Orientamenti Per Gli Operatori

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Orientamenti Per Gli Operatori DIREZIONE GENERALE DIREZIONE GENERALE IMPRESE E INDUSTRIA FISCALITA E UNIONE DOGANALE COMMISSIONE EUROPEA CONTROLLO DEI PRECURSORI DI DROGHE NELL'UNIONE EUROPEA Orientamenti per gli operatori [email protected] http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/chemicals/legislation/precursors/index_en.htm [email protected] http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/customs/customs_controls/drugs_precursors/index_en.htm SOMMARIO Prefazione ............................................................................... 3 Introduzione............................................................................ 4 Principi legislativi fondamentali ............................................. 6 1. Strumenti giuridici comunitari........................................ 6 2. Campo d'applicazione della legislazione comunitaria.... 7 3. Principali disposizioni di legge....................................... 7 Individuazione delle operazioni sospette e scambio di informazioni con le autorità.................................................... 9 1. I rischi della diversione di sostanze chimiche................. 9 2. Modus operandi nella diversione delle sostanze chimiche........................................................................ 11 3. Indicatori del rischio di operazioni sospette................... 12 4. Scambio reciproco di informazioni............................... 15 Disposizioni interne degli operatori...................................... 17 1. Funzionario responsabile ............................................. 17 2. Interlocutore ................................................................. 18 3. Modalità organizzative ................................................. 19 4. Sicurezza dei locali e dei magazzini.............................. 21 5. Attrezzature................................................................... 22 List of scheduled and non-scheduled substances .................. 24 1. Scheduled substances.................................................... 24 2. Non-scheduled substances (EU Voluntary monitoring list) ..................................................................................... 33 2 PREFAZIONE Questo documento si rivolge agli operatori che lavorano con sostanze cosiddette "precursori di droghe", le quali, sebbene prodotte e distribuite a fini leciti, possono essere utilizzate per la fabbricazione illecita di stupefacenti o di sostanze psicotrope. È stato redatto da un gruppo di lavoro a cui prendono parte la Commissione e i rappresentanti delle autorità competenti di vari Stati membri (autorità normative e autorità garanti dell'applicazione della legge) e che ha lavorato in stretta collaborazione con i rappresentanti del settore e dei distributori, nonché con Europol. Il documento, che intende in primo luogo fornire orientamenti pratici per l'applicazione delle disposizioni principali della legislazione comunitaria sui precursori di droghe, contiene inoltre raccomandazioni e indicazioni che, pur non richiamando alcuna norma specifica, possono aiutare gli operatori a prevenire la deviazione dei precursori di droghe dal commercio lecito. Viene indicato sistematicamente se una raccomandazione si riferisce o meno all'attuazione di una specifica disposizione di legge. Si tenga presente che questi orientamenti non vogliono essere esaurienti, né contemplare tutti i casi particolari. La prima parte presenta il panorama legislativo, con un'attenzione particolare agli obblighi degli operatori. La seconda parte delinea le principali forme di possibile diversione a fini illeciti e i criteri che gli operatori devono seguire per individuare un'operazione sospetta e segnalarla alle autorità. La terza parte verte sulle misure interne che gli operatori possono adottare per far sì che le operazioni sospette vengano individuate e segnalate efficacemente e per garantire il continuo rispetto di tutte le altre disposizioni di legge. L'ultima parte contiene l'elenco completo dei precursori di droghe a cui si riferiscono i presenti orientamenti: sostanze classificate : sostanze che rientrano nel campo d'applicazione della legislazione; sostanze non classificate: sostanze che non sono assoggettate ad alcuna disposizione di legge, ma le cui transazioni gli operatori sono invitati a sorvegliare su base volontaria. L'elenco delle sostanze non classificate ("Elenco comunitario di sorveglianza volontaria"), così come le indicazioni pratiche e gli orientamenti forniti in questo documento non devono essere resi pubblici, poiché potrebbero essere utilizzati da organizzazioni criminali per scoprire e aggirare le misure adottate dagli operatori e dalle autorità per impedire l'uso illecito. Questi orientamenti non saranno pertanto pubblicati via Internet ma divulgati dalle autorità competenti agli operatori riconosciuti. Gli operatori sono invitati a trattare il presente documento con riservatezza e a trasmetterlo solo alle imprese con le quali effettuano da lungo tempo operazioni lecite inerenti a sostanze classificate e non classificate e che pertanto godono della loro fiducia. 