Index

Boldface numbers indicate pages on which illustJ;ations appear.

Abies, 424, 437, 447 cytological, 57-58 235, 236, 244, 273, 285, 318, Abietaceae, 425-439 homologous theory, 223, 247, 319, 330, 343-344, 350-351 Abscission layer, 450, 467 249 Antherozoid, 30 Acetabularia, 54, 56, 57, 58, 107, interpolation theory, 247, 249 'Anthoceros, 12, 214-219, 220, 109 morphological, 58 228, 229, 239, 244, 246, 330, Achene,49O Amanita, 163, 168 356 Achlorota, 515 Amaranthus, 135 Anthocerotaceae,214-219 Achlra, 133-135, 136, 137, 140, Amblrstegium, 230 Anthocerotales,214-219 181 Ament, 501 Anthocerotopsida, 213-219, 244 Acrasin, 125 Amoebae, 125 Anthophyta, 253, 388, 400, 450, Acrasiomycetes, 121, 125, 126, Amphicarpa, 127 466-503 127 Amphigastria, 209 distinguishing characteristics, Acrogynous, 210 Amphiphloic siphonostele, 260 495 Actinomorphy, 472 Amphithecium, 188, 200, 217, vegetative organization, 466 Actinomycetes, 119 228, 237, 244 Antibiotics, 119, 146 Actinostele, 259, 270 Amphitropous ovule, 474 Anticlinal, 187 Adder's tongue fern, 326-337 Amphitropy, 487 Antipodal cell, 481 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 3 Anabaena, 12, 15, 16, 18, 19, 22, Antirrhinum, 479 Adiantum, 335, 336-340, 341, 108,367,392 Antithetic theory, 223, 247-249, 346, 352, 356, 357, 374, 375, Anacrogynae, 202 379 376 Anacrogynous, 202, 207 Apical cell, 67, 75, 77, 81, 85, Adnation, 472 Anatomy, 2 185, 203, 205, 209, 215, 226, Adoxa, 485 Anatropous ovule, 474 227, 231, 232, 235, 237, 244, Adventitious roots, 327, 337, 347, Andreaea, 242, 243, 247 253, 264, 269, 289, 310, 314, 362, 371, 375, 405, 450 Andreaeaceae, 242, 243 329, 337, 341, 343, 348, 355, Aecia, 158 Andreaeales, 242, 243 361 Aeciospore, 155, 158-159, 180 Andreaeopsida, 225, 242, 243, 244 Apical growth, 75, 79, 106, 131, After-ripening, 491 Androspores, 44, 45, 393 203,266,269 • Agar, 71, 72, 108, 115 Anemia, 345, 352, 353, 373, 374 Apical meristem, 253, 415, 426, Agaricus, 164, 165, 168 Aneurophrton, 369 468 Agathis, 440, 441, 442 Angiopteris, 330, 332, 333, 350, Apical notch, 343 Agave, 467 374, 375, 376 Aplanospore(s), 37, 57, 95, 134, Age of cycads, 408 Angiosperm, 388 508 Age of ferns, 368, 404 Angiospermae, 388, 463, 466-503 Apogamy, 248, 286, 378, 493, 510 Agriculture, 1 Angiosperms, Apogeotropic, 392 Air bladders, 67, 69 origin of, 495-503 Apomixis, 493 Air chambers, 190 Angiospenny, 469 Apophysis, 239 Akaryota, 13, 114 Animikiea, 108, 109 Akinete, 19 Apospory, 248, 356-358, 378, 493, Anisogamy, 30 Albugo, 127, 135, 136, 137, 510 Anisophylly, 290 140-143 Apothecium, 149-151, 176 Alga-like fungi, 127-141 Annual, 214, 466 Appressoria, 173 Algae, 6, 9-112 Annularia, 321, 323, 324 Aquilegia, 502 Alginic acid, 60, 108 Annulus, 228, 240, 342, 350, 352, Arachnodiscus, 102 Allectoria, 174 354 Araucaria, 424, 440-441 Allomrces, 127, 130, 131, 132, Anther, 469 Archaeopteris, 444, 445 133, 134, 140, 181, 509 Antheridial cell, 295, 300 Archegonial chamber, 400, 419, Allophycocyanin, 12 Antheridial filaments, 87 420 Alsophila, 354-355 Antheridiophores, 192, 195 Archegoniophores, 192, 194 Alternaria, 170 Antheridium-inducing factor, 345 Archegonium(a), 186, 192, 194, Alternation of generations, 47, Antheridium(a) , 44, 64, 75, 83, 198, 201, 203, 204, 206, 207, 49, 57-58, 69, 247-249, 358­ 86, 96, 134, 149, 151, 186, 210, 213, 215, 216, 227, 233, 359, 379, 386 192, 195, 198, 201, 203, 204, 235, 244, 273, .285, 296, 300, antithetic theory, 223, 247-249 206, 209, 213, 215, 227, 233, 318, 319, 330, 345, 346, 351,

