DOCSLIB.ORG

National Report on the Drug Situation in the Netherlands 2001

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
National Report on the Drug Situation in the Netherlands 2001 National Report on the Drug Situation in The Netherlands 2001 Draft Final version December 2001 © Netherlands Focal Point Part I (Henk Rigter, Toine Ketelaars) Part II (Margriet van Laar) Part III (André van Gageldonk) Part IV (André van Gageldonk, Margriet van Laar) 2001 Trimbos Institute Netherlands Focal Point PO Box 725 3500 AS Utrecht The Netherlands phone: +31-30-2971100 fax: +31-30-2971111 2 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 2C-B 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine 4-MTA 4-methylthioamphetamine ADAM Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring system ADHD Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder AIAR Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome APZ General Psychiatric Hospital AWBZ General Act on Special Disease Management CAD Consultation Agency for Alcohol and Drugs CAM Coordination Centre for the Assessment and Monitoring of NewDrugs CBS Statistics Netherlands CEDRO Centre for Drug Research CIDI Composite International Diagnostic Interview CIT Community Intervention Trial CMR Central Methadone Registration CVS Client Monitoring System CVZ Health Insurance Board DIMS Drugs Information and Monitoring System DMS Drugs Monitoring System DOB 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine DSM Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders EMCDDA European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction EU European Union GGD Municipal Health Service GG&GD Area Health Authority GGZ Nederland Netherlands Association for Mental Health Care GHB Gamma-hydroxy-butyrate GMR General Mortality Register HBV Hepatitis B HCV Hepatitis C HIV Human Immune Deficiency Virus HKS Defendant Recognition System (of the Police) ICD International Classification of Diseases IDUs Intravenous Drug Users IGZ Health Care Inspectorate IMC Inpatient Motivation Centres IPSER Institute for Psycho-Social and Social-Ecological Research IVO Addiction Research Institute Foundation IVV Foundation of Information on Addiction Care IVZ Care Information Systems Foundation KLPD National Police Agency LCI National Co-ordination Team for Infectious Diseases LADIS National Alcohol and Drugs Information System LMR National Information System on Hospital Care and Day Nursing LSD D-Lysergic acid diethylamide LSP National Support Centre for Drug Prevention 3 LTP LifeTime Prevalence LMP Last Month Prevalence LYP Last Year Prevalance MAD Local Monitor Alcohol and Drugs MBDB N-methyl-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-butanamine MDA Methylene-dioxyamphetamine MDEA Methylene-dioxyethylamphetamine MDMA 3,4-methylene-dioxymethamphetamine MEK Minimal Evaluation Kit NDM National Drug Monitor NEMESIS Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study NIGZ National Institute for Health Promotion and Illness Prevention NPO National Drug Use Survey PiGGz Inpatient Register Mental Health Care PMA Paramethoxyamphetamine PREFFI Prevention Effectiveness Instrument RCT Randomised Controlled Trial RGO Health Research Council RIKILT State Institute for Quality Control of Agricultural Products RIVM National Institute for Health Promotion and Illness Prevention RODIS Rotterdam Drugs Information System RVZ National Council for Public Health and Care SAMHSA Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration SCP National Institute for SocioCultural Studies SOV Penal Placement of Addicts in a Penitentiary Treatment Institution SVO Steering Committee for the Reduction of Nuisance TBC Tuberculosis THC Tetrahydrocannabinol UNRAB University of Nijmegen Research Group on Addictive Behaviours USD Synthetic Drugs Unit VBA (Drug-free) Addiction Guidance Departments VBD Drugs Information Bureau VNG Association of Netherlands Municipalities VTV Centre for Public Health Studies VWS Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports WHO World Health Organisation WODC Research and Documentation Centre of the Dutch Ministry of Justice XTC Ecstasy ZON/MW Dutch Health Research and Development Council/Medical Sciences ZORGIS Care Information System 4 INDEX LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 7 PART 1 NATIONAL