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World War II, Japanese Occupation and Military Administration

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World War II, Japanese Occupation and Military Administration Mark Anthony D. Abenir, MCD Department of Social Sciences University of Santo Tomas Topic Outline Background of WWII The Philippines During WWII Japanese Military Administration Philippine Liberation Surrender of Japan and End of WWII Post-War Philippines World Crisis Huge volumes of finished products Colonies of remain unsold Capitalist Crisis in which stunted Countries Capitalism Clamor for economic growth Independence that led to massive job lay- offs and poverty. Soviet Socialist Economy Response to Crisis Italy Germany Japan Resolved the crisis by: 1. Systematic use of Fascism. dictatorial government, centralized control of private enterprise, repression of all opposition, and extreme nationalism. 2. Launching of wars to re-divide the world. Axis Powers Benito Mussolini Adolf Hitler EmperorPM Hideki Hirohito Tōjō Fascist Italy Nazi Germany Co-Prosperity Sphere “Asia for Asians” Fukuzawa Yukichi Outbreak of War in Europe On September 1, 1939, World War II began in Europe when German Feurer Adolf Hitler invaded Warsaw, Poland by means of blitzkrieg. Blitzkrieg means “lightening war”, which was a tactic based on speed and surprise and needed a military force to be based around light tank units supported by planes and infantry (foot soldiers). Panzer Division Areas Under German Control Additional Information Switzerland was the bunker of Hitler, which deported thousands of Jews. Spain and Portugal did not participate, but supported Hitler. USA and Ireland declared neutrality after Germany started war. Sweden let Germany use its territory in order to avoid an invasion. Japanese Occupied Lands Initial American Response On July 1941, US thru the orders of Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt, responded to Japanese aggression by: Ending its trading agreement with Japan. Imposing an oil embargo. Freezing all Japanese assets in the Roosevelt US & denied Japan sources of credit. Demanding total withdrawal of all Japanese forces in China & French Indo-China (Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, & Thailand). Japanese Response Attack of Pearl Harbor The Japanese Response On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, the United States naval base in Hawaii, to knock out the U.S. Pacific fleet in a single strike in order to expand the Japanese influence in the Pacific. Declaration of War On December 11, 1941: Pres. Roosevelt with the approval of the US Congress & PM Winston Churchill with the approval of the British Parliament declared war against Japan. Churchill Germany & Italy declared war against the Unites States. These declarations commenced World War II. Japanese Invasion On November 1941, the Philippine Commonwealth declared that any enemy of US was also an enemy of the Philippines. On December 8 & 10, 1941, under the command of Lt. General Masaharu Homma: Japan bombed Davao, Tuguegarao, Iba & Clark Field in Zambales, Pampanga, Homma Tarlac, Cavite naval base, & Nichols Field Homma with 43,000 Japanese Imperial near Manila. Forces landed in On December 10, 12, & 22, 1941 Lingayen on Dec.22. Japanese forces landed in Vigan, Aparri, Lingayen, Atimonan, & Mauban. Japanese Bombings Occupation of Manila On Dec. 24, 1941: Gen. Douglas MacArthur retreated all the USAFFE (U.S. Armed Forces in the Far East) American & Filipino forces along with Pres. Quezon and his cabinet into Bataan Peninsula to D. MacArthur avoid capture by the Japanese. The defending Philippine and United Manila was declared an Open States troops were City on Dec.26. under the command of General MacArthur On January 2, 1942, The Japanese occupied Manila. Manila as “open city” Commonwealth in Exile On March 11, 1942, Gen. MacArthur left Corregidor and reached Mindanao where he took the plane bound for Australia. Gen. Jonathan Wainwright was appointed commander of USAFFE. “I came through and I shall return.” On March 26 1942, Pres. Quezon and his party secretly left Corregidor by submarine and went to Australia via airfield in Oroquieta City, Misamis Occidental. On April 19, 1942, Pres. Quezon left for the US from Australia on board the American ship, President Coolidge. Pres. Quezon moved the Commonwealth Government to the US where it functioned for two- and-a-half-years. Fall of Bataan and Corregidor On March, 1942, Gen. Masaharu Homma with 20,500 Japanese troops attacked the defenders of Bataan. Because of the agreed “Europe First Policy” between the US and Great Britain, aid from US became impossible. On April 9, 1942, Major General Edward King King, commander of the forces of Bataan, surrendered to stop slaughter of his helpless men. On May 7, 1942, General Jonathan Wainwright ordered the American flag lowered on Corregidor in the hope of avoiding a massacre. Wainwright