3 INTRODUZIONE Molte sostanze chimiche sono usate in un'ampia serie di processi industriali e farmaceutici. Fondamentalmente sono commercializzate a fini legittimi nei mercati regionali e mondiali, ma alcune possono anche essere utilizzate per la fabbricazione illecita di stupefacenti e sostanze psicotrope. Queste sostanze chimiche utilizzate a fini illeciti raramente sono prodotte dalle organizzazioni criminali che intendono impiegarle nella fabbricazione di stupefacenti e sostanze psicotrope (o degli stessi precursori di droghe), poiché la loro produzione spesso richiede notevoli infrastrutture. Sono perciò oggetto di contrabbando o deviate dal commercio lecito . La deviazione avviene sostanzialmente in due modi: mediante l'acquisto da fabbricanti o distributori all'interno o all'esterno del territorio doganale dell'Unione europea; mediante il furto dai locali o dai veicoli di fabbricanti, distributori o trasportatori. Occorre tenere presente che i trafficanti non devono necessariamente appropriarsi di grandi quantità. Molto spesso qualche grammo è sufficiente per fabbricare un numero considerevole di dosi di droga, avvalendosi di attrezzature relativamente facili da procurarsi. Il commercio di precursori di droghe non è di per sé vietato, dato che tali sostanze possono essere utilizzate a fini leciti ed è stato pertanto istituito un quadro normativo per impedire la diversione verso il mercato illecito. L'obiettivo principale è di controllare il commercio dei precursori di droghe e individuare le operazioni sospette. Gli operatori (fabbricanti, distributori, intermediari, importatori ed esportatori, grossisti e dettaglianti) costituiscono la prima linea di difesa . La legislazione si fonda quindi essenzialmente sulla responsabilità degli operatori che lavorano con queste sostanze per fini leciti, i quali sono tenuti, nella misura del possibile, a impedire i furti, controllare i loro clienti, individuare le operazioni sospette e avvertire le autorità. Segnalando le operazioni sospette non solo si arresta la diversione di una partita specifica, ma si aiutano le autorità ad individuare e smantellare attività e reti criminali. In base al quadro normativo, le autorità pubbliche vigilano affinché le imprese che lavorano con precursori di droghe si assumano la loro responsabilità al riguardo, mediante procedure amministrative e ispezioni in loco. Tale quadro normativo poggia in primo luogo sulla collaborazione tra gli operatori e le autorità . Il fine della collaborazione, basata su un continuo scambio di informazioni, è di facilitare il rilevamento di operazioni sospette e dei loro autori. Per ottenere un alto grado di collaborazione, occorre sensibilizzare maggiormente gli operatori sui rischi della diversione e sugli obblighi giuridici in materia di controllo, in particolare rendendoli consapevoli dell'esistenza di vari tipi di diversione (tra cui l'uso illecito dei precursori di droghe). 4 Questa collaborazione ha già prodotto risultati eccellenti per quanto concerne le sostanze non classificate dell'elenco comunitario di sorveglianza volontaria e le sostanze classificate disciplinate da disposizioni di legge meno rigorose. Tale collaborazione volontaria è indispensabile, poiché integra gli strumenti giuridici e fornisce la flessibilità necessaria a rispondere rapidamente al modus operandi dei trafficanti in continua evoluzione. Nel passato l'Unione europea è stata un grande fornitore ed esportatore di precursori di droghe. Oggi le correnti degli scambi sono molto più complesse. Con l'intensificarsi dei flussi commerciali, molti operatori comunitari svolgono oggi il ruolo di semplici intermediari, spesso comprando e vendendo, importando ed esportando queste sostanze senza sottoporle ad alcuna ulteriore trasformazione. Ecco perché occorre coinvolgere tutti i tipi di operatori comunitari della catena di approvvigionamento (ovvero intermediari, piccole e medie imprese, imprese di stoccaggio ecc.) È altrettanto necessario coinvolgere tutti i settori economici interessati , in particolare quelli della produzione e del commercio di sostanze chimiche, prodotti farmaceutici, saponi, profumi e aromi. La maggiore complessità degli attuali scambi globalizzati deriva in gran parte da strumenti di comunicazione sofisticati, quali internet , che impongono la formulazione di risposte e orientamenti adeguati per individuare le operazioni sospette in questo ambito. Questi orientamenti intendono favorire e rafforzare la dovuta collaborazione tra gli operatori
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