STRATEGIES: INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORKS 1 Developments in drug policy and responses 15 1.1 Political framework in the drug field 15 1.2 Policy implementation, legal framework and prosecution 18 1.3 Developments in public attitudes and debates 24 1.4 Budget and funding arrangements 27 PART II EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SITUATION 2 Prevalence, patterns and developments in drug use 33 2.1 Main developments and emerging trends 33 2.2 Drug use in the population 34 2.3 Problem drug use 46 3 Health consequences 51 3.1 Drug treatment demand 52 3.2 Drug-related mortality 63 3.3 Drug-related infectious diseases 67 3.4 Other drug-related morbidity 74 4 Social and legal correlates and consequences 77 4.1 Social problems 77 4.2 Drug offences and drug-related crime 82 4.3 Social and economic costs of drug consumption 84 5 Drug markets 85 5.1 Availability 85 5.2 Sources of supply and drug seizures 86 5.3 Price/purity 88 6 Main facts and trends per drug 91 7 Discussion 92 7.1 Consistency between indicators 92 7.2 Implications for policy and interventions 93 7.3 Methodological limitations and data quality 94 5 PART III DEMAND REDUCTION INTERVENTIONS 8 Strategies in demand reduction at national level 99 8.1 Major strategies and activities 107 8.2 Approaches and new developments 108 9 Intervention areas 118 9.1 Primary prevention 120 9.2 Reduction of drug-related harm 132 9.3 Treatments 140 9.4 After-care and re-integration 148 9.5 Interventions in the criminal justice system 149 9.6 Specific targets and settings 154 10 Quality assurance 163 10.1 Quality assurance procedures 165 10.2 Evaluation 165 10.3 Research 166 10.4 Training for professionals 167 PART IV KEY ISSUES 11 Poly drug use: drug set and setting 173 11.1 Patterns and users groups 173 11.2 Health and social consequences 177 11.3 Risk assessment and local market 178 11.4 Specific approaches to the interventions 178 11.5 Methodological issues 179 12 Success treatment: the effectiveness of the interventions 180 12.1 The approaches to treatments and the related concepts of success 180 12.2 Evaluation of the treatments 184 12.3 Methodological issues 179 13 Drug users in prison 188 13.1 Epidemiological situation 188 13.2 Availability and supply 191 13.3 Contextual information 191 13.4 Demand reduction policy in prison 199 13.5 Evaluation of drug users treatments in prison 197 13.6 Methodological issues 197 APPENDIX: ADDITIONAL TABLES 199 REFERENCES 205 6 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PART I NATIONAL STRATEGIES: INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORKS Drug policy Realising that drugs are here to stay, the government of the Netherlands stresses the importance of prevention, treatment and harm reduction for the individual, his environment, and for society as a whole. Drug policy in the Netherlands has four objectives: 1. prevention and treatment 2. harm reduction in drug users 3. reduction in the supply of drugs 4. maintenance of public order. Legislation The Dutch Opium Act is a penal law. A distinction is made between hard and soft drugs. The maximum penalties for the import or export of a hard drug, for manufacture, transportation or sale, and for possession or storage are specified in the Opium Act. Since the end of the 1980s, legal measures to reduce the public nuisance caused by drug users have received greater emphasis. The Netherlands has introduced or changed laws to meet the EU directive on money laundering, making it more difficult for criminal organisations to retain the proceeds of their illegal activities. National legislation is implemented at both the regional and local level by the courts, the police and municipalities. Organisational framework As public health interests are the cornerstone of drug policy in the Netherlands, the Minister of Health, Welfare and Sport is responsible for coordinating activities. Other important key players are the Minister of the Interior, the Minister of Justice, the Synthetic Drugs Unit, the Association of Netherlands Municipalities, and the Organization Information Systems on Addiction Care and Treatment. Policy implementation is to a large extent in the hands of local and regional authorities and organisations. Recent developments Measures to reduce the public nuisance caused by drug use