El Género Cereus Mill. (Cereeae, Cactaceae) En Argentina: Diversidad Taxonómica, Distribución Geográfica Y Estado Poblacional

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El Género Cereus Mill. (Cereeae, Cactaceae) En Argentina: Diversidad Taxonómica, Distribución Geográfica Y Estado Poblacional UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL NORDESTE FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS EXACTAS Y NATURALES Y AGRIMENSURA El género Cereus Mill. (Cereeae, Cactaceae) en Argentina: diversidad taxonómica, distribución geográfica y estado poblacional Tesis para optar al grado académico de Doctora de la Universidad Nacional del Nordeste en Biología Cecilia Magdalena Mamaní Director: Pablo Ortega Baes Sub-Director: María Alicia Zapater Corrientes, Argentina 2019 1 MIEMBROS DEL JURADO DE TESIS Dr. Jose Luis Fontana. Departamento de Biología. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste Dr. Héctor Alejandro Keller. IBONE-CONICET Universidad Nacional del Nordeste Dr. Juan Domingo Urdampilleta. IMBIV-CONICET. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba 2 Agradecimientos Agradezco a mi familia por el apoyo incondicional de siempre, pilares fundamentales desde mis estudios universitarios cuando varias veces quise bajar los brazos. A mi director Pablo Ortega Baes a quien respeto mucho como profesional, el que me abrió las puertas de su laboratorio cuando quise postularme para una beca CONICET permitiendome trabajar en el área que mas fascinación me despierta: la taxonomía. Como no mencionar a mi querida subdirectora María Alicia Zapater, la que también fue mi directora de tesis de grado y por quien siento un profundo cariño, admiración y un respeto infinito como mujer y como profesional. A ella le agradezco sus correcciones meticulosas y su apoyo constante. No puede faltar mi agradecimiento especial a las personas, compañeras y amigas de laboratorio que estuvieron en las campañas de colecta, gracias especialmente a Valeria Pastrana Ignes, Federico Zerpa, Juan Aguirrebengoa y Carla López Fuenzalida, también a la colaboración de Cecilia Sosa, Pablo Gorostiague, Lucía Lindow, Efrain Maita y Gastón Gutierrez Ríos. Al conductor, encargado de logística y compañero de casi todos los viajes, Mario González. A todo el resto del equipo que forma parte del Laboratorio de Investigaciones Botánicas (FCN-UNSa) por ser amigos y compañeros. A Marcelo Cortiana y Aristóbulo Medina, guardaparques del Parque San Carlos de Concordia y del Parque Nacional El Palmar, por sus invaluables aportes. A la ayuda generosa del Sr. Turco Molina, que me brindó alojamiento en su finca en la localidad de Hickman cuando tenia que trabajar sobre la ruta 81. A CONICET y a la Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. 3 INDICE RESÚMEN ....................................................................................................................... 6 INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................................ 8 Historia taxonómica del género Cereus ...................................................................... 12 Evaluación y delimitación taxonómica de las especies argentinas ............................. 20 Distribución potencial de las especies ........................................................................ 24 Germinación de semillas de Cactaceae ....................................................................... 25 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS ....................................................................................... 28 Evaluación y delimtación taxonómica de las especies argentinas .............................. 28 Distribución potencial de las especies de Cereus en Argentina ................................. 31 RESULTADOS .............................................................................................................. 35 Evaluación y delimitación taxonómica de las especies argentinas ............................. 35 Caracteres usados en tratamientos taxonómicos previos ........................................ 35 Caracteres vegetativos ............................................................................................. 36 Caracteres vegetativos y reproductivos ................................................................... 37 Caracteres vegetativos, de frutos y semillas ............................................................ 38 Caracteres de frutos y semillas ................................................................................ 39 Caracteres vegetativos y variación latitudinal ......................................................... 40 Arreglo de las espinas en las areolas ....................................................................... 41 Caracterización de frutos y semillas........................................................................ 41 Distribución potencial de las especies de Cereus en Argentina ................................. 42 Efecto del estrés hídrico .............................................................................................. 