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Why Youtube Buffers: the Secret Deals That Make—And Break—Online Video When Isps and Video Providers Fight Over Money, Internet Users Suffer
Why YouTube buffers: The secret deals that make—and break—online video When ISPs and video providers fight over money, Internet users suffer. Lee Hutchinson has a problem. My fellow Ars writer is a man who loves to watch YouTube videos— mostly space rocket launches and gun demonstrations, I assume—but he never knows when his home Internet service will let him do so. "For at least the past year, I've suffered from ridiculously awful YouTube speeds," Hutchinson tells me. "Ads load quickly—there's never anything wrong with the ads!—but during peak times, HD videos have been almost universally unwatchable. I've found myself having to reduce the quality down to 480p and sometimes even down to 240p to watch things without buffering. More recently, videos would start to play and buffer without issue, then simply stop buffering at some point between a third and two-thirds in. When the playhead hit the end of the buffer—which might be at 1:30 of a six-minute video—the video would hang for several seconds, then simply end. The video's total time would change from six minutes to 1:30 minutes and I'd be presented with the standard 'related videos' view that you see when a video is over." Hutchinson, a Houston resident who pays Comcast for 16Mbps business-class cable, is far from alone. As one Ars reader recently complained, "YouTube is almost unusable on my [Verizon] FiOS connection during peak hours." Another reader responded, "To be fair, it's unusable with almost any ISP." Hutchinson's YouTube playback has actually gotten better in recent weeks. -
Who Owns the Eyeballs? Backbone Interconnection As a Network Neutrality Issue Jonas from Soelberg
Who Owns the Eyeballs? Backbone interconnection as a network neutrality issue Jonas From Soelberg Name: Jonas From Soelberg CPR: - Date: August 1, 2011 Course: Master’s thesis Advisor: James Perry Pages: 80,0 Taps: 181.999 Table of Contents 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Methodology ....................................................................................................................................... 6 2 Understanding the Internet ........................................................................................ 9 2.1 The History of the Internet ............................................................................................................ 9 2.1.1 The Internet protocol ................................................................................................................................. 9 2.1.2 The privatization of the Internet ......................................................................................................... 11 2.2 The Architecture of the Internet ................................................................................................ 12 2.2.1 A simple Internet model .......................................................................................................................... 12 2.2.2 The e2e principle and deep-packet inspection ............................................................................. 14 2.2.3 Modern challenges to e2e ...................................................................................................................... -
Hacking the Master Switch? the Role of Infrastructure in Google's
Hacking the Master Switch? The Role of Infrastructure in Google’s Network Neutrality Strategy in the 2000s by John Harris Stevenson A thesis submitteD in conformity with the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Information University of Toronto © Copyright by John Harris Stevenson 2017 Hacking the Master Switch? The Role of Infrastructure in Google’s Network Neutrality Strategy in the 2000s John Harris Stevenson Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Information University of Toronto 2017 Abstract During most of the decade of the 2000s, global Internet company Google Inc. was one of the most prominent public champions of the notion of network neutrality, the network design principle conceived by Tim Wu that all Internet traffic should be treated equally by network operators. However, in 2010, following a series of joint policy statements on network neutrality with telecommunications giant Verizon, Google fell nearly silent on the issue, despite Wu arguing that a neutral Internet was vital to Google’s survival. During this period, Google engaged in a massive expansion of its services and technical infrastructure. My research examines the influence of Google’s systems and service offerings on the company’s approach to network neutrality policy making. Drawing on documentary evidence and network analysis data, I identify Google’s global proprietary networks and server locations worldwide, including over 1500 Google edge caching servers located at Internet service providers. ii I argue that the affordances provided by its systems allowed Google to mitigate potential retail and transit ISP gatekeeping. Drawing on the work of Latour and Callon in Actor– network theory, I posit the existence of at least one actor-network formed among Google and ISPs, centred on an interest in the utility of Google’s edge caching servers and the success of the Android operating system. -