and trafficking are high on the political agenda in the Netherlands. ♦ In 1997, the policy to close down those coffee shops which cause public nuisance or fail to adhere to the guidelines of the National Public Prosecution Department was tightened, resulting in a decrease in the number of coffee shops. One of the conclusions of the evaluation (in 2001) of this tightening of guidelines was that the flow of cannabis tourists to the Netherlands has not diminished. But the national government still believes coffee shops are essential in keeping youngsters away from hard drugs. ♦ In 1999 an article called Damocles was added to the Opium Act. This regulation expanded the legal armament of municipalities to redress unwanted developments such as an unchecked increase in the number of coffee shops. 8 ♦ In 2001, an Act (Penal Placement of Addicts in a Penitentiary Treatment Institution, Wet strafrechtelijke opvang verslaafden) came into effect to admit substance users into a penitentiary institution with ‘treatment’ facilities if they continue to cause serious nuisance in the form of criminal recidivism. ♦ In 2001, the government announced a series of measures to intensify actions against the production, sale and use of ecstasy. Other developments in policies and legislation ♦ In 2000, 4-MTA was added to list I of the Opium Act. ♦ Psilocine and psylocybine
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Illegal Drugs in Canada: Refocusing Canada’S Drug Strategy
    Illegal Drugs in Canada: Refocusing Canada’s Drug Strategy Major Research Paper By: Nicole Barrafato Ottawa University 1 May 2013 Introduction “Billions of dollars have gone into the anti-drug war and it has brought only huge criminal organizations. When you have poured in money for a century surely it is time for you to decide it is not working.” Dr E.K. Rodrigo, former Drug Tsar of Sri Lanka 2005 In the last decade international attitudes towards the prohibition of illegal drugs have undergone rapid change. For over half a century governments around the world have been fighting a declared “war on drugs.” Within the last two decades, however, most have conceded that this crusade has been an unmitigated failure. Even though most of the international community has acknowledged this failure, it has been slow to re-conceptualize how it views illegal drugs and explore alternative policies. Part I of this paper demonstrates that the rapid globalization of the past three decades has had a significant impact on the scope, speed and scale of deviant globalization, where illicit industries operate in the shadows of the legitimate global economy. It was also around this time that the American-led “war on drugs” was launched, which essentially shaped the international drug control regime. Part II addresses the failures of the current prohibition regime and outlines alternative policy approaches that could instead be taken to address the problem of illicit drugs. In addition, case studies on countries that have been at the forefront of innovative drug policies, namely the Netherlands, Portugal and Australia, will also be examined.
    [Show full text]
  • International Standards for the Treatment of Drug Use Disorders
    "*+,-.*--- -!"#$%&-'",()0"ÿ23 45 "6789!"7(@&A($!7,0B"67$!C#+D"%"*+,9779C&B"!7%EE F33"*+,-.*--- -!"#$%&-'",()0" International standards for the treatment of drug use disorders REVISED EDITION INCORPORATING RESULTS OF FIELD-TESTING International standards for the treatment of drug use disorders: revised edition incorporating results of field-testing ISBN 978-92-4-000219-7 (electronic version) ISBN 978-92-4-000220-3 (print version) © World Health Organization and United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2020 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this license, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO or UNODC endorses any specific organization, products or services. The unauthorized use of the WHO or UNODC names or logos is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons license. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO) or the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Neither WHO nor UNODC are responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the license shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization (http://www.
