SPICe THE SCOTTISH CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM: subject THE SERVICE map GRAHAM ROSS & DENIS OAG

9 May 2007 This subject map is one of six covering v arious aspects of the Scottish criminal justice system. It provid es a brief description of the operation of the prison service in , including information on the system of Devolved Area early release for . 07/05

The other five subject maps in this series are: • The Scottish Criminal Justice System: Legal and Administrative Arrangements (11/54) • The Scottish Criminal Justice System: The Police (11/62) • The Scottish Criminal Justice System: The Public Prosecution System (12/25) • The Scottish Criminal Justice System: The Criminal Courts (11/59) • Children and the Scottish Criminal Justice System (11/53)

Scottish Parliament Information Centre (SPICe) Briefings are compiled for the benefit of the Members of the Parliament and their personal staff. Authors are available to discuss the contents of these papers with MSPs and their staff who should contact Graham Ross on extension 85159 or email [email protected]. Members of the public or external organisations may comment on this briefing by emailing us at [email protected]. However, researchers are unable to enter into personal discussion in relation to SPICe Briefing Papers. If you have any general questions about the work of the Parliament you can email the Parliament’s Public Information Service at [email protected].

Every effort is made to ensure that the information contained in SPICe briefings is correct at the time of publication. Readers should be aware however that briefings are not necessarily updated or otherwise amended to reflect subsequent changes.

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1 CONTENTS

THE ...... 3 Introduction ...... 3 Prison Establishments...... 3 Prison Population ...... 6 Developments in the Prison Estate...... 7 Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of for Scotland ...... 9 Scottish Prisons Complaints Commission ...... 9 EARLY RELEASE ARRANGEMENTS FOR PRISONERS...... 10 Current Arrangements for Determinate Sentence Prisoners...... 10 Custodial Sentences and Weapons (Scotland) Act 2007 ...... 10 Arrangements for Life Sentence Prisoners...... 11 SOURCES ...... 12

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THE SCOTTISH PRISON SERVICE

Introduction The Scottish Prison Service (SPS) is an executiv e agency 1 of the Scottish Executive. It currently employs over 4,000 staff, and manages 16 prison establishmen ts with an average daily population of ap proximately 6,800 (figures taken from SPS 2006 and Scottish Executiv e 2006a). The SPS is headed by a Chief Executive who is directly a ccountable to the Minister for Justice for the running of the agency.2

The Prisons (Scotland) Act 1989 (c.45), and procedural rules made under the Act provide the framework for the operation of prisons and young offenders institutions.

Whilst SPS has no statutory duty to rehabilitate prisoners, it has reco gnised the importance of rehabilitation. In 2000 SPS published its “ Vision for Correction al E xcellence” setting out a commitment to providing “outst anding prison practice in protecting the public and reducing the risk of re-offending”. The key aims (the “mission statement”) of SPS are:

• to keep in custody those committed by the courts

• to maintain good order in each prison

• to care for prisoners with humanity

• to provide prisoners with a rang e of opportunities to e xercise personal responsibility and to prepare for release

• to play a full role in the integration of offender management services

Prison Establishments The Scottish Prison Service estate currently comprises 16 prison establishments. They range in size and type from Her Majesty’s Prison (HMP) Barlinnie in Glas gow, with a design c apacity of over 1,000 plac es, to HMP , which can hold just over 100 pr isoners. Her Majesty’s Young Offenders Ins titution (HMYOI) Polmont is a dedicated establishm ent solely for male young offenders HMP/YOI Cornton Va le near Stirling is the main establishment for female prisoners. HMP Castle Huntly and HMP Noranside together comp rise the ‘open est ate’. HMP Kilmarnock is privately managed by Premier Prisons under contract to the SPS. A nu mber of prisons, such as HMP Perth, HMP Barlin nie and HMP Peterhead were built in the 19 th century and have been upgraded in recent year s to provide m odern facilities similar to those offered in new build establishments such as HMP Kilmarnock.

