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SEMIOCHEMICALS-DEKOGEL [Compatibility Mode] Semiochemicals LEADING INSECTS BY THE NOSE: What are semiochemicals? PERSPECTIVES FOR THE Practical applications? APPLICATION How to do research on semiochemicals? OF SEMIOCHEMICALS What are semiochemicals? principle of sex pheromones Attractive: ĉ Pheromones ĉ Host plant odours Repellent: ĉ(nonĉhost) odours ĉAlarm pheromones Important: ĉ Behaviour detecting source locating landing 1 what are insect pheromones? insect pheromones insect pheromones odours (mostly attractants) emitted by insects alarm pheromones • aphids, ants trail pheromones exclusively emitted for communication between • ants, termites individuals of the same kind aggregation/dispersion pheromones • weevils sex pheromones • moths, beetles, etc. etc. insect pheromones composition insect pheromone insect pheromones alarm pheromones • aphids, ants trail pheromones • ants, termites aggregation/dispersion pheromones • weevils sex pheromones example of the component of a moth pheromone • moths, beetles, etc. etc. 2 sex pheromones working mechanism principles of sex pheromones detecting source locating landing working mechanism Semiochemicals What are semiochemicals? Practical applications? How to do research on semiochemicals? 3 Application of semiochemicals monitoring timing tool for pesticide application monitoring identification tool mass trapping trapping away the population mating disruption (sexĉpheromones) confusion of insects lure & kill (infect) luring the insect towards a pesticide or pathogen push and pull manipulate the distribution of insects Synergist activate the insect 0123 monitoring (the past) monitoring (nowadays) pheromone traps pheromone traps to follow the life cycle example: summerfruit tortrix moth Adoxophyes orana 4 monitoring pheromone traps monitoring temperature sum Plant Research International B.V. PHERO BANK TRA P NUMBER34 NAME INSECT Cydia pomonella LOCATION Schuilenburg 2 Instructions for use: Stick this sticker preferably underneath the delta trap. Note date and caught numbers at the left of the double line. Note at the right the number of caught insects as points. By connecting the points you can plot the flight curve. N ote down the number of caught insects as a point here and connect the points. DATE NUMBER 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 20 >2018 3- 6 0 x 6- 6 0 x 9- 6 2 x 12- 6 1 x 15- 6 1 x 18- 6 3 x 21- 6 6 x 24- 6 6 x 27- 6 15 x 30- 6 16 x 3- 7 10 x 6- 7 6 x 9- 7 0 x 12- 7 1 x 15- 7 0 x 18- 7 0 x PRI PHERO BANK SCO RE LIST monitoring monitoring examples in: factors influencing pheromone amenity areas trap catches fruit growing greenĉhouses trap type pheromone dispenser type arable crops purity and ratio of the pheromone golf links components trap maintenance arboriculture placement of the trap … density of traps 5 monitoring (amenity areas) chestnut leafminer monitoring (fruit growing) funnel trap Reproduced with acknowledgement from Entocare C.V., Wageningen, The Netherlands monitoring (fruit growing) transparant delta trap monitoring (greenĈhouses) citrus mealy bug 6 monitoring (greenĈhouse) Duponchelia fovealis monitoring (arable crops) wire worms Agriotes lineatus Agriotes obscurus pest of potato, sugar beet, onion, lettuce, maize monitoring (arable crops) wireworms monitoring (golf links) garden chafer 7 monitoring (golf links) garden chafer monitoring (arboriculture) poplar (clearwing moth) Oosterhoutse Golfclub 25th May 2005 Application of semiochemicals monitoring timing tool for pesticide application mass trapping identification tool mass trapping trapping away the population mating disruption (sexĉpheromones) confusion of insects lure & kill (infect) luring the insect towards a pesticide or pathogen push and pull manipulate the distribution of insects Synergist activate the insect 8 mass trapping mass trapping research on the possibility of mass trapping of Symmetrischema tangolias and Scrobipalpuloides absoluta in South America (Peru) larvae cause great losses of yield (up to 60%) in the growing of tomatoes and potatoes because of complete resistance against insecticides 30 pheromone traps per hectare can trap 40.000 moths a week and can reduce the damage with 75% mass trapping water traps mass trapping Rhynchophorus ferrugineus red palm weevil 9 mass trapping Application of semiochemicals constraints in practice monitoring timing tool for pesticide application identification tool at least 95% of the males has to be caught before mass trapping mating to induce reduction of the next generation trapping away the population mating disruption (sexĉpheromones) generally too many expensive traps are required confusion of insects the application and maintenance of many traps is too lure & kill (infect) expensive luring the insect towards a pesticide or pathogen effectivity of traps should be higher than for monitoring push and pull manipulate the distribution of insects Synergist activate the insect mating disruption dispenser types BASF RAK mating disruption ShinĉEtsu ROPE ? ? ? ? TNO/PRI 10 mating disruption design mating disruption working mechanism x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 500 dispensers/ha disorientation of males x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x extra border treatment peripheral adaptation of the male antennal receptors x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x habituation of the cerebral nervous system in the male x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x adjacent orchards: zone of 25 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x meter extra treatment x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x one application per year application immediately at the start of the flight mating disruption effect measurements mating disruption research recently executed research of the application of mating disruption in the Netherlands pheromoneĉtrap catches of male moths juiceĉtrap catches of maleĉ and female moths mating suppression in tethered females codling moth and leaf rollers (apple and pear orchards) assessment of numbers of larvae/eggs apple clearwing moth (apple orchards) assessment of damage Turkish moth en Florida moth in greenhouses (sweet pepper and tomato) currant clearwing moth (red and white berry) 11 mating disruption mating disruption mating disruption against codling moth ( Cydia pomonella ) and results: crop damage is comparable with the damage in several leaf roller species ( Adoxophyes orana, Archips a standard insecticide treatment. Mating disruption podana and Pandemis heparana ) against codling moth is registered in the Netherlands and is used by the majority of fruit growers formulation: BASF RAK 3+4 mating disruption 3500 ha mating disruption 12 mating disruption mating disruption mating disruption against apple clearwing moth mating disruption against currant clearwing moth (Synanthedon myopaeformis ) (Synanthedon tipuliformis ) in red berry formulation: Biocontrol formulation: TNO/PRI twistedĉrope mating disruption mating disruption mating disruption against currant clearwing moth mating disruption against Turkish moth ( Chrysodeixis (Synanthedon tipuliformis ) in red berry chalcites ) and Florida moth ( Spodoptera exigua ) in greenhouses with sweet pepper and tomato formulation: TNO/PRI formulation: TNO/PRI 13 mating disruption mating disruption mating disruption against Turkish moth and Florida moth in greenhouses with sweet pepper and tomato damage: tethered female: mating disruption Application of semiochemicals monitoring timing tool for pesticide application identification tool mass trapping trapping away the population mating disruption (sexĉpheromones) confusion of insects lure & kill (infect) luring the insect towards a pesticide or pathogen push and pull manipulate the distribution of insects Synergist activate the insect 14 lure & kill working mechanism pheromone + lure & kill or Insect insecticide pathogen instead of bringing the pesticide to the insect (spraying) the insect is lured to the pesticide (pathogen) lure & kill applications in: lure & kill sweet potato weevil arable cropping attracting the insect….. arboriculture to the pathogen… stockĉbreeding Beauveria bassiana household use Sweetpotato weevil, Cuba stored products fruit growing cotton growing (film) or to a killing device pictures from INIVIT, 1995 15 lure & kill poplar clearwing moth lure & kill stockĈbreeding lurectron Flyĉbait (Denka): formulation: gel or powder attractant: muscalure (flyĉ pheromone) active ingredient: methomyl (1%) target insects: cattle flies lure& kill household use lure & kill fruit growing Bayer Appeal® formulation: gel attractant: codlemone (pheroĉ mone of the codling moth) (0.1%) active ingredient: Cyfluthrin (4%) target insect: codling moth ( Cydia pomonella ) 16 lure & kill fruit/vegetable growing lure & kill advantages product: Last Call™FF pest: fruitfly substantial reduction of the use of insecticides attractant: ginger oil formulation is not sprayed so substantial reduction of drift insecticide: permethrin and human insecticide exposure formulation can be applied on the nonĉeatable parts of the crop, so the fruits remain free of residues as pheromones are speciesĉspecific beneficials are not attracted to the formulation so stay unharmed the required quantity of pheromone is much less compared to the amount used in mating disruption applications producer: Insect Science (SA) device: ”Dead males don’t mate” lure & kill film Semiochemicals
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