    [Show full text]
  • Running Head: PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT for METHAMPHETAMINE
    Running head: PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT FOR METHAMPHETAMINE PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT FOR METHAMPHETAMINE DEPENDENCE By BRINN CULVER A project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF NURSING WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY Department of Nursing APRIL 2014 PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT FOR METHAMPHETAMINE ii To the Faculty of Washington State University: The members of the Committee appointed to examine the dissertation/thesis of BRINN CULVER find it satisfactory and recommend that it be accepted. Julie DeWitt-Kamada, DNP, ARNP, PMHNP Chair Anne Mason, DNP, ARNP, PMHNP Dawn Rondeau, DNP, ACNP, FNP PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT FOR METHAMPHETAMINE iii PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT FOR METHAMPHETAMINE DEPENDENCE Abstract By Brinn Culver Washington State University April 2014 Chair: Julie DeWitt-Kamada Methamphetamine (MA) is a highly addictive drug whose abuse causes widespread global consequences. The negative impact of MA use on individuals and communities warrants its consideration as a public health concern. MA has a complicated pharmacological action, and chronic use results in neurological dysfunction, including deficits in dopamine. Changes in dopaminergic function make treatment of MA dependence especially challenging, and the mainstay treatment of psychotherapy is insufficient in addressing dopamine deficit. Pharmacological treatments are being explored, but no medication has attained Federal Drug Administration approval, as it requires proof of achieving abstinence. From a harm reduction standpoint, several
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACT CHAMBERS, CHERYL. Institutional
    ABSTRACT CHAMBERS, CHERYL. Institutional Racism: Is Law Used as a Tool to Perpetuate Racial Inequality? (Under the direction of Richard Della Fave.) Law is a mechanism we use to instigate social change and bring about equality. It is also the tool that has been used to institutionalize, legitimize and perpetuate inequality. In the past beliefs of racial inferiority and savagery may have resulted in legislation designed to perpetuate a group’s subordinate status. Laws and public policy are created within an historical and political context. Is there a connection between social climate and the advent of federal drug legislation? In this research, conflict and racial inequality perspectives are applied to the role of the economy and politics to foster understanding of opium laws in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s, the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937, and the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 and the contexts from which they emerged. It is hypothesized that an historical analysis of the Congressional discussions surrounding these drug laws will illustrate that competition and threat, economic and/or political, were present prior to the enactment of the laws. Analyses indicate that while economic and to a limited extent political competition between Chinese immigrants and white Americans affected the passage of the opium laws, economic and political competition had little effect on the passage of the Marihuana Tax Act or the Anti-Drug Abuse Act. While vilification of and anti-minority sentiment during the opium legislation was clear and recognizable, it was almost non-existent during the marijuana legislation, and present in only nuances in the 1980’s.
    [Show full text]
  • DEMAND REDUCTION a Glossary of Terms
    UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. E.00.XI.9 ISBN: 92-1-148129-5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This document was prepared by the: United Nations International Drug Control Programme (UNDCP), Vienna, Austria, in consultation with the Commonwealth of Health and Aged Care, Australia, and the informal international reference group. ii Contents Page Foreword . xi Demand reduction: A glossary of terms . 1 Abstinence . 1 Abuse . 1 Abuse liability . 2 Action research . 2 Addiction, addict . 2 Administration (method of) . 3 Adverse drug reaction . 4 Advice services . 4 Advocacy . 4 Agonist . 4 AIDS . 5 Al-Anon . 5 Alcohol . 5 Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) . 6 Alternatives to drug use . 6 Amfetamine . 6 Amotivational syndrome . 6 Amphetamine . 6 Amyl nitrate . 8 Analgesic . 8 iii Page Antagonist . 8 Anti-anxiety drug . 8 Antidepressant . 8 Backloading . 9 Bad trip . 9 Barbiturate . 9 Benzodiazepine . 10 Blood-borne virus . 10 Brief intervention . 11 Buprenorphine . 11 Caffeine . 12 Cannabis . 12 Chasing . 13 Cocaine . 13 Coca leaves . 14 Coca paste . 14 Cold turkey . 14 Community empowerment . 15 Co-morbidity . 15 Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Outline of Future Activities in Drug Abuse Control (CMO) . 15 Controlled substance . 15 Counselling and psychotherapy . 16 Court diversion . 16 Crash . 16 Cross-dependence . 17 Cross-tolerance . 17 Custody diversion . 17 Dance drug . 18 Decriminalization or depenalization . 18 Demand . 18 iv Page Demand reduction . 19 Dependence, dependence syndrome . 19 Dependence liability . 20 Depressant . 20 Designer drug . 20 Detoxification . 20 Diacetylmorphine/Diamorphine . 21 Diuretic . 21 Drug . 21 Drug abuse . 22 Drug abuse-related harm . 22 Drug abuse-related problem . 22 Drug policy . 23 Drug seeking . 23 Drug substitution . 23 Drug testing . 24 Drug use .