531 Archegonium (a) (Continued) Basidiospore (s), 155, 157, 159, Calobryum, 212, 213, 220 Chlorococcum, 36, 356, 398, 400, 419, 433, 439, 162, 167, 170, 509 Calothrix, 12, 16, 20, 21, 22, 106 57, 58, 93, 113 454,464 Basidium, 155, 157, 159, 166, Calvatia, 167, 168 Chlorophyceae, 24-, Archeoblattina, 304 167-168 Calyptra, 188, 197, 207, 211, 228, Chlorophycophyta, A ristolochia, 260 Batrachospermum, 71, 77-78, 237,251,359,366 84, 87, 93, 106, Arthrobotrys, 172 83, 106 Calyx, 469 202, 246 Arthrophyta, 85, 250, 251, 310­ Bauhinia, 265 Cambium, 261, 262, 298, 329, 392, classifi~ation, 58 325,386 Bennettitales, 408 415, 426, 427, 450 Chlorophylls, 12, 88, Artificial system, 5 Bennettites, 408 Campylotropous ovule, 474 See also Pign Asclepias, 490 Berberis, 157 Canal, 88, 89 Chloroplast(s), 13, Ascobolus, 154 Berry, 490 Cananga, 500 Chlorota, 515, 517 Ascocarp, 142, 146-149, 176 Biennial, 466 Capillarity, 208 Chondrus crispus, l( Ascogenous hyphae, 145, 149, Biliproteins, 12 Capitulum, 87, 123,475 Christmas fern, 340 151, 180 Bipartition, 28 Capsella, 486, 487, 504 Chromoplast(s),215 Ascogonium (a) , 145, 146, 149, Biuvia, 410 Capsule, 115, 116, 195, 204, 205, Chromosomes, 357 151 Blade, 466 207,212,237,244,490 Chroococcus, 13, 14, Ascomycota, 112, 142-154, 159, Blasia, 12 Carinal canal, 313 Chrysanthemum, 471 173, 179, 180 Blastocladiaceae, 140 Carotene, 238 Chrysolaminarin, 93, classification, 154 Blastophaga, 483 See also Pigments Chrysophyceae, 93, ~ origin, 153-154 Blue-green algae, 7, 9, 10-22 Carpel, 388, 469, 473, 475 classification, 98 Ascophyllum, 9 Body cell, 397,435 Carpenteles, 145, 153, 154 Chrysophycophyta, Ascopore(s), 143, 145, 148, 149, Bog moss, 225, 229 Carpogonial branch, 78, 79, 82 106 170, 180 Bordered pit, 427 Carpogonium(a), 75, 79, 82, 83 Chytrids, 127-130 Ascus (asci), 142, 143, 145, 147, Bothrodendron, 308 Carposporangium (a), 77, 80 Cibotium, 354-355 152, 153, 176 Botrychium, 261, 326, 327-330, Carpospore(s), 77,78,83 Cilia, 400 Asexual reproduction, see Repro­ 333, 342. 347, 374, 376, 380, Carposporophyte, 82, 196, 379 Cinnamon fern 340 duction, asexual 381. 382, 507 Carragheen, 108 Circinate ver~atio~, Aspergillus, 143, 144, 145, 146, Botrydiopsis. 93. 94. 96. 97 Carragheenins, 71, 72 347, 361, 374, 39 153, 154 Botrydium, 37, 94-95, 96, 97, Carteria, 26, 31, 43, 58, 108 Cladonia, 175, 176 Asplenium, 338, 340 127, 140 Carya, 501 Cladophora, 42, 45, ' Astasia, 89 Botryopteris, 372 Caryopsis, 490 58, 61, 64, 106, 11 Casparian thickening, 289 Asterella, 198 Bowmanites. 323 196, 248 Castillochara, 110 Cladoxylales, 368, 36 Asteroxylaceae, 276-277 Bract, 322. 452 Caulerpa, 55, 58, 107 Asteroxylon, 276-277 Bracteole, 452. 453 Cladoxylon, 369,370, Atactostele, 259, 261 Cauline sporangium, 269, 271, Clamp connections, 1 Branch gaps, 380 Atrichum, 232, 233, 241, 247 279,384 Class,S Branch roots. 263, 337 A ulocomnium, 242 Caulopteris, 304 Classification, natural, Aureomycin, 119 Bread mold, 137 Caytonia, 407, 410, 499 Classification, phylogl Auricularia, 165-166, 168 Brewers' yeast, 143 Cedrus, 439, 447 Classification of plant Autocolonies, 42 Brittleworts. 