Semiochemicals

LEADING INSECTS BY THE NOSE:
What are semiochemicals? PERSPECTIVES FOR THE
Practical applications? APPLICATION
How to do research on semiochemicals? OF SEMIOCHEMICALS

What are semiochemicals? principle of sex pheromones Attractive: Pheromones Host plant odours Repellent: (nonhost) odours Alarm pheromones Important: Behaviour detecting source locating landing

1 what are insect pheromones? insect pheromones

 insect pheromones  odours (mostly attractants) emitted by insects  alarm pheromones • aphids, ants  trail pheromones  exclusively emitted for communication between • ants, termites individuals of the same kind  aggregation/dispersion pheromones • weevils  sex pheromones • moths, beetles, etc. etc.

insect pheromones composition insect pheromone

 insect pheromones  alarm pheromones • aphids, ants  trail pheromones • ants, termites  aggregation/dispersion pheromones • weevils  sex pheromones example of the component of a moth pheromone • moths, beetles, etc. etc.

2 sex pheromones working mechanism

principles of sex pheromones

detecting source locating landing

working mechanism Semiochemicals

What are semiochemicals?
Practical applications?
How to do research on semiochemicals?

3 Application of semiochemicals

monitoring  timing tool for pesticide application monitoring  identification tool
mass trapping  trapping away the population
mating disruption (sexpheromones)  confusion of insects
lure & kill (infect)  luring the insect towards a pesticide or pathogen
push and pull  manipulate the distribution of insects
Synergist  activate the insect 0123

monitoring (the past) monitoring (nowadays) pheromone traps pheromone traps to follow the life cycle example: summerfruit tortrix moth Adoxophyes orana

4 monitoring pheromone traps monitoring temperature sum

Plant Research International B.V. PHERO BANK TRA P NUMBER34 NAME INSECT Cydia pomonella LOCATION Schuilenburg 2 Instructions for use: Stick this sticker preferably underneath the delta trap. Note date and caught numbers at the left of the double line. Note at the right the number of caught insects as points. By connecting the points you can plot the flight curve.

N ote down the number of caught insects as a point here and connect the points. DATE NUMBER 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 20 >2018 3- 6 0 x 6- 6 0 x 9- 6 2 x 12- 6 1 x 15- 6 1 x 18- 6 3 x 21- 6 6 x 24- 6 6 x 27- 6 15 x 30- 6 16 x 3- 7 10 x 6- 7 6 x 9- 7 0 x 12- 7 1 x 15- 7 0 x 18- 7 0 x

PRI PHERO BANK SCO RE LIST

monitoring monitoring examples in:

 factors influencing pheromone  amenity areas trap catches  fruit growing  greenhouses  trap type  pheromone dispenser type  arable crops  purity and ratio of the pheromone  golf links components  trap maintenance  arboriculture  placement of the trap  …  density of traps

5 monitoring (amenity areas) chestnut leafminer monitoring (fruit growing) funnel trap

Reproduced with acknowledgement from Entocare C.V., Wageningen, The Netherlands

monitoring (fruit growing) transparant delta trap monitoring (greenhouses) citrus mealy bug

6 monitoring (greenhouse) Duponchelia fovealis monitoring (arable crops) wire worms

Agriotes lineatus Agriotes obscurus

pest of potato, sugar beet, onion, lettuce, maize

monitoring (arable crops) wireworms monitoring (golf links) garden chafer

7 monitoring (golf links) garden chafer monitoring (arboriculture) poplar (clearwing moth)

Oosterhoutse Golfclub 25th May 2005

Application of semiochemicals

monitoring  timing tool for pesticide application mass trapping  identification tool
mass trapping  trapping away the population
mating disruption (sexpheromones)  confusion of insects
lure & kill (infect)  luring the insect towards a pesticide or pathogen
push and pull  manipulate the distribution of insects
Synergist  activate the insect

8 mass trapping mass trapping research on the possibility of mass trapping of Symmetrischema tangolias and Scrobipalpuloides absoluta in South America (Peru)

 larvae cause great losses of yield (up to 60%) in the growing of tomatoes and potatoes because of complete resistance against insecticides