As indicated above, prisons vary in type and also in the populations that they hold. The majority of prisons in Scotland are local/ prisons (see table below). For example:

1 Executive agencies may be established by Scottish Ministers as part of Scottish Executive departments, or as departments in their own right, to carry out discrete areas of work. They are staffed by civil servants. 2 At the time of writing, the current Chief Executive of SPS is Mike Ewart. providing research and information services to the Scottish Parliament 3

• HMP Barlinnie receives prisoners from the courts in the West of Scotland. It retains male remand prisoners and s serving sentences of less than four years. It also allocates s uitable prisoners from its convict ed population to lower sec urity prison s, including HMP Low M oss, and manages prisoners serving more than four years or more in the initial phase of their sentence until places become available for them in the lon g term prisoner system

• HMP Shotts is a maximum-security prison for long term adult male prisoners. Purpose built in 1978 it caters for long-term male prisoners serving se ntences of four years and over who are transferred from ot her establishments and who require to be kept in secur e conditions

• HMP/YOI Cornton Vale prov ides custodial facilities and services for remanded and convicted f emales (including young offenders) in all sentence r anges and supervis ion levels. HMYOI Polmont contains male pris oners under 21 (in some cases up to the age of 23). The prisoner s it contains are bot h convicted and on remand, with convict ed prisoners serving sentences ranging from a few days to life

• HMP Castle Huntly and HMP Noranside together comprise the ‘open estate’. Both focus on providing employ ment trai ning and transitional/through-ca re for prisoners working towards a structured reintegration into soci ety. Both are open prisons h olding low supervision adult male prisoner s serving 18 m onths and over, includ ing life sentence prisoners, who have been ass essed as suitable to s erve part of their sentence in open conditions

As stated above, HM YOI Polmont contains the male under-21 prison popul ation in Sc otland. Although it is widely accepted that children under the age of 16 should not be held in prison, this situation does occur from time to time. A follow-up inspection carried out at Polmont by HM Inspectorate of Prisons in Scotland in 2004 stated:

“It is not possible for Polmont itself to control or limit the number of children under 16 who are detained within it. Since the last inspection one year ago 11 such people were admitted. Seven were as the result of there being no space in a secure unit. They were in Polmont for an average of 13 days, ranging from 2 days to 42 days. Four were as a result of their being deemed by Secure Units as too difficult to be held. Their average length of stay was 44 days, ranging from 13 days to 130 days. No children under 16 were in Polmont during the inspection”.

Children may be placed in secure accommodation under a supervision requirement made by a children’s hearing. The grounds for bringing a child before a hearing are set down in section 52(2) of the Children (Scotland) Act 1995 (c.36) and include that the child: • is beyond the control of parents or carers • is at risk of moral danger • is or has been the victim of an offence, including physical injury or sexual abuse • is likely to suffer serious harm to health or development through lack of care • is misusing drugs, alcohol or solvents • has committed an offence • is not attending school regularly without a reasonable excuse • is subject to an antisocial behaviour order and the requires the case to be referred to a children’s hearing.

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Children may also be placed in such accomm odation by a court in certain circumstances 3. A young person sentenced to secure accommodation may move from that accommodation to a YOI (either Polmont or Cornton Vale) after their sixteenth birthday. Under certain circumstances however, it is poss ible that a young person may complet e their sentence in secure accommodation.

Secure accommodation is a form of resident ial care for children in buildin gs which they cannot freely leave. Such children hav e been foun d to be a significant danger to themselves or others in the community. As a form of serious intervention, secure care is designed to rehabilitate them and, where necessary , protect the public. T his inv olves controllin g the child , includ ing taking away their freedom; assessing t he child’s behaviour and needs; and providing care, including health and education (Scottish Executive 2004).

Prison establishments, t heir design capacities and aver age daily populations are listed by typ e in Table 1 below:

Table 1: Establishments, capacities and average daily populations Establishment: Type Design Capacity Average Daily Prisons (April 2007) Population (2005/06) Aberdeen Local/Remand 155 222 Barlinnie Local/Remand 1,018 1,363 Castle Huntly Open 285 205 Cornton Vale Local/Remand/YO 375 298 Dumfries Local/Remand 179 188 Local/Remand 756 745 Glenochil Long Term 439 402 Greenock Local/Remand 254 312 Inverness Local/Remand 104 143 Kilmarnock Local/Remand 500 592 Low Moss Medium Supervision 327 299 Noranside Open 140 137 Perth Local/Remand/YO 448 486 Peterhead Long Term 306 302 Polmont Young Offenders (YO) 639 649 Shotts Long Term 537 512 Total 6,462 6,857 Note: • the figures for ‘des ign capacity’ were supplied by S PS Communications Branch in April 2007. SPS advised that the figures will be subject to change thro ughout 2007 (and beyond) a s n ew a ccommodation comes online and old accommodation is removed • figures on ‘a verage d aily popul ation’ a re take n fro m t he Scottish Executive Stat istical Bulletin CrJ/200 6/5 “Prison Statistics Scotland, 2005/06” (figures for individual establishments may not add up to the total figure due to rounding) • HMP Low Moss is scheduled to close at the end of May 2007 to allow for the construction of a new prison on the existing site