84 Cell wall, 11 518 Autoecious, 160 Brown algae, 11, 60-70, 93 Cellular endosperm, 485 Cleavage polyembryOl Autospore(s), 57, 508 Bryology,3 Cellular slime m"lds, 125 Cleistogamous flower Autotrophic, 12, 89, 112, 222, 507 Bryophyta, 6, 88, 183, 196, 225­ Cellulose, 13 Cleistothecium, 146, i, Auxiliary cell, 80 249, 356, 378, 379, 383, 492 Central canal, 313 Cliff brake, 336 Auxin, 261 Bryopsis, 54-55, 58,69, 127, 133, Central cell, 346, 398, 434 Clintonia, 265 Auxospore( s), 101, 102 357,504 Central nodule, 101 Clonal culture, 30, 36 Axenic culture, 36 Bryum, 230, 242 Centrarch xylem, 257, 276 Closterium, 51, 52, 53, Axillary bud, 253 Bud scales, 414, 428 Centric diatoms, 100, 102 Club mosses, 280-287 Axillary sporangium, 384 Budding, 143 Centrosomes, 60 Clump formation, 28 Azolla, 12. 108, 367-368, 373, Buds, 426, 505 Ceratium, 91 Coccus, 114, 115 Ceratodon, 242 374, 376. 393 Bulb, 466, 467, 508 Codium, 55, 56, 58,10 Ceratopteris, 375 Bulbil, 283, 508 509 Ceratozamia, 389, 390, 396, 410 Bundle sheath, 467 Coelastrum, 42, 58 Bacillariophyceae, 93, 99-103, Chamaecyparis, 440, 447 Coenocysts, 38 Buxbaumia, 230 106 Chamaesiphon, 12, 13, 14, 15, 22 Coenocyte, 10 Bacillus, 114, 115, '117 Chara, 24, 84-87, 507, 509 Coenocytic, 131 Bacteria, 114-120, 179, 510 Calamitales, 321-323 Charophyta, 11, 24, 58, 84-88, Coenocytic and tubula: fossil, 177 Calamites, 304, 321, 322, 323, 106, 107, 109, 186 Coenopteridales, 371-3 Baiera, 422, 423 324 Chemosynthetic, 112 Coleorhiza, 401 Bangia, 73, 83 Calamophyton, 320, 324 Chemotaxis, 132, 187, 346, 365 Coleus, 253 Baragwanathia, 302, 308 Calamostachys, 322 Chlamydomonadaceae, 58 Colonial algae, 31-35, Basal cell, 486 Calathospermum, 499 Chlamydomonas, 25-31, 35, 37, Colony, 98, 106 Basal growth, 106 Calcareous algae, 71 43, 48, 57, 58, 61, 107, 153, Columella, 138, 217, 22: Basidiocarp (s), 155, 162-163, Callixylon, 443, 444 168, 181, 248, 504, 509 Column, 419, 453 165 Callus, 261, 359 Chlamydospores, 170 Companion cells, 257, Basidiomycota, 112, 155-169, 171, Calobryaceae, 212, 213 Chlorella, 24, 39, 41, 58, 108, 504 Complete flower, 469 173, 179, 180 Calobryales, 184, 212, 213 Chlorenchyma, 185 Compound leaf, 264, 3: Chlorococcum, 36, 37, 38, 41, Compound pistil, 473 classification, 22 57,58,93, 1I3 Compound strobilus, 452-453, Cyathea, 354--355, 374 Chlorophyceae, 24-59, 84, 140 464 Cyatheaceae, 354-355 Chlorophycophyta, 10, II, 24-59, Compound zoospore, 96 Cycadaceae, 389-404 84,87, 93, 106, 140, 173, 180, Conceptacles, 67, 68 Cycadales, 389-404, 409-410 202,246 Conchocelis, 74-75 Cycadeoidea, 408, 409, 410 classifi::ation, 58 Conduplicate carpel, 499 Cycadeoidopsida, 388, 408-409 Chlorophylls, 12, 88, 238 Cone, 464 Cycadofilicales, 404 See also Pigments Conidiophore, 144, 170 Cycadophyta, 388-41I Chloroplast(s), 13,24,57,88 Conidium (a), 1I9, 144, 145, 148, Cycadopsida, 388, 389-404, 409­ Chlorota, 515, 517 151, 153, 170, 180 410 Chondrus crispus, 108 Coniferales, 425-442 Cycads, 389-404, 51I Christmas fern, 340 Coniferophyta, 424-448, 462 Cycas, 389-390, 391, 402, 403, Chromoplast (s), 215, 235 Coniferopsida, 424-441 404, 410, 463 Chromosomes, 357 Conifers, 424, 448 Cyme, 475 Chroococcus, 13, 14, 15, 22 Conjugate nuclear division, 168 Cyrtomium, 340, 355, 357 Chrysanthemum, 476 Conjugation tube, 130 Cyst, 56, 103 Chrysolaminarin, 93, 97, 101 Connective, 475 • Cystidia, 165 Chrysophyceae, 93, 97-99, 103 Conocephalum, 198, 205, 212, Cystocarps, 82 classification, 98 220 Cytology, 2 Chrysophycophyta, II, 93-104, Contractile vacuoles, 26, 37, 42, 106 51,89,98 Dactyella, 172 Chytrids, 127-130 Convoluta, 108 Darwin, 495 Cibotium, 354-355 Coprinus, 