Volume 1, Section 5.1: Managed Tiered Security
Enterprise SM VOLUME 1, SECTION 5.1: MANAGED TIERED SECURITY SERVICES Enterprise SM 5.1 MANAGED TIERED SECURITY SERVICES [C.2.7.4, M.2.1.3] Level 3 will support the GSA’s Multi-Tier Security Profiles (MTSP) initiative in accordance with Tier-2 – Protected Service specifications. We teamed with one of the world’s leading Managed Security Services providers, , to offer one of the most complete and reliable Managed Security Solutions available. Our solution is designed to meet or exceed the Government’s requirements for MTSP Tier 2 service, as defined in RFP Section C.2.7.4.1.1.2. A description of our offering is provided below. Responses to the requirements of RFP Section L.34.1.6 follow. The Level 3 MTSP Tier 2 solution includes the Help Desk function specified for Tier 1 service, and additional technical and management components to support security needs of Sensitive but Unclassified (SBU) mission functions and information. Our Managed Tiered Security Service (MTSS) offering will provide a vehicle for agencies to order individual managed security services a la carte or in a bundle. The components include: Volume 1, Section 5.1 Page 667 Rev. 3-5-2007 Managed Tiered Security Services TQC-JTB-05-0002 © 2007 Level 3 Communications, Inc. All rights reserved. Use or disclosure of data contained on this sheet is subject to the restric ions on the title page of this proposal. Enterprise SM Agencies will gain efficiencies and cost savings through service bundling, versus ordering any of the Managed Security Services a la carte. -
Economic Study on IP Interworking
Prepared For: GSM Association 71 High Holborn London WC1V E6A United Kingdom Economic study on IP interworking Prepared By: Bridger Mitchell, Paul Paterson, Moya Dodd, Paul Reynolds, Astrid Jung of CRA International Peter Waters, Rob Nicholls, Elise Ball of Gilbert + Tobin Date: 2 March 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................. 1 1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 8 1.1. AIM AND SCOPE..............................................................................................................8 1.2. STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT...........................................................................................9 2. IP INTERCONNECTION IN THE CURRENT PUBLIC INTERNET ......................... 10 2.1. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................10 2.1.1. Implications of packet switching and circuit switching ................................................ 10 2.2. INTERCONNECTING IP NETWORKS .................................................................................11 2.2.1. Direct interconnection................................................................................................. 11 2.2.2. Indirect interconnection .............................................................................................. 12 2.3. ANY-TO-ANY CONNECTIVITY ..........................................................................................13 -
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April-May, Volume 12, 2021 A SAMENA Telecommunications Council Publication www.samenacouncil.org S AMENA TRENDS FOR SAMENA TELECOMMUNICATIONS COUNCIL'S MEMBERS BUILDING DIGITAL ECONOMIES Featured Annual Leaders' Congregation Organized by SAMENA Council in April 2021... THIS MONTH DIGITAL INTERDEPENDENCE AND THE 5G ECOSYSTEM APRIL-MAY, VOLUME 12, 2021 Contributing Editors Knowledge Contributions Subscriptions Izhar Ahmad Cisco [email protected] SAMENA Javaid Akhtar Malik Etisalat Omantel Advertising TRENDS goetzpartners [email protected] Speedchecker Editor-in-Chief stc Kuwait SAMENA TRENDS Bocar A. BA TechMahindra [email protected] Tel: +971.4.364.2700 Publisher SAMENA Telecommunications Council FEATURED CONTENTS 05 04 EDITORIAL 23 REGIONAL & MEMBERS UPDATES Members News Regional News Annual Leaders' Congregation Organized by SAMENA 82 SATELLITE UPDATES Council in April 2021... Satellite News 17 96 WHOLESALE UPDATES Wholesale News 103 TECHNOLOGY UPDATES The SAMENA TRENDS eMagazine is wholly Technology News owned and operated by The SAMENA Telecommunications Council (SAMENA 114 REGULATORY & POLICY UPDATES Council). Information in the eMagazine is Regulatory News Etisalat Group-Digital not intended as professional services advice, Transformation is at the core and SAMENA Council disclaims any liability A Snapshot of Regulatory of ‘Customer Excellence’... for use of specific information or results Activities in the SAMENA Region thereof. Articles and information contained 21 in this publication are the copyright of Regulatory Activities SAMENA Telecommunications Council, Beyond the SAMENA Region (unless otherwise noted, described or stated) and cannot be reproduced, copied or printed in any form without the express written ARTICLES permission of the publisher. 63 Omantel Goals in Sync with ITU’s The SAMENA Council does not necessarily Spectrum Auction in Planning 78 stc Leads MENA Region in Launching endorse, support, sanction, encourage, in Saudi Arabia verify or agree with the content, comments, Innovative End-to-end.. -