3 For example, Section 44 of the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 (c.46) enables a sheriff sitting summarily (i.e. without a jury) to impose a term of in re sidential accommodation of up to one year wh en an offence, for which could competently be imposed upon an adult, is held or admitted to have been committed by a child. providing research and information services to the Scottish Parliament 5

Prison Population In 2005/06, the average daily population in Scottish prisons was 6,857, an increase of 1% when compared with the 2004/05 figure of 6,779, and the highest annual le vel ever recorded. Over the ten-year period, 1996/97 to 2005/06, the average daily populat ion increased by 14%. In the same ten-year period the female prison population increased by 77%, over six times the growth experienced in the male pris on population (12%). However, the 2005/06 female pris on population was 334, largely unchanged from 332 in 2004/05 (Scottish Executive 2006a).

In Scotland there were 133 pris oners for ever y 100,000 members of the general population in 2005. The rate for E ngland and Wales was 146. Imprisonment rates vary greatly between countries. For example, there were 739 prisoners per 100,000 population in USA and 532 in the Russian Federation, compared to 58 in Slovenia and 51 in Cy prus. The following chart shows comparative prison population rates per 100,000 population in 2005 (Scottish Executive 2006a).

Undertaking comparis ons of the prison populatio n in different countries is complex and the results should be treated with caution due to the di fferent justice systems and recording rules in operation.

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Prison population rate per 100,000 population in 2005

Developments in the Prison Estate The last review of the efficiency and effectiv eness of the prison estate by the SPS b egan in 1999. The “Living W ithin Our Means” review resu lted in the closure of three prisons – HM P Dungavel,4 HMP Penninghame and HMP Longriggend; the merger of two prisons – HMP Friarton and HMP Perth; and the mo thballing and amalgamation of ot her units. Thereafter, it was concluded that a more fundament al examination of the prison estate was required. As the

4 Former HMP Dungavel was re-opened as Dungavel Detention Centre in September 2001 and is administered by the Home Office. Until the n, there were no dedicated immigration detention centres in Scotland and immigration detainees were held in mainstream prisons. providing research and information services to the Scottish Parliament 7 issues inv olved s ignificant long -term investm ent in the SPS, it was agreed that Scottish Ministers would take t he final de cisions on the future direction ar ising from the findings of the SPS work known simply as the “Estates Review” (Scottish Prison Service 2002).

The purpose of the Estates Review was to identify the lik ely pressures on the SPS estate over the long term (10+ years) and to generate a series of options fo r meeting these. The Revie w was driven by the operational n eeds of the SPS and the likely future direction of the Scottis h criminal justice system. Followi ng the Rev iew (including an i ndependently conducted financial review)5 the Scottish Executive put forward a num ber of proposals for consultation (Scottish Executive 2002). The Executive’s proposals focu ssed on three main challenges: to provide enough places for the prisoner populat ion; to end the practice of ‘slopping out’ (see below); and to find the option which represented best value for money.

Taking into account all of these factors, th e Scottish Executiv e proposed to close both HMP Peterhead and HMP Low Moss and build three new pr isons together with further investment at existing sit es. It was proposed t hat these new prisons should be privately built and privately operated. Howev er, follo wing the consultation exercis e and a number of debates within the Parliament, it was decided that two new prisons would be constructed in central Scotland. It was also decided that HMP Peterhead would remain open.

The first of these new establishments is presently under construction in Addiewell, West Lothian and will be a privat ely operated prison. T he SPS obtained planning permission for the construction of a second new prison on th e exis ting site of HMP Low Moss in January 2007. HMP Low Moss is sc heduled to clos e at the end of M ay 2007. Both the pu blic sector and the private sector will compete for th e construction and op eration of the new prison and the closin g date for interested parties to submit bids was 13 April 2007.

‘Slopping out’ used to consist of prisoners using bottles and ch amber pots where they had n o access to in-cell toilet facilities. The receptacles would then be emptied perio dically. The Napier case was the first to challenge pr ison conditions (including slopping out) on the basis of human rights. Robert Napier’s petition for judicial review argued that the conditio ns in whic h he had been detained at Barlinnie in 2001 breached his human rights under Article 3 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). In his judgement on the c ase (which was issue d at the Court of S ession in April 2004) Lord Bonomy found that conditions in HMP Barlinnie in 2001 were capable of breaching Arti cle 3 of ECHR. He described the “triple vices” of slopping out, overcrowding and poor regime. He awarded Robert Napier £2,000 plus interest for the effect of these conditions on his eczema.