163, 164, 168 Daughter colony formation, 57 Cilia, 400 Cord moss, 230 Dawsonites, 276 Cinnamon fern, 340, 347-348 Cordaianthus, 445, 452 Dehiscence, 212 Circinate vernation, 331, 338, Cordaicarpus, 445 Dendroceros, 222, 246 347, 361, 374, 391, 463 Cordaites, 304, 442, 443--446, 447 Derbesia, 54 Cladonia, 175, 176 Cordaitopsida, 424, 441-446 Desmids, 9, 51-52, 53, 98, 101 Cladophora, 42, 45, 46, 47, 54, Cork cambium, 261, 262, 415, Determinate inflorescence, 575 58, 61, 64, 106, 107, 181, 187, 427,468 Deuteromycota, 1I2, 170, 171, 173 196,248 Cork cells, 262 Diarch,257 Cladoxylales, 368, 369-370 Corm, 466, 467 "Diatomaceous earth," 100 Cladoxylon, 369, 370, 386 Corona, 87 Diatoms, 9, II, 98-103, 109-1I0 Clamp connections, 162, 168 Corpus, 254 Dichotomous branching, 81, 380 Class,S Cortex, 254, 271, 313, 337, 352, Dicksonia, 374 Classification, natural, 2 392, 426, 428 Dicksoniaceae, 354--355 Classification, phylogenetic, 2 Cortication, 87 Dicotyledons, 503 Classification of plants, 4-8, 51I­ Coscinodiscus, 100, 102, 103 Dicranum, 242 518 Cosmarium, 51, 52, 58 Dictyostele, 259, 269, 377 Cleavage polyembryony, 436 Costae, 101 Dictyosteliurn, 125 Cleistogamous flower, 483 Cotyledon, 286, 297, 301, 366, Differentiation, 506--507 Cleistothecium, 146, 149 401, 420, 436, 438, 458, 465, Dikaryotic, 159 Cliff brake, 336 466,488 Dikaryotization, 165 Clintonia, 265 Cover cell, 345 Dinobryon, 97, 98 Clonal culture, 30, 36 Dinoflagellates, II, 90 Creationism, 4 Closterium, 51, 52, 53, 58 Dinophyceae, 90 Club mosses, 280-287 Crown cells, 87 Dioecious, 416, 442, 451, 459, Clump formation, 28 Crozier formation, 151, 152 460,509 Coccus, 114, lIS Cryoflora, 9 Dioecism, 393, 471 Codium, 55, 56, 58, 107, 109,504, Cryptoblasts, 67 Dioon, 389, 390, 403, 409, 410 509 Cryptogam, 251, 404, 509 Diospyros, 495 Coelastrum, 42, 58 Cryptogamia, 250, 388 Diplanetism, 134 Coenocysts, 38 Cryptoxanthin, 88 Diplobiontic, 47, 53, 54, 79, 107 Coenocyte, 10 Cucurbita, 257 Diploid, 30 Coenocytic, 131 Cultures, 36 Disc flower, 475 Coenocytic and tubular algae, 54 Cup fungi, 149-152 Division,S Coenopteridales, 371-372 Cupressaceae, 440 DNA, 8, 13, 24, 1I6, 1I8, 123, Coleorhiza, 401 Cupressus, 440 359 Coleus, 253 Cupule,459 Double fertilization, 485, 502 Colonial algae, 31-35, 39-42 Cuscuta, 507 Drimys,501 Colony, 98, 106 Cuticle, 208, 254 Drosophila, 201 Columella, 138, 217, 228, 239, 244 Cyanophyceae, 10 Drupe, 490 Column, 419, 453 Cyanophycean starch, 13, 106 Dryopteris, 335, 336-342, 343, Companion cells, 257, 467 Cyanophycophyta, 7, 10-22, 57, 344, 345, 346, 347, 352, Complete flower, 469 106, 107, 108, 1I4, 1I6, 173, 356, 357, 374, 376 Compound leaf, 264, 355, 467 179,180,246,510 Dwarf males, 45

IN DEX 533 Ecology, 1, 2 Eumycophyta, 179 Fossombronia, 207, 208 Ginkgo, 264, 265, Economic aspects of algae, 107­ Eurotium, 145, 153, 154 Fragaria, 491 421, 422, 424, ' 108 Eurystoma, 499 Fragmentation, 51, 57, 508 432, 434, 435, 4 Ectocarpus, 61, 62, 64, 69, 70, Eusporangiate, 272, 284, 291, 315, Free-cell formation, 136, 143­ 463, 464, 465, , 106, 107, 181, 248, 509 381,393,416,429,464 145, 147, 180 Ginkgoites, 422, 421 Ectophloic siphonosteles, 260 Eusporangiopsida, 326-334, 352, Free-nuclear division, 296, 300, Ginkgophyta, 413-4.: Egg, 30, 33, 44, 67, 68, 69, %, 360,375 397, 418, 420, 432, 454, 457, Girdle band, 101 103, 134, 187, 204, 210, 216, Eustele, 259, 261, 314, 329 464, 480, 485 Gleditsiophyllum, 4~ 