 30 pheromone traps per hectare can trap 40.000 moths a week and can reduce the damage with 75%

mass trapping water traps mass trapping Rhynchophorus ferrugineus

red palm weevil

9 mass trapping Application of semiochemicals

constraints in practice
monitoring  timing tool for pesticide application  identification tool  at least 95% of the males has to be caught before
mass trapping mating to induce reduction of the next generation  trapping away the population
mating disruption (sexpheromones)  generally too many expensive traps are required  confusion of insects  the application and maintenance of many traps is too
lure & kill (infect) expensive  luring the insect towards a pesticide or pathogen  effectivity of traps should be higher than for monitoring
push and pull  manipulate the distribution of insects
Synergist  activate the insect

mating disruption dispenser types

BASF RAK mating disruption ShinEtsu ROPE

? ? ? ?

TNO/PRI

10 mating disruption design mating disruption working mechanism

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 500 dispensers/ha  disorientation of males x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x extra border treatment  peripheral adaptation of the male antennal receptors x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x  habituation of the cerebral nervous system in the male x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x adjacent orchards: zone of 25 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x meter extra treatment x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x one application per year application immediately at the start of the flight

mating disruption effect measurements mating disruption research

recently executed research of the application of mating disruption in the Netherlands  pheromonetrap catches of male moths  juicetrap catches of male and female moths  mating suppression in tethered females  codling moth and leaf rollers (apple and pear orchards)  assessment of numbers of larvae/eggs  apple clearwing moth (apple orchards)  assessment of damage  Turkish moth en Florida moth in greenhouses (sweet pepper and tomato)  currant clearwing moth (red and white berry)

11 mating disruption mating disruption

 mating disruption against codling moth ( Cydia pomonella ) and  results: crop damage is comparable with the damage in several leaf roller species ( Adoxophyes orana, Archips a standard insecticide treatment. Mating disruption podana and Pandemis heparana ) against codling moth is registered in the Netherlands and is used by the majority of fruit growers  formulation: BASF RAK 3+4

mating disruption 3500 ha mating disruption

12 mating disruption mating disruption

 mating disruption against apple clearwing moth  mating disruption against currant clearwing moth (Synanthedon myopaeformis ) (Synanthedon tipuliformis ) in red berry

 formulation: Biocontrol  formulation: TNO/PRI twistedrope

mating disruption mating disruption

 mating disruption against currant clearwing moth  mating disruption against Turkish moth ( Chrysodeixis (Synanthedon tipuliformis ) in red berry chalcites ) and Florida moth ( Spodoptera exigua ) in greenhouses with sweet pepper and tomato  formulation: TNO/PRI  formulation: TNO/PRI

13 mating disruption mating disruption

 mating disruption against Turkish moth and Florida moth in greenhouses with sweet pepper and tomato

damage: tethered female:

mating disruption Application of semiochemicals

monitoring  timing tool for pesticide application  identification tool
mass trapping  trapping away the population
mating disruption (sexpheromones)  confusion of insects
lure & kill (infect)  luring the insect towards a pesticide or pathogen
push and pull  manipulate the distribution of insects
Synergist  activate the insect

14 lure & kill working mechanism

pheromone + lure & kill

or Insect insecticide pathogen

instead of bringing the pesticide to the insect (spraying) the insect is lured to the pesticide (pathogen)

lure & kill applications in: lure & kill sweet potato weevil

 arable cropping attracting the insect…..  arboriculture to the pathogen…  stockbreeding Beauveria bassiana  household use Sweetpotato weevil, Cuba  stored products  fruit growing  cotton growing (film) or to a killing device

pictures from INIVIT, 1995

15 lure & kill poplar clearwing moth lure & kill stockbreeding

 lurectron Flybait (Denka):  formulation: gel or powder  attractant: muscalure (fly pheromone)  active ingredient: methomyl (1%)  target insects: cattle flies

lure& kill household use lure & kill fruit growing

 Bayer Appeal®  formulation: gel  attractant: codlemone (phero mone of the codling moth) (0.1%)  active ingredient: Cyfluthrin (4%)  target insect: codling moth ( Cydia pomonella )