Since Lord Bonomy’s judgement sl opping out has ended at Barlinni e, Perth, Edinbur gh and HMYOI Polmont. Slopping out now only takes plac e at HMP Pe terhead where prisoners have access to chemical toilets within their cells. A follow-up inspection of HMP Peterhead in January 2004 noted that prisoners were no longer required to share cells and that this had improved conditions with regard to slopping out.

In September 2006, the Auditor General for Scotland published a Report noting that the 2004/05 accounts of the Sc ottish Pris on Servic e incl uded a provision for £49 million to cover its estimated liability for compensation and other relat ed costs arising from cases similar to that of

5 Price waterhouseCoopers – ‘Finan cial Review of th e Sc ottish P rison Se rvice Estates Review’ p ublished March 2002. 6 Article 3 prohibits torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. providing research and information services to the Scottish Parliament 8

Napier7. A contingent liability of £24 m illion was also r ecorded for other cases that may arise in connection with other possible breaches of t he Europ ean Convention of Human Rights. The 2005/06 ac counts record an increase in this provis ion (including related costs) to £58 millio n plus £27 million.

Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Prisons for Scotland HM Inspectorate of Prisons for Scotland was established in it s present form, following the publication in 1979 of a report by the Committ ee of Inquiry int o the United Kingdom prison system. Th is report re commended that there should be a system of inspection of th e Prison Service distanced as far as might be practicabl e from the Prison Depar tments. Subsequently, the post of Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Prisons for Scotland (the Chief Inspector) was approved and the Inspectorate commenced operations on 1 January 1981.8

The Chief Inspector’s main st atutory responsibil ity is the regular insp ection of individual establishments. In carrying out this function, matters that are inspected and reported on inc lude physical c onditions, quality of pr isoner re gimes, morale of staff and priso ners, facilit ies an d amenities available to staff and prisoner s, questions of safety and decency, and the establishment's contribution to preventing re-off ending. Other areas of responsibility for the Chief Inspector include the in spection of legalised police c ells9, the undertaking of periodic thematic studies that focus attention on specific areas or aspects of the SPS and the production of an annual report which is laid before the Scottish Parliament.

All reports are submitted to Scottish Ministe rs. All inspection reports are published in full, save occasionally parts of reports that the Chief I nspector has indicated should not be published as they touch on confidential matters involving secu rity. There is a statutory requirement to publis h the annual report. The Chief Inspector has no direct input to the policy or management of the SPS, though recommendations in reports may have implications for either or both.

The Chief Inspector is appointed by the Cr own on the basis of recommendation from the Scottish Ministers. Since the establishment of the Inspectorate in its pr esent form, all five holders of the post of Chief Inspector have been lay appointments - i.e. indiv iduals with no previous c onnection to the prison service. In undertaking the duties of the post, the Chief Inspector is supported by a number of staff, including two senior managers from the SPS who provide professional advice and guidance during the conduct of inspections and the preparation of reports. The Chief Inspector also works wit h other Inspectorates who provide ad vice on matters such as health care, education and addictions.

Scottish Prisons Complaints Commission The Scottish Prisons Complaints Commission is an administrative creation with a remit from the Scottish Ministers. Although it do es not have a statutory basis, it is independent of the Scottish Prison Service.

The remit of the Commission is to conduct indepen dent reviews of prisoners' complaints that have not been resolved through the internal grievance system of the SPS.

7 The 2004/05 report referred to a sum of £44 million, which related to the possible liability for compensation, excluding other related costs. The £49m figure quoted above includes related costs to allow comparison with the figures available for 2005/06. 8 At the time of writing, the current Chief Inspector of Prisons for Scotland is Dr Andrew McLellan. 9 Legalised Police Cells which are peculiar to Scotland, derive historically from the inaccessibility of the Courts in outlying districts and islands and are used to hold prisoners awaiting trial locally in such areas or following conviction, pending transfer to a prison. providing research and information services to the Scottish Parliament 9

Once a prisoner has exh austed the SPS's internal grievance sy stem, he/she can contact the Commission. The Commission can investigate complaints about almost anything to do with th e treatment of prisoners. It cannot, however, accept complaint s that relate to decisions on conviction or sentence reached by the courts, decisions relating to parole or life licence, or complaints relating to medica l matters that involv e clinic al judgement. In addition, the Commission cannot become involved in cases which are the subject of legal proceedings.