    [Show full text]
  • CICAD/Doc.2147/14 Guatemala 18 November 2014 Original: English
    INTER-AMERICAN DRUG ABUSE CONTROL COMMISSION C I C A D Secretariat for Multidimensional Security FIFTY-SIXTH REGULAR SESSION OEA/Ser.L/XIV.2.56 November 19 - 21, 2014 CICAD/doc.2147/14 Guatemala 18 November 2014 Original: English THE REFORM OF CANNABIS LAWS IN JAMAICA MAURICE BAILEY, JAMAICA The Reform of Cannabis Laws in Jamaica The Jamaican Context • Cannabis Sativa (marijuana) is known as “ganja” in Jamaica. • Ganja was bought to Jamaica in the mid 19th century by imported labourers from India • Ganja use is widespread in Jamaica for recreational, religious and medicinal purposes. Brief History of Ganja Laws In Jamaica • Hague Convention 1912-contracting parties make possession of opium, morphine and cocaine a criminal offence. • Cannabis was not included in Convention • Jamaican Legislators passed Opium Law 1913 and included cannabis “ganja” • Issues of race and class prejudice The Dangerous Drugs Act 1948 • Prohibition of ganja now contained in the Dangerous Drugs Act. Passed in 1948 and amended several times since then • Absolute prohibition of any dealing with the ganja plant • Penalties were severe: between 1941 and 1972 a sentence of imprisonment of up to a maximum of 18 months was mandatory on conviction for possession • Section 2 defines “ganja” as follows; "ganja" includes all parts of the plant known as cannabis sativa from which the resin has not been extracted and includes any resin obtained from that plant, but does not include medicinal preparations made from that plant • Part IIIA (Sections 7A-7D) contain specific provisions for Ganja • Section 7A prohibits import or export or taking any steps preparatory to export.
    [Show full text]
  • A. DSM-IV to ICD-9 Cross Walk
    San Mateo County Mental Health Services DSM IV to ICD 9 Cross Walk for Diagnoses Requiring Clinician Decision Use this cross walk of DSM IV diagnosis to record the appropriate ICD 9 diagnosis. These diagnoses require the clinician to choose the appropriate ICD 9 diagnoses. All other cross walks of DSM IV to ICD 9 will be done automatically by MIS. Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders DSM IV Disorder ICD 9 Disorder 295.10 Schizophrenia Disorganized Type 295.1x Schizophrenic Disorders, Disorganized Type 295.20 Schizophrenia Catatonic Type 295.2x Schizophrenic Disorders, Catatonic Type 295.30 Schizophrenia Paranoid Type 295.3x Schizophrenic Disorders, Paranoid Type 295.40 Schizophreniform Disorder 295.4x Acute Schizophrenic Episode 295.60 Schizophrenia Residual Type 295.6x Schizophrenic Disorders, Residual Type 295.70 Schizoaffective Disorder 295.7x Schizo-Affective Type 295.90 Schizophrenia Undifferentiated Type 295.9x Schizophrenic Disorders, Undifferentiated Type The 5th digit for the ICD 9 Diagnosis for the above Schizophrenic disorders must be specified as follows: 0 Unspecified 3 Subchronic w/ Acute Exacerbation 1 Subchronic 4 Chronic w/ Acute Exacerbation 2 Chronic 5 in Remission Pervasive Developmental Disorders DSM IV Disorder ICD 9 Disorder 299.00 Autistic Disorder 299.0x Infantile Autism 299.10 Childhood Disintegrative Disorder 299.1x Childhood Disintegrative Disorder The 5th digit for the ICD 9 Diagnosis for the above Autistic disorders must be specified as follows: 0 Current or Active Status 1 Residual State Other Conditions That May Be A Focus of Clinical Attention V61.12 Physical Abuse of Adult (if by Partner) V61.11 Counseling for Victim of Spousal or Partner Abuse Sexual Abuse of Adult (if by Partner) V61.12 Counseling for Perpetrator of Spousal or Partner Abuse Inclusion of a diagnosis on this sheet does not imply the diagnosis is medically necessary for specialty mental health services.