Lowering of the American Flag Death March On April 10, 1942 the Japanese assembled about 76,000 Prisoners of War (10,000 Americans and 66,000 Filipinos) for a non-stop march for 5 days from Mariveles, Bataan to San Fernando, Pampanga. Those who could not continue or keep up were shot down or bayoneted. At the end of the march, there were 200 Americans and 10,000 Filipinos who perished. Survivors were taken to Camp O’Donnel in Capas,Tarlac (April 15) where many more died of starvation and disease (left 50,000 survivors). Death March Capas Route Mariveles Death March of POWs Death March Punishments Beheadings, cut throats and casual shootings were the more common and merciful actions . Agonizing deaths came from bayonet stabbings, disembowelments, numerous rifle butt beatings and a deliberate refusal to allow the prisoners food or water. Japanese Martial Law Major General Tagaki Wachi imposed Martial Law, in which everything was placed under Japanese control. Military policy: For one Japanese killed, 10 prominent (leading) Filipinos were to pay with their lives. All Allied nationals were interned at UST, Baguio, Los Baños and other places of concentration. The display of Philippine flag, singing of the national anthem, and circulation of the American dollars were banned. Japanese war notes known as “mickey mouse money” replaced Philippine currency. Civil Government (Jan. 23, 1942) Central Administrative Organization (CAO) Interior: replaced Commonwealth. Benigno Aquino Justice: Agriculture & Natural Resources: Jose P. Laurel Rafael Alunan CAO : Jose Vargas Education, Health Public Works & & Welfare: Comm: Claro M. Recto Quintin Paredes Vargas was the Finance: acting mayor of Antonio de las Alas Manila. Attempts at Winning Filipino Loyalty Japan announced the purpose of their invasion were: 1. To free the Filipinos from the oppressive American domination. 2. To let the Filipinos establish the Philippines to become a member of the Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere On Dec. 30, 1942, they established the KALIBAPI (Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas) with a goal to unite Filipinos for positive cooperation with the Japanese Military Administration. Tagalog as the official language of education & government. 2nd Philippine Republic On June 18, 1943, the KALIBAPI was tasked to form the Preparatory Commission for Philippine Independence. The Commission drafted a Constitution which was ratified on September 4, 1943 by KALIBAPI members. Laurel On October 14, 1943, the 2nd Philippine Republic (known in history as puppet republic) was inaugurated & Jose P. Laurel was sworn in as President. The 2nd Republic was recognized by Japan, Germany, & Italy. Japan allowed the Filipinos to raise their Flag and sing their National Anthem. Socio-Economic Conditions The Japanese confiscated at will any valuable property. Trade, industry, and agriculture almost halted. The city & urban dwellers almost starved to death because of outrageously expensive commodities. Rice produced were confiscated by the Japanese military . Laurel created the National Distribution Corporation (NADISCO) to ensure equitable distribution of prime commodities. Laurel appealed to the people to engage in food production, as a result Bigasang Bayan(BIBA) was organized. Japanese Collaborators Ganaps – led by Benigno Ramos of Sakdal Party that served as informers & spies of the Japanese military. Palaaks – neighborhood associations armed with bamboo spears that are required to report to the Japanese authorities the presence of guerillas in their areas. United Nippon – military organization trained by Japanese soldiers who fought against guerillas. Pampars (Pambansang Pag-asa ng mga Anak ni Rizal) – Led by Cristino Pendon and served as Japanes Militia unit. MAKAPILI (Makabayang Katipunan ng mga Pilipino) – a politico-military group led by Artemio Ricarte, Benigno Ramos, & Pio Duran who staunchedly supported the Japanese. Japanese Cruelties A Filipino who forgets to bow or made a wrong answer to a Japanese soldier was slapped or killed instantly. Those who fail or refuse to cooperate were given instant death sentences. On May 2, 1942, Chief Justice Jose Abad Santos in Malabang, Lanao del Sur was brutally sentenced to death for refusing to take the oath of allegiance to the Japanese. Japanese soldiers have mastered the art of inflicting extreme pain & agonizing death to hapless civilians. Dreaded water cure. Prisoners were hanged by the hands and whipped. Pressing of red hot iron. Electrocution. Japanese Cruelties Japanese Cruelties Japanese Cruelties Comfort Women: Jugun Ianfu Women of various ethnic & national backgrounds & social circumstances who became sexual laborers of the Japanese troops before & during WWII. Ranging from 100 thousand to 200 thousand women who were forced, deceived, coerced & abducted: 80% are believed to be Koreans. Japanese
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