235, 398, 460, 481 Evolution, 4, 513-515 Free-nuclear embryogeny, 400, Globule, 85 Egg apparatus, 481 Exarch protostele, 468 404,447 Gloeocapsa, 13, 14, 1 Eichler, 514 Exarch xylem, 257, 270, 282, 305 Fritschiella, 505 Gloeotrichia, 16, 20, Elater, 196, 315 Exine, 295, 417, 429,480 Frond, 338 Glossary, 519-529 Elaterophore, 205 Exocarp, 490 Fruits, 485-493 Glossopsida, 287-29i Embryo,237,382-383 Exospores, 15, 22 aggregate, 488, 490-491 Gnetales, 458-461 Embryo-forming cells, 436 Eyespot,26 multiple, 490, 491-492 Gnetophyta, 449-462 Embryogeny, 274-275, 286, 296­ simple, 488, 490 Gnetum, 450, 451, 297, 301, 319, 330, 332, 345­ False branching, 20, 22 Frullania, 207, 2ll, 212, 220, 460, 461, 462, 4l 346, 351, 356, 366, 376, 420­ False indusium, 340 506 491, 493, 502 422, 435-437, 457-458, 460, Family, 5 Frustules, 98 Goebel, 514 465, 485-493, 503 Female gametophyte, 295-2%, Fucoxanthin, 60, 101 Golden algae, 11 Embryonal tubes, 436 364-365, 397-398, 419, 432­ FuGUs, 9, 66, 67, 68-70 Golden-brown algae, Emplectopteris, 404 433, 454, 464, 480-483 Fuligo, 123 Golgi apparatus, 8, Encephalartos, 389, 410 Fern life cycle, 356-359 Funaria, 230, 238, 240, 241, 179, 515 Endarch xylem, 257, 426, 450 Ferns, 326-377 244,247 Gonidia,32 Endocarp, 490 Fertile spike, 329 Functional megaspore, 395, 397, Goniolina, 110 Endodermis, 255, 271, 282, 313, Fertilization, 400, 420, 434, 461, 480 Gonyaulox, 90 337, 348, 362, 426, 428, 468 483,485 Fungi, 112-182, 271, 274, 329, Gossypium, 484 Endophyte, 12 Fertilization tubes, 135 506,508 Gradate sorus, 353, 3: Endoplasmic reticulum, 8, 13, Fibers, 257, 258 Fungi imperfecti, 170 Grain, 490 515 Fiddlehead, 331, 355 Funiculus, 473, 479 Granite mosses, 242 Endosperm, 485, 502 Filament, 10, 106, 469 Grape fern, 327 Endospore, 22, 117, 118, 179 Filamentous algae, 42-51 Green algae, 9, 11, 24­ Gametangium(a), 9, 55, 62, 107, Endothecium, 188, 200, 217, 228, Filicales, 335-359, 372-373 Griffithsia, 71, 7~1. 132, 138, 250 237,239,244,477 Fissidens, 230, 232, 241, 242 107, 187, 248, 249 Enteromorpha, 9 Flagellation, 179 Gamete{s), 9, 28, 34, 46, 47, 54, Grimmia, 230 Eospermatopteris, 369 Flagellum, 26, 60, 89, 91, 93, 98, 56, 57, 95, 107, 132, 509 Ground meristem, 254 Ephedra, 85, 400, 449-457,458, 236, 364, 400 Gametophore(s), 192, 229, 236 Ground pine, 281 461, 462, 463, 464, 465 Floriculture, 1 Gametophyte, 54, 61, 64, 69, 79, Group formation, 28 Ephedrales, 449-458 Floridean starch, 71, 83, 106 83, 185, 214, 215, 230, 233, Growth, 505 Ephedrine, 449 Flower, 466, 468-476 238, 247, 272-274, 275, 284­ apical, 505 286, 293-2%, 300-301, 315­ Epicotyl, 420 Flowering fern, 347, 348 generalized, 74, 106 319, 330, 332, 342-346, 350­ Epidermis, 185, 254, 282, 426 Flowering plants, 69, 388, 466­ intercalary, 43, 62, 1 351, 353, 3~4, 356, 364-366, Epigean germination, 437, 447, 503 trichothallic, 61 376, 381-382, 383, 395-400, 458, 465, 492 Follicle, 490 Guard cells, 217, 254 Epigynous flower, 472 Fontinalis, 230 416-420, 454-457 Guignardia, 171 Epipetalous stamen, 472 Food chain, 108 Gamones, 138 Gunf/intia, 108, 109 Epiphragm, 242 Foot, 195, 237, 239, 244, 274, 286, Gaps, 471 Gymnodinium, 91 Epiphyte, 12,98,173 296, 301, 319, 330, 351, 366 Geastrum, 167,168 Gymnosperm, 388 Epiplasm, 142 Forestry, 1 Gelans, 72 Gymnospermae, 388, 4l Epitheca, 101, 103 Form and growth, 504-505 Gelidium, 108 Gymnosperms, 388-46~ Equisetaceae, 310-320 Form genera, 368 Gemma, 134, 