 224 Strategic Air Command Control industry-specific, 133, 136–139, System, 46 152–156, 169–172, 176, 223, 224 Strong, Jack, 32 insurance, 97, 98, 133, 136, 172 Structured programming, 69 manufacturing, 133, 154–156, 157, , 144 172, 197 Sun Oil, 106 productivity applications, 214–216, SunSoft, 144 234, 236, 251–259 SuperCalc, 7, 183, 212, 215, 216, 306 project management, 5, 67–70, 112, SuperWriter, 218 133, 139 SUPRA, 189 retail industry, 98, 128, 172 Swift, Charles, 66 utilities, 125, 133–136, 176, 182, 183, Sybase, 169, 185, 262, 307 244 Symantec, 236, 263, 264 Index 371

SyncSort, 102, 103, 136, 176, 182 Tymshare, 63, 155, 203 System 2000, 146–148 Typing Tutor, 227 System Development Corporation, 5, 23, 26, 36–41, 45–47, 50, 54, 65, Uccel, 85, 168, 182–183 71–74, 84, 115, 117, 174, 308, 309 Ultima, 283 System Development Laboratories, ULTRA, 189 188. See also Relational Systems Inc. Ultrix, 145 Systems and Programs Limited, 77 Unbundling of software, 6, 13, 82, 98, Systems software, 97, 111–114, 125, 109–118, 121, 125, 134, 142, 146, 133–136, 175, 177, 236, 253 149, 161, 174, 193, 198, 237 Systems Software Associates, 172, 197 Unify, 185 Unisys, 143, 173 Taito, 273 United Aircraft Corporation, 33, 34 Tandy, 203, 209, 224 Univac, 34, 35, 48, 75, 82, 148, 174. See TRS-80, 203, 206, 214, 217, 221 224, also Remington Rand; Sperry Rand; 276, 277 Unisys Computer Centers, 209 Univac A-0 compiler, 34 Tate, George, 220 Univac B-0 complier (FLOW-MATIC), Taub, Henry, 62 35, 36 Taxonomy of software industry, 2, 8, 9, Univac computers 131–134, 139, 141, 208 1107, 70 Teleprocessing, 41, 59, 63, 65, 83, 133, 1108, 73 134, 149–152, 176 LARC, 70 Teleregister Corporation, 42, 43, 48 Univac [I], 1, 30 Terman, Frederick, 303 University Computing Corporation, Tetris, 281 64, 79–85, 126, 139. See also Uccel , 49, 224, 276 , 134, 143–145, 188, 206, 236, Thatcher, Richard, 129 240, 261, 262 Thomson, Ken, 144 Unix Software Laboratories Inc., 144 Time-sharing services and systems, US Census Bureau, 1, 12, 13, 20–22 124, 131, 142, 162, 204 US Department of Commerce, 22, 24, Timex, 224 133, 165, 167, 168 TK!Solver, 214 US Department of Defense, 36, 65 Tobias, Andrew, 295 US Department of Justice, 109, 261, Tomb Raider, 288 266, 298, 299 Top Secret Software, 182 US Financial Accounting Board, 190 TOTAL, 146, 151, 189 USCD p-System, 239 Trade associations, 1, 11–22, 308 USE, 33 Traf-O-Data, 204 Transaction processing, 266 Valley Committee, 37 Triad Systems, 128 Valley, George E., 37 Triton, 197 Value-based pricing, 177 TRW, 46, 47, 65, 69, 70, 115, 117, 204 Vaughan Systems and Programming Turbo Pascal, 260, 261 Limited, 78 TurboTax, 296 Videogame magazines, 277, 280 Turnkey products and suppliers, 112, Videogames, 162, 207, 269–288, 300, 124, 128–129, 139, 155, 159–162 301. See also Recreational software 372 Index

Videogames cartridges, 275, 276, 284 World Book, 292 Virtua Fighter, 288 World Wide Web, 162 VisiCorp, 212, 214, 216, 227, 234, 244, Wozniak, Steve, 202 248, 249, 252, 258, 305. See also Wyly, Sam, 80 Personal Software , 2, 7, 203, 210–216, 252, 257, XD-1 computer. See Whirlwind 306 , 240, 242, 261 VisiOn, 248–252 Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, 247, VisiSeries, 214, 216, 258 261 VMS, 143 Xerox Star, 247 Voth, Ben, 24, 80 Vulcan, 220 Yankee Group, 26

Wagner, Frank, 32, 109 Walker, John, 24, 243–245, 265 , 128, 129, 159, 160, 203, 219, 254 Wang, An, 159 Wang, Anthony, 182 Wang, Charles, 180–182 Warner Communications, 275, 280 Warnock, John, 261 Waterfall model of software production, 47, 69 , Thomas J. Jr., 38, 43, 110 Watson, Thomas J. Sr., 32 Welke, Larry, 63, 99 Western Electric, 37, 45 Westinghouse, 45, 115 Whirlwind, 37 Whitlow Computer Systems, 101, 102. See also SyncSort Whitlow, Duane, 101, 102 Windowing system, 247–249 Wizard of War, 284 Wooldridge, Dean, 45 Word processing software, 7, 133, 139, 159–162, 183, 186, 203, 2136–219, 222, 226, 231, 234, 247, 251, 254–259, 263, 269, 281 Word. See Microsoft WordMaster, 217 WordPerfect, 7, 11, 180, 228, 234, 236, 251, 254–259, 263, 265, 297 WordPro, 217 WordStar, 2, 7, 8, 203, 215–219, 226, 243, 254, 255, 257, 258