    [Show full text]
  • Cocaine Use in Ireland: an Exploratory Study
    Cocaine Use In Ireland: An Exploratory Study Chapter 3 Cocaine Use In Ireland: An Exploratory Study Paula Mayock 3.1 Introduction In Ireland the heroin epidemic of the 1980s, coupled with the public health crisis of HIV transmission through unsafe injecting practices, resulted in a concentration of attention on 'high-risk' drug use categories, most notably heroin and other intravenous drug use. The major focus in the domains of drug policy, treatment and research centred on the 'threats' posed by enduring patterns of drug use, unsafe methods of drug administration and associated risk behaviours. Heroin, being a dominant drug of misuse among individuals receiving treatment, certainly in the greater Dublin area (O'Brien, Moran, Kelleher & Cahill, 2000), has attracted by far the greatest level of interest and attention. This situation is by no means unique to Ireland. As Egginton & Parker (2000) have remarked, 'so distinctive is the impact of this drug that heroin has its own epidemiology' (Egginton & Parker, 2000: 7). In practice, prevalence studies and other empirical research focus on groups, such as opiate users or injectors, who are of concern at a particular time (Frischer & Taylor, 1999). Put differently, attention to particular forms of drug use is very much a function of the drug- political situation in any given jurisdiction (Cohen, 1996). Despite heroin's prominence, publicity and official concern, the past decade has witnessed increased recognition of the pervasiveness of drug use in society generally. Drug use, traditionally associated with social and economic disadvantage, is increasingly recognised as a widespread social phenomenon and is clearly no longer confined to marginalised communities.
    [Show full text]
  • Regulatory Strategies for Promoting the Safe Use of Prescription Opioids and the Potential Impact of Overregulation
    REGULATORY STRATEGIES FOR PROMOTING THE SAFE USE OF PRESCRIPTION OPIOIDS AND THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF OVERREGULATION Wissenschaftliche Prüfungsarbeit zur Erlangung des Titels „Master of Drug Regulatory Affairs“ der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn vorgelegt von Dr. Katja Bendrin aus Torgau Bonn 2020 Betreuer und Erster Referent: Dr. Birka Lehmann Zweiter Referent: Dr. Jan Heun REGULATORY STRATEGIES FOR PROMOTING THE SAFE USE OF PRESCRIPTION OPIOIDS AND THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF OVERREGULATION Acknowledgment │ page II of VII Acknowledgment I want to thank Dr. Birka Lehmann for her willingness to supervise this work and for her support. I further thank Dr. Jan Heun for assuming the role of the second reviewer. A big thank you to the DGRA Team for the organization of the master's course and especially to Dr. Jasmin Fahnenstich for her support to find the thesis topic and supervisors. Furthermore, thank you Harald for your patient support. REGULATORY STRATEGIES FOR PROMOTING THE SAFE USE OF PRESCRIPTION OPIOIDS AND THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF OVERREGULATION Table of Contents │ page III of VII Table of Contents 1. Scope.................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 2 2.1 Classification of Opioid Medicines .................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Substance Abuse and Addictions Management
    SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND ADDICTIONS MANAGEMENT Substance abuse , also known as drug abuse , is a patterned use of a substance (drug) in which the user consumes the substance in amounts or with methods neither approved nor supervised by medical professionals. Substance abuse/drug abuse is not limited to mood-altering or psycho-active drugs. If an activity is performed using the objects against the rules and policies of the matter (as in steroids for performance enhancement in sports), it is also called substance abused. Therefore, mood-altering and psychoactive substances are not the only types of drug abuse. Using illicit drugs – narcotics, stimulants, depressants (sedatives), hallucinogens, cannabis, even glues and paints, are also considered to be classified as drug/substance abuse. [2] Substance abuse often includes problems with impulse control and impulsive behaviour. The term "drug abuse" does not exclude dependency, but is otherwise used in a similar manner in nonmedical contexts. The terms have a huge range of definitions related to taking a psychoactive drug or performance enhancing drug for a non- therapeutic or non-medical effect. All of these definitions imply a negative judgment of the drug use in question (compare with the term responsible drug use for alternative views). Some of the drugs most often associated with this term include alcohol, amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines (particularly temazepam, nimetazepam, and flunitrazepam), cocaine, methaqualone, and opioids. Use of these drugs may lead to criminal penalty in addition to possible physical, social, and psychological harm, both strongly depending on local jurisdiction. [3] There are many cases in which criminal or antisocial behavior occur when the person is under the influence of a drug.