Once an investigation has been completed ther e are a number of possible outcomes. If the Commission does not find in favour of a prisoner, it will write to him/her explaining the reasons for the decision. In some cases complaints may be resolved at the local level. This is often achieved as a result of communication betw een the Commission and t he staff, managers an d governors of the prisons. Other cases r equire the Commissioner to make a formal recommendation to the Chief Executiv e of t he Scottish Prison Service. T his is the Commissioner's ultim ate power and the Chief Ex ecutive must provide a response within 2 8 days. The prisoner is informed of any recommendations made and of their outcome.

EARLY RELEASE ARRANGEMENTS FOR PRISONERS

Current Arrangements for Determinate Sentence Prisoners The current arrangements for releasing offenders fr om custodial sentences are set out in the Prisoners and Criminal Proceeding s (Scotland) Act 1993 (c.9). In general, offenders sen tenced to less than four years are released automatically and unconditionally after serving one-half of their sentence. (Different rules apply to off enders giv en a supervised release order and sex offenders sentenced to six months or more.)

Currently, offenders sentenced t o four year s or more (but not lif e sentence prisoners) may be released on licence at the half-wa y point of sentence if this is directed by the Parole Board for Scotland. If not released at t hat stage on parole, these offender s, depending on the length of their sentence, either have a further parole hearing where rel ease on licence can be directed or will be released on lic ence automatically at the two-thirds point of their sentence. A licence will have standard conditions attached which must be complied with, such as being of good behaviour, and the Parole Board for Scotland may also dir ect Scottish Ministers on any additional conditions to be attached to a prisoner’s licence.

Custodial Sentences and Weapons (Scotland) Act 2007 In 2004, the First Minister confirmed that retain ing the status quo with r egard to early release (as set out above) was not an option and the Sentencing Commission for Scotland (the Commission) was ask ed to look at the ques tion of release of offenders as a priority. Followin g consultation in 2005, the Commission published a report on early release from prison and the supervision of prisoners on their release in January 2006.

In June 2006, the Scottish Exec utive published proposals for change in “Release and Post Custody Management of Offenders” (Scottis h Executive 2006b). The Ex ecutive concluded that the existing system was no longer fit for purpose as: (a) it determines an offender’s release date by reference to the length of sentence rather than the risk to the public that he or she may pose upon release; and (b) the system is difficult to understand, with a lac k of clarity in what sentences actually mean undermining the credibility of the criminal justice system.

The Executive’s proposals in this area where taken forward as part of the Custodial Sentences and Weapons (Scotland) Bill, which was passed by the Parliament in March 2007. Parts 1 and 2 of the resulting Act (the Custodial Sentences and Weapons (Scotland) Act) (asp 17) include providing research and information services to the Scottish Parliament 10 provisions replacing the current system of automatic and sometimes unconditional early release for determinate sentence prisoners with a new sentence management regime for sentences of 15 days or more10. Under the new regime such sentences will comprise a custody part and a community part. A minimum period of custody, between 50% and 75% of the total sentence, will be set by the court at the time of sentencing. Where it is set at less than 75%, the Parole Board will, if the offender has been assessed as still posing a risk of serious harm to the public, be able to direct that the offender is kept in custody up to a maximum of 75% of the sentence. Offenders will be on licence during the community part of the sentence (a minimum of 25% of the total sentence). Breaches of licence conditions may result in recall to custody.

During the custody part, the risk of serious harm to the public that an offender may pose will b e assessed. The legislation provides that the Sc ottish Ministers and each local authority must jointly establish arrangements for the assessm ent and management of the risks pos ed in the local authority’s area by custody and community prisoners. Risk will be assessed on the basis of up-to-date sentence management information compiled with input from the relevant bodies wit h responsibility for managing the offender and the sentence.

All sentences of 15 days or more will have a co mmunity part of at least 25% of the sentence and offenders will be on licenc e for the entire co mmunity part. If an offender moves to the community part at the end of t he court imposed custody part, Sc ottish Ministers will set the licence conditions. If the offende r’s case is referr ed to the Parole Board, it will s et the licence conditions.

The above provisions relating to custodial sentenc es require a s ubstantial amount of planning work to take place b efore they can be implem ented. It is unlikely that the provision s will b e implemented in 2007.