The Great Telecom Meltdown for a Listing of Recent Titles in the Artech House Telecommunications Library, Turn to the Back of This Book
The Great Telecom Meltdown For a listing of recent titles in the Artech House Telecommunications Library, turn to the back of this book. The Great Telecom Meltdown Fred R. Goldstein a r techhouse. com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Goldstein, Fred R. The great telecom meltdown.—(Artech House telecommunications Library) 1. Telecommunication—History 2. Telecommunciation—Technological innovations— History 3. Telecommunication—Finance—History I. Title 384’.09 ISBN 1-58053-939-4 Cover design by Leslie Genser © 2005 ARTECH HOUSE, INC. 685 Canton Street Norwood, MA 02062 All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. International Standard Book Number: 1-58053-939-4 10987654321 Contents ix Hybrid Fiber-Coax (HFC) Gave Cable Providers an Advantage on “Triple Play” 122 RBOCs Took the Threat Seriously 123 Hybrid Fiber-Coax Is Developed 123 Cable Modems -
Increasing Internet Connectivity Through the Development of Local Networks
Increasing Internet Connectivity through the Development of Local Networks Written for the Office of the Secretary-General of the International Telecommunications Union in reference to Administrative Region E Keertan Kini, WeiHua Li, Daniela Miao, Lauren Stephens {krkini16, wli17, dmiao, lhs} @mit.edu 1 Acknowledgements The authors would like to express their gratitude towards Danny Weitzner, Peter Lord, Hal Abelson, and Alan Davidson for their valuable guidance, mentorship and feedback on this paper. This work could have not been completed without their arduous support. This paper also benefits significantly from the expertise of Jessie Stickgold-Sarah, Michael Trice and Anna Wexler. Their advice on general argument formation was crucial to the success of this work. 2 Table of Contents Executive Summary 1. Historical Background 1.1 Scale and Inefficient Routing Problems 1.2 Inefficient Routing Phenomenon 1.3 Background on Internet eXchange Points (IXPs) 1.4 IXPs Current State 2. Problem 2.1 Internet Connectivity 2.2 Past Cable Faults Case Studies 2.3 Cost of Latency and Loss of Connectivity 2.4 IXPs as More Secure Alternative for Local Traffic Exchange 3. Policy Recommendations 3.1 Relevance to ITU 3.2 Benefits of IXPs 3.3 Past Policies Regarding IXPs 3.4 Specific Policy Recommendations: India and Bangladesh 4. Support for Policy Recommendations 4.1 Case study: Kenya 4.2 Case study: Singapore 4.3 Case Study: Brazil 5. Analysis of Policy Recommendations 5.1 Avoiding Balkanization of the Internet 5.2 Political Challenges for Implementation 5.3 Scalability of Local Replication 5.4 Effectiveness of the Local Replication 5.5 Privacy Issues 6. -
Digital Infrastructure in the Netherlands the Third Mainport
Digital Infrastructure in the Netherlands The Third Mainport November 14, 2013 Content 1. A technology backbone: the third mainport 2. A digital nervous system: sector overview - Products and services - Supplier ecosystem - Size of the digital infrastructure sector - Historic growth - Ecological footprint 3. Healthy blood, healthy body: sector contribution - International position/ranking - Attractiveness and strengths - Governmental policy - A leading position through research - Significance for the Dutch economy 4. A high performance sector: future potential - Drivers for future growth - Conclusions - Recommendations 5. Appendices - List of sources - About the authors 1 Digital Infrastructure in the Netherlands – The Third Mainport © 2013 Deloitte The Netherlands 1. A technology backbone: The third mainport 2 Digital Infrastructure in the Netherlands – The Third Mainport © 2013 Deloitte The Netherlands The Digital Infrastructure, our third mainport, is mainly invisible yet the arteries for economic lifeblood of the digital economy The Rotterdam harbour and Schiphol airport are two major assets of the Dutch economy. They both have the position as ‘mainport’; an international gateway for physical products and passengers. This importance of these mainports for the Dutch economy is on two levels. First, they have a direct impact on the economy, for instance through employment of people working at the container terminals in Rotterdam or at Schiphol airport. In addition, there is also an indirect effect as these mainports attract various -
Complexities in Internet Peering: Understanding the “Black” in the “Black Art”