    [Show full text]
  • Application of High Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Screening and Confirmation of Novel Psychoactive Substances Joshua Zolton Seither [email protected]
    Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 4-25-2018 Application of High Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Screening and Confirmation of Novel Psychoactive Substances Joshua Zolton Seither [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FIDC006565 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Seither, Joshua Zolton, "Application of High Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Screening and Confirmation of Novel Psychoactive Substances" (2018). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3823. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3823 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida APPLICATION OF HIGH RESOLUTION MASS SPECTROMETRY FOR THE SCREENING AND CONFIRMATION OF NOVEL PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in CHEMISTRY by Joshua Zolton Seither 2018 To: Dean Michael R. Heithaus College of Arts, Sciences and Education This dissertation, written by Joshua Zolton Seither, and entitled Application of High- Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Screening and Confirmation of Novel Psychoactive Substances, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. _______________________________________ Piero Gardinali _______________________________________ Bruce McCord _______________________________________ DeEtta Mills _______________________________________ Stanislaw Wnuk _______________________________________ Anthony DeCaprio, Major Professor Date of Defense: April 25, 2018 The dissertation of Joshua Zolton Seither is approved.
    [Show full text]
  • Alcoholism and Chemical Substance Abuse Dependency 15 Unit Course
    !1 Alcoholism and Chemical Substance Abuse Dependency Continuing Education Course (15 Hours/units) © 2019 by Aspira Continuing Education. All rights reserved. No part of this material may be transmitted or reproduced in any form, or by any means, mechanical or electronic without written permission of Aspira Continuing Education. Course Objectives: In addition to the course objectives listed, this course addresses the following content areas related to alcoholism and chemical substance abuse dependency: ✓ Counseling theory and practice ✓ Social and Cultural Foundations ✓ Assessment ✓ Professional practice issues ✓ Wellness and prevention ✓ Human growth and development Table of Contents: 1. Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States……….. 2 2. DSM-5 Diagnostic Summary…………………………………………….. 7 3. Types of Substance Abuse……………………………………………….. 11 4. Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes……………………………… 23 5. Substance Abuse Treatment for Clinicians………………………………. 33 6. Engaging Adolescents in Treatment……………………………………… 37 7. Brief Strategic Family Therapy for Adolescent Drug Abuse…………….. 45 8. Making the Connection: Trauma and Substance Abuse………………….. 86 9. Strategies for Working with Clients with Co-Occurring Disorders……… 93 10. HIV and Substance Abuse………………………………………………. 133 11. Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Substance Abuse…………………… 138 12. Substance Abuse and Domestic Violence……………………………….. 146 13. Substance Use and Mental Health Among College Students…………… 172 14. References………………………………………………………………. 176 !1 !2 1. Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States Summary The information below summarizes key findings from the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) for national indicators of substance use and mental health among people aged 12 or older in the civilian, non-institutionalized population of the United States. Results are provided for the overall category of people aged 12 or older and by age subgroups.
    [Show full text]