45 Tratamiento taxonómico de las especies de Cereus en Argentina .............................. 46 DISCUSIÓN ................................................................................................................... 58 Evaluación taxonómica de las especies argentinas ..................................................... 58 Caracteres usados en tratamientos taxonómicos previos ........................................ 58 Caracteres vegetativos ............................................................................................. 59 Caracteres vegetativos y reproductivos ................................................................... 59 Caracteres vegetativos, de frutos y semillas ............................................................ 60 Caracteres de frutos y semillas ................................................................................ 60 Caracteres vegetativos y variación latitudinal ......................................................... 61 Distribución potencial de las especies de Cereus en Argentina ................................. 65 Efectos del estrés hídrico ............................................................................................ 68 4 ÍNDICE DE TABLAS .................................................................................................... 87 ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS .................................................................................................. 89 5 RESÚMEN Las cactáceas son un grupo de especies endémicas del continente americano, amenazadas por el cambio de uso del suelo, el cambio climático y la colecta y el comercio ilegal. Estas amenzas se vuelven aún más críticas teniendo en cuenta las características ecológicas de la familia, lo que pone de manifiesto la importancia de su conservación. Teniendo en cuenta que más del 30% de las especies de la familia están amenazadas según IUCN, se ha sugerido evaluaciones sobre el estado de conservación de las especies que habitan regiones fuertemente impactadas por las actividades humanas. Frente a este panorama algunas especies de géneros como Cereus Mill. necesitan ser estudiadas debido a que existe poca información sobre su biología. En America existen alrededor de 25 especies que crecen en el neotrópico, el 21% de ellas se encuentra incluido dentro de las categorías consideradas como amenazadas de la UICN. El género tiene valor de uso como recurso alimenticio para las comunidades y como forraje para los animales, pero sobre todo es apreciada como ornamental. Sin embargo ha sido considerado uno de los géneros más conflictivos dentro de la familia ya que originariamente se incluyeron en él a todas las cactáceas columnares de la época, y a que muchas de las tipificaciones y descripciones de las especies fueron hechas sobre material estéril o cultivado, que a la fecha no están preservados. El propósito principal de esta tesis doctoral fue generar información que permita ampliar el conocimiento sobre la biología de las especies del género Cereus en Argentina para su uso en futuros programas de conservación. Para esto se estudio el género desde la taxonomía, la aplicación de modelos de distribución geográfica para establecer su rango potencial de distribución en Argentina y la evaluación de la respuesta de sus especies al estrés hídrico. De acuerdo a los resultados, se delimitaron cinco entidades taxonómicamente válidas de las seis especies estudiadas en Argentina: Cereus aethiops, C. hildmannianus, C. hankeanus, C. stenogonus y C. spegazzinii. La similitud entre las poblaciones de C. forbesii y las de C. hankeanus indicaron que no hay evidencia suficiente que muestre que sean dos especies diferentes, por lo tanto por el principio de prioridad que rige en los tratados taxonómicos ambas entidades fueron unificadas bajo el binomio de C. hankeanus. Los estudios estadísticos multivariados definieron a los caracteres vegetativos como caracteres diagnósticos por ser aquellos que mejor separan a las especies analizadas. Esto resulta sumamente útil en los estudios a campo ya que los caracteres vegetativos se pueden observar y medir en cualquier momento del año. 6 Los modelos de distribución espacial indicaron rangos de distribucion amplios en el país para algunas especies como C. aethiops, mientras que otras presentaron rangos más restringindos como C. hildmannianus y C. spegazzinii. Además, se definieron las ecoregiones en las que se extienden y las variables climáticas que afectan su distribución, las cuales se relacionan con la temperatura y la precipitación. Estos modelos permitieron ampliar los sitios de presencia en lugares y ecoregiones donde no habían registros y además, se registró ausencia en sitios en los que deberían encontrarse, lo que puede deberse a que aún cuando las especies tienen hábitats disponibles, no lo han podido colonizar debido a barreras ambientales y a la eliminación como consecuencia
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