16 lure & kill fruit/vegetable growing lure & kill advantages
product: Last Call™FF
pest: fruitfly  substantial reduction of the use of insecticides
attractant: ginger oil  formulation is not sprayed so substantial reduction of drift
insecticide: permethrin and human insecticide exposure  formulation can be applied on the noneatable parts of the crop, so the fruits remain free of residues  as pheromones are speciesspecific beneficials are not attracted to the formulation so stay unharmed  the required quantity of pheromone is much less compared to the amount used in mating disruption applications producer: Insect Science (SA) device: ”Dead males don’t mate”

lure & kill film Semiochemicals

 crop: cotton  insect: pink bollworm ( Pectinophora gossypiella )  formulation: CIBA Sirene®
What are semiochemicals?  time of action: season long protection
Practical applications?  results: 30% more cotton yield and better quality than with
How to do research on semiochemicals? a conventional treatment

17 First: have your insect available... collection of larvae

example: Tuta absoluta and Symmetrischema tangolias

 collection of larvae and/or eggs  identification (do we have the right insect species)  design the right mass rearing method  sexing of the pupae

identification of the species rearing method

18 sexing of pupae Semiochemicals R&D

1. What odours do insects/plants produce?
2. What compounds do insects smell?
3. Are the compunds attractive or repellent?
4. Can we identify en synthesize the compounds?
5. How can we implement this in crop protection strategies?

1. What odours do insects/plants produce? 2. What odours can an insect smell? Odours of insect and Glas jar with plants plant are trapped on with/without insects special adsorbent

EAD

Plant is placed in the glas jar GC EAD

Pump sucks out air via filter, glass jar and Filter for entrance odour trap of clean air

19 3. Attractive or repellent? 4. Analyses, synthesis and production

5. Implementation application of pheromones registration

 application of insect pheromones  monitoring • timing tool for pesticide application • identification tool  mass trapping • trapping away the population registration  mating disruption • confusion of insects } required!  lure & kill (infect) • luring the insect towards a knockdown pesticide or pathogen

20 other semiochemicals example repellent Resseliella oculiperda

 examples repellents:  damage after grafting of fruit and amenity trees  Resseliella oculiperda in arboriculture  Megaselia halterata in mushroom culture  example attractants (no pheromones):  Frankliniella occidentalis

example repellent Resseliella oculiperda example repellent Resseliella oculiperda life cycle: treatments: Gallmidges search for  Flextape (untreated control) wounds on apple trees Gallmidges  Flextape (impregnated with oviposit on the repellents) wounds  Buddytape (mechanical oviposition barrier)

Larvae feed on cambium damage assessment after 3 weeks

Several weeks after pupation Larvae leave the the gallmidges tree to pupate in emerge soil

21 example repellent Resseliella oculiperda example repellent + toxic Megaselia halterata results 2001 100 80  plant volatiles or (fruit orchard) 60 components cause >90% 40 reduction of the number of 20 flies on laboratory and

100 % geslaagde oculaties 0 semi-practice scale 80 pe G ecis ur F pe D e ur  side-effects on the fungal 60 + g ge dyta Flexta + + +geur L d Bu 40 disease Verticillium

20 fungicola

0

% geinfecteerde oculaties  no ill effects on the

F r r L mushroom production tape Decis eu eu ape x + g Fle + + geu r G + g ddyt Bu

example repellent + toxic Megaselia halterata example repellent + toxic Megaselia halterata plant volatiles repellent for M. halterata plant volatiles repellent for M. halterata

compost treatment

compost ** no compost compost + PRI01 *** compost + PRI02 compost + PRI03

*** compost + PRI11 ** compost + PRI13

-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 % flies

22 example attractant Frankliniella occidentalis attractant thrips

In 2007 the attractant for thrips was put on  plant volatiles may increase the catches of F. occidentalis the market by Koppert B.V. on blue and yellow sticky traps by 20x (greenhouse experiments 2005) Product name: LUREMTR  possibilities for introduction in practice are in research

Thank you

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