180, 191, 201, 233, recapitulation, 463--4 Equisetales, 310-320, 324 Forsstroemia, 242 283, 508 Gymnosporangium, ] Equisetites, 324 Fossil plants, algae, 108-109 Gemma cups, 191 168 Equisetum, 261, 275, 310, 3ll­ angiosperms, 495-503 Genemosperma, 404, 405 319, 320, 321, 323, 324, arthrophyta, 320-324 General Summary, 505-518 H-shaped segments, 94 Habitat, 9, 10, 11, 507· 337, 375, 380, 381, 382, 383, bacteria, 177, 178 Generative cell, 395, 417, 431, Hapalosiphon, 16, 21, : 450,464 Bryophyta, 245 456, 460, 479 Haplobiontic, 47, 107, ~ Eremosphaera, 39, 41, 58 conifers, 442-446 Genetics, 1 Haploid,30 Erysiphe, 149, 154 fungi, 177 Genus, 5 Haplostele, 259 Escherichia, ll5, ll8, 188 Ginkgophyta, 421-422 Geologic time, 512 Hauke, 315 Essential organs, 469 Hepatophyta, 219-220 Germ tubes, 134 Haustorium (a), 136, Etapteris, 371, 373 liverworts, 219, 220 Germinal furrow, 480 173 Eucalyptus, 10 Microphyllophyta, 320-388 Germinal pore, 480 Head, 475 Euglena, 88-90, 89, 90, 113 Psilophyta, 275-278 Germination, 458, 491-492 Helianthus, 476 Euglenoids, 11 Pterophyta, 368-373 Giant kelp, 10 Hemiangiospermae, 49l! Euglenophycophyta, 11, 88-90, record, 386, 511-518 Gibberellin, 345 Hemitrichia, 122, 123 106, 107, 510 seed plants, 404-410 Gills, 162-164 Hepaticites, 220

534 INDEX INDEX Ginkgo, 264, 265, 400, 413­ Hepatophyta 6, 88, 183-223, 244, Internodal cell, 85 421, 422, 424, 428, 429, 430, 356,378,379,383 Internode, 85, 87, 258, 263, 310 432, 434, 435, 436, 447, 461, classification, 220 Interpolation theory, 379 463, 464, 465, 468, 491, 511 Hepatopsida, 183, 185, 213, 214, Interrupted fern, 347, 348 Ginkgoites, 422, 423 244 Intine, 295, 417, 429 Ginkgophyta, 413-423 Heterocysts, 22 Involucral cells, 82 Girdle band, 101 Heteroecious, 159 Involucre, 197, 206, 207 Gleditsiophyllum, 495 Heterogametes, 54 Iris, 467,490 Globule, 85 Heterogamy, 30, 57, 509 Irish moss, 108 Gloeocapsa, 13, 14, 15, 22, 75 Heteromorphic, 48, 64, 107 Isoetaceae, 297-301 Gloeotrichia, 16, 20, 22, 106 Heteromorphic alternation, 48, Isoetales, 297-301, 307 Glossary, 519-529 184,357,379,510 Isoetes, 261, 264, 280, 298-30I, Glossopsida, 287-297 Heterospory, 288, 292, 363, 376, 302, 305, 308, 363, 364, 376, Gnetales, 458-461 381, 393, 464, 511 380,382;393,507,511 Gnetophyta, 449-462 Heterothallism, 147, 159 Isoetites, 307, 308 Gnetum, 450, 451, 458, 459. Heterotrichy, 46 Isogametes, 28, 37 460, 461, 462, 463, 464, 481, Heterotrophic, 183, 22i, 507 Isogamous, 30 491, 493, 502 Heterotrophism, 112 Isogamy, 57, 509 Goebel, 514 "Higher plants," 506 Isomorphic, 54, 107 Golden algae, 11 Hippeastrum, 480 Isomorphic alternation, 48, 510 Golden-brown algae, 97-99 Histology, 2 Isophyllous leaves, 222, 290 Golgi apparatus, 8, 13, 24, 57, Holdfast, 15, 54, 62 Isthmus, 51 179, 515 Holly fern, 357 Gonidia,32 Holozoic, 113, 121 Jacket cells, 215 Goniolina, 110 Homologous theory, 223, 247, Jacket layer, 433 Gonyaulox, 90 249, 273, 379 Jelly fungi, 165 Gossypium, 484 Homospory, 393 Joint fir, 449 Gradate sorus, 353, 354, 363 Homothallism, 159 Jungermanniaceae, 201, 207, 212 Grain, 490 Hormogonium, 18, 508 J ungermanniales, 184, 201, 212, Granite mosses, 242 Hormones, 138 244 Grape fern, 327 Hornworts, 183-213, 219 Jungermannites, 220 Green algae, 9, 11, 24-59 Horsetails, 310 Juniperus, 424, 440, 441, 447 Griffithsia, 71, 78-81, 82, 83, 106, Horticulture, 1 107, 187,248, 249 Hot Spring algae, 12 Karyogamy, 30, 142, 168 Grimmia, 230 Humaria, 150, 154 Kelps, 9, 10, 60, 62--66, 83, 506 Ground meristem, 254, 269 Hydra, 108 Ground pine, 281 Hydrocolloids, 71 Lacuna, 298 Group formation, 28 Hydrodictyon, 40-41, 58, 504 Lagenostoma, 405, 406 Growth,505 Hydrophyte, 508 Lamina, 466 apical, 505 Hyenia, 320, 324 Laminaria, 48, 62, 63, 64, 66, generalized, 74, 106 Hyeniales, 320-321 69, 70, 0107, 187, 217, 248, intercalary, 43, 62, 106 Hyeniopsis, 314 379,504 trichothallic, 61 Hymenium, 152, 165 Laminarin, 60, 93 Guard cells, 217, 254 Hymenophyllaceae, 353-354 Land plants, 250 Guignardia, 171 Hymenophyllum, 353-354, 356, introduction, 183 Gunflintia, 108, 109 374,375 Larix, 424, 447 Gymnodinium, 91 Hypanthium, 469 Lateral conjugation, 51 Gymnosperm, 388 Hypha, 127 Lathyrus, 489 Gymnospermae, 388, 463 Laver, 108 Hypocotyl, 401, 420, 436, 466 Gymnosperms, 388-465 Leaf, 209, 281, 282, 450-451, 460­ Hypodermis, 391 recapitulation, 463-465 467 Hypogean germination, 421, 465, Gymnosporangium, 157. 159, macrophyllous, 264, 265, 368, 492 168 380, 384, 386, 426, 451, 466­ Hypogyny, 472 467, 507 H-shaped segments, 94 HypothalIus, 122 microphyllous, 264, 265, 283, Hahitat, 9, 10, 11, 507-508 Hypotheca, 101, 103 Hapalosiphon, 16,21,22 290,298,305,384,386 Haplobiontic, 47, 107,248 nature of, 380-381 Haploid, 30 Incomplete flower, 469 simple, 264, 355, 467 Haplostele, 259 Indeterminate inflorescence, 475 Leaf gap, 259, 261, 264-265, 348, Hauke, 315 Indusium, 340, 362, 364, 367 361, 380, 392, 426, 467, 468 Haustorium (a), 136, 149, 156, Inflorescence, 451, 469, 475 Leaf primordium, 226, 330 173 Integument, 394, 417, 419, 420­ Leaf scar, 304 Head, 475 421, 430, 452, 458, 479 Leaf trace, 258, 259, 282, 328, Helianthus, 476 origin, 404 339, 348, 361, 408, 415, 467, Hemiangiospermae, 498 Intercalary meristem, 217 468 Hemitrichia, 122, 123 International Code of Botanical Leafy gametophore, 227, 230, 231 Hepaticites, 220 Nomenclature, 5 Leafy liverworts, 207

INDEX 535 Lebachia, 446, 447 Marasmius, 164, 168 Micropyle, 394, 430, 479, 485 Needle leaves, 425, ' Legume, 490 Microsphaera, 133, 154 Marattia, 330, 331-333, 348, Nemalion, 71, 75­ Lemanea, 71, 83 350,374,376 Microsporangium, 69, 292, 363, 106, 107, 166, II Lemna, 255 393, 408, 416, 428, 429, 445, Marattiaceae, 330-333 Nematodes, 171 Lenticel, 262, 415 Marattiales, 330-333, 347, 372 453,475 Nemophila, 485 Lepidodendrales, 280, 299, 303­ Microspore, 69, 292, 300, 363, 364, Marchantia, 189-196, 197, 198, Nephrolepis, 335, 37 307 202, 203, 204, 220, 297, 392, 393, 417, 429, 453, 454, 464, Nereocystis, 65, 66, Lepidodendron, 304, 305, 306, 393 475,478 Neuroloma, 242 308 Marchantiaceae, 189, 198 Microsporocyte, 292, 300, 393, Neuropteris, 304, 4 Lepidophloios, 304, 306 Marchantiales, 184, 198, 200, 204, 459, 477 Neurospora, 144-1~ Lepidostrobus, 306 244 Microsporogenesis, 429, 454, 477­ 153, 154, 159 Lepidozamia, 389 Marchantites, 220 478 Nitella, 24, 84, 85, 8~ Lepiota, 163 Marginal meristem, 264 Microsporophyll, 292, 299, 416, Nitrobacter, ll3 Leptosporangiate sporangium, 335, Marsilea, 360-366, 367, 374, 445, 474, 509 341 Nitrogen fixation, I 375, 380, 382, 5ll Microstrobilus, 416, 428, 429, 367,392 Leptosporangiopsida, 326, 335­ Marsileaceae, 360-367 460 Nitrogen.fixing bacte 377, 381 Marsileales, 335, 360-367 Midrib, 67, 205, 223 Nitrosomonas, ll3 Leucodon, 242 Medulla, 62, 175 Mitochondria, 8, 13, 24, 57, 179, Nodal anatomy, 258 Leucosin, 93, 98 Medullosa, 406, 407, 410 515 Nodal cell, 85 Lichens, 12, 172-176 Megasporangium, 69, 292, 300, Mitosporangia, 131 Node, 85, 87, 258, 26~ Life cycle, 223, 245, 378-380, 510 363, 393, 394, 397, 404, 417, Mixed sorus, 340 Norfolk Island pine, ' Lignification, 258 419, 428, 430, 434, 454, 459, Mnionopsida, 225, 229, 230, 233, Nostoc, 12, 16, 18, Lignin, 257, 280, 288, 299, 467 479 234 175, 214 Ligustrum, 266, 467 Megaspore, 69, 292, 295, 300, Mnium, 235, 242, 247 Nuclear membrane, I Lilium, 472, 473, 477, 478, 363,364 Molds, ascomycetous (and im· Nucleoli, 13 479, 480, 481, 482, 484, Megasporocyte, 292, 300, 395, perfect), 143-148 Nucule, 85 485,486 430,454,459,464,479 phycomycetous, 137-140 Nutrition, 507-508 Linear tetrad, 395, 417, 430, 454, Megasporogenesis, 398, 432 Monarch, 257 479 Megasporophyll, 292, 299, 394, Monkey·puzzle tree, 440 Linear triad, 430 445, 509 Monocolpate, 480 Ochromonas, 97-98, 1 Linnaeus, 250 Megasporophyte, 417 Monocotyledons, 503 Oedogonium, 9, 42, ' Lip cells, 342, 355 Megastrobilus, 394, 396,429, 437, Monoecious, 428, 439, 440, 451, 58, 106, 107, 209 Liriodendron, 500 441,460 471,509 Oenothera, 478, 479 Liverworts, 6, 47, 88, 183-223, Meiosis, 29, 30, 32, 37, 41, 44, Monophyletic, 250 Oidia, 165 245 46, 51, 53, 54, 56, 61, 62, 68, Monophyletic systems, 8 Oil, 91, 101 Living fossils, 389 75, 87, 95, 102, 103, 107, 123, Monosporangia, 73 Onoclea, 340, 374, 375 Lobelia, 485 135, 147, 159, 188, 205, 207, Monospores, 73 Ontogeny, 37 Long shoot, 414, 415, 426 228, 239, 247, 248, 272, 291, Monotropa, 507 Oogamy, 30, 57, 509 Lorica, 90, 98 300, 329, 341, 357, 376, 378, Morphology, 1 Oogonium, 44, 45, 64, "Lower" plants, 506 393, 395, 416, 417, 429, 430, Morus, 491 87,96, 134 Lunularia, 198, 220 453, 454, 459, 464, 477, 509­ Mosses, 6, 47, 88, 183, 225-249 Oospore, 44, 87 Lutein, 88, 238 510 Mucilage canal, 392 Operculum, 228, 240 Lycogala, 122, 125 Meiosporangium, 131, 132 Mucor, 140 Ophioglossaceae, 326 Lycoperdon, 167, 168 Melosira, 100, 102, 103 Muscites, 245 Ophioglossales, 326-3.1 Lycopodiales, 303 Membranous algae, 53-54 Mushrooms, 162-165 OphioglossuT/'l, 263, Lycopodites, 303, 308 Merismopedia, 16,22, 106 Mutations, 4 327-330, 341, Lycopodium, 280-287, 288, 290, Mermaid's Parasol, 56 Mycelium, 127, 137, 144, 148, 149, 377, 381, 382 294, 296, 299, 301, 302, 319, Mermaid's Wine Goblet, 56 151, 156-157, 162 Orchids, 487 Merozygote, ll8 330, 381, 382, 385, 507 Mycobiont, 173 Order, 5 Lyginopteris, 304, 405, 406, Mesarch xylem, 257, 269, 276, Mycology, 3 Origin of life, ll3-ll4 407,410 348,368 Mycorrhiza, 375, 468 Orthotrichum, 230 Lygodium, 352, 353, 374, 380 Mesocarp, 490 Mycorrhizal fungi, 177 Orthotropous ovule, 47' Lyngbya, 16,17,18,22 Mesome, 383 Mycota, 517-518 Oscillatoria, 16, 17, ] Lyrasperma, 405 Mesophyll, 264, 290, 339, 426, Myxomycetes, 121-124 106 467 Myxomycota, 112, 121-126, 180, Osmunda, 340, 341, 1 Ma Huang, 449 Metaphloem, 256 504--505 351, 352, 353, 355 Macrocyclic, 160 Metasequoia, 439, 440, 446, 447 Myxophyceae, 7, 10-22 375,376,381 Macrocystis, 10, 65, 66, 70 Metaxylem, 257, 258, 290, 348 Osmundites, 373 Macrophyllous, see Leaf Metzgeria, 202, 220 Ostiole, 67, 147 Macrozamia, 389, 403, 410 Metzgeriaceae, 201, 207 Natural Classification, 2 Ostrich fern, 340 Magnolia, 474, 475, 488, 500 Micrasterias, 51, 52, 53, 58 Navicula, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103 Ovary, 472 Maidenhair fern, 336 Micrococcus, 116 Neck, 187, 213 Overtopping