Arrangements for Life Sentence Prisoners The law covering the treatment of offenders sentenced to life imprisonment was changed by the Convention Rights (Complianc e) (Scotland) Act 2001. A life pris oner is one sentence d to life imprisonment for murder (mandatory) or for a crime other than mu rder (discretionary) and has a ‘punishment part’ set by the cour t. This is the period t hat the court considers appropriate to satisfy the requirements for retribution and deterrence, ignoring any period of confinement which may be necessary for the protection of the public. The life prison er is reviewed for release by the Parole Board after se rving the punishment part in full and will continue t o be confined on public protection grounds if this is deemed necessary by a tribunal of the Parole Board.

Further reviews of a life prisoner's case are undertaken on a date determined by the Parole Board, subject to each review taking plac e at not more than two-yearly intervals. Life prisoner s who breach the terms of their life licence (which exists to the end of the person's natural life) are liable to be recalled to custody by the Scottish Minister s. On return to custody the grou nds for the (recalled) offender's continue d detention will c ontinue to be reviewed b y a tribunal of the Parole Board. In 2006, the Scottish Executive stated that there is substantial evidence t o suggest that the law concerning arrangements for life prisoners re mained fit for purpose and that they did not, therefore, intend to introduce further changes at that time (Scottish Executiv e 2006c).

10 Offenders sentenced to less than 15 days will spend the entire sentence in custody and will be released unconditionally. providing research and information services to the Scottish Parliament 11

SOURCES Custodial Sentences and Weapons (Scot land) Bill [ as passed] Session 2 (2007). SP Bill 80. Available at: http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/business/bills/80-custsentwea/b80s2- aspassed.pdf

HM Inspectorate of Prisons for Scotland [Online]. Available at: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Justice/Prisons/17208/7788

PricewaterhouseCoopers. (2002) Financial Review of Scottish Prison Service Estates Review. Edinburgh: Scottish Prison Service. Available at: http://www.sps.gov.uk/multimediagallery/0E0172D7-5351-4644-9B21-F3D1B5BA8445.pdf

The Prisons and Young Offenders Institutions (Scotland) Rules 2006. SSI 2006/94. London: HMSO. Available at: http://www.uk-legislation.hmso.gov.uk/legislation/scotland/ssi2006/20060094.htm

Scottish Executive. (2002) Proposals for the Future of the Scottish Prison Service Estate. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive. Available at: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2002/03/10816/File-1

Scottish Executive. (2004) Scotland’s Children – The Children (Scotland) Act 1995 Regulations and Guidance: Volume 2 Children looked after by Local Authorities. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive. Available at: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2004/10/20067/4472

Scottish Executive. (2005a) HM Inspectorate of Prisons for Scotland: HMYOI Polmont: Inspection: 2-4 March 2005. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive. Available at: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/06/1090944/09463

Scottish Executive. (2005b) HM Inspectorate of Prisons for Scotland: HMP Peterhead Inspection: 30-31 March 2005. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive. Available at: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/06/24104813/48148

Scottish Executive. (2006a) Prison Statistics Scotland, 2005/06. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive. Available at: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2006/08/18103613/0

Scottish Executive. (2006b) Release and Post Custody Management of Offenders. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive. Available at: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2006/06/20120843/0

Scottish Prison Service [Online]. Available at: http://www.sps.gov.uk/default.aspx

Scottish Prison Service. (2002) Scottish Prison Service Estates Review. Edinburgh: Scottish Prison Service. (Not available online).

Scottish Prison Service. (2006) Scottish Prison Service Annual Report & Accounts 2005-06. Edinburgh: Scottish Prison Service. Available at: http://www.sps.gov.uk/MultimediaGallery/03d01d53-de6e-430d-b735-d20cc4191574.pdf

Scottish Prisons Complaints Commission [Online]. Available at: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Justice/Prisons/18780/14980

Sentencing Commission for Scotland [Online]. Available at: http://www.scottishsentencingcommission.gov.uk/ providing research and information services to the Scottish Parliament 12

Sentencing Commission for Scotland. (2005) Early Release from Prison and Supervision of Prisoners on their Release – Consultation Paper. Edinburgh: Sentencing Commission for Scotland. Available at: http://www.scottishsentencingcommission.gov.uk/publications.asp

Sentencing Commission for Scotland. (2006) Early Release from Prison and Supervision of Prisoners on their Release – Report. Edinburgh: Sentencing Commission for Scotland. Available at: http://www.scottishsentencingcommission.gov.uk/publications.asp

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