Complexities in Internet Peering: Understanding the “Black” in the “Black Art” Aemen Lodhi Amogh Dhamdhere Georgia Institute of Technology CAIDA, UCSD [email protected] [email protected] Nikolaos Laoutaris Constantine Dovrolis Telefonica Research Georgia Institute of Technology [email protected] [email protected] Abstract—Peering in the Internet interdomain network has Following the recent Level3-Comcast peering dispute an long been considered a “black art”, understood in-depth only intense public debate started around peering [4]. It touched by a select few peering experts while the majority of the net- upon nearly all aspects of network interconnections including work operator community only scratches the surface employing conventional rules-of-thumb to form peering links through ad pricing, traffic ratios, costs, performance, network neutrality, hoc personal interactions. Why is peering considered a black the power of access ISPs, regulation, etc. However many fun- art? What are the main sources of complexity in identifying damental questions are still unanswered: What makes peering potential peers, negotiating a stable peering relationship, and so complex that it is understood by a small community of utility optimization through peering? How do contemporary peering coordinators only? What are the main sources of operational practices approach these problems? In this work we address these questions for Tier-2 Network Service Providers. We complexity in peering that force the majority of the peering identify and explore three major -
Internet Traffic Exchange: Market Developments and Policy Challenges”, OECD Digital Economy Papers, No
Please cite this paper as: Weller, D. and B. Woodcock (2013-01-29), “Internet Traffic Exchange: Market Developments and Policy Challenges”, OECD Digital Economy Papers, No. 207, OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5k918gpt130q-en OECD Digital Economy Papers No. 207 Internet Traffic Exchange MARKET DEVELOPMENTS AND POLICY CHALLENGES Dennis Weller, Bill Woodcock Unclassified DSTI/ICCP/CISP(2011)2/FINAL Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Économiques Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 29-Jan-2013 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ English - Or. English DIRECTORATE FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY COMMITTEE FOR INFORMATION, COMPUTER AND COMMUNICATIONS POLICY Unclassified DSTI/ICCP/CISP(2011)2/FINAL Cancels & replaces the same document of 17 October 2012 Working Party on Communication Infrastructures and Services Policy INTERNET TRAFFIC EXCHANGE MARKET DEVELOPMENTS AND POLICY CHALLENGES English - Or. English JT03333716 Complete document available on OLIS in its original format This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. DSTI/ICCP/CISP(2011)2/FINAL FOREWORD In June 2011, this report was presented to the Working Party on Communication Infrastructures and Services Policy (CISP) and was recommended to be made public by the Committee for Information, Computer and Communications Policy (ICCP) at its meeting in October 2011. The report was prepared by Dennis Weller of Navigant Economics and Bill Woodcock of Packet Clearing House. It is published on the responsibility of the Secretary General of the OECD. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. -
Peering Tutorial APRICOT 2012 Peering Forum Jan 28, 2012 William B Norton, New Delhi, India Executive Director, Drpeering.Net
+ Peering Tutorial APRICOT 2012 Peering Forum Jan 28, 2012 William B Norton, New Delhi, India Executive Director, DrPeering.net http://DrPeering.net © 2012 DrPeering Press + Overview n Start assuming no knowledge of Internet Interconnection 1. Internet Transit 2. Internet Peering 3. The Business Case for Peering 4. The ISP Peering Playbook (selections) 5. The IX Playbook (if there is time, how IX builds critical mass) 6. The Peering Simulation Game n Finish with an understanding of how the core of the Internet is interconnected + Internet Transit – APRICOT 2012 Peering Forum Interconnection at the edge Jan 28, 2012 William B Norton, New Delhi, India Executive Director, DrPeering.net http://DrPeering.net © 2012 DrPeering Press + Overview of this section n Start assuming no knowledge n I know… many of you are very knowledgeable in this stuff n See how I explain things n These build effectively n Introduce the Global Internet Peering Ecosystem n In this context, metered Internet transit service n Measurement and pricing models n The Internet Transit Playbook + The Internet n Network of Networks n Organic from ARPANET, NSFNET n Commercialization 1994 n Planned economy n Corporate interests 1997 onward n Limited information sharing n Evolution: “Global Internet Peering Ecosystem” + The Global Internet Peering Ecosystem n Definition: The Global Internet Peering Ecosystem models the internal structure of the Internet as a set of Internet Regions (typically bound by country borders), each with its own Internet Peering Ecosystem. + The Global Internet Peering Ecosystem n Definition: An Internet Region is a portion of the Internet, usually defined by geographical boundaries (country or continent borders), in which an Internet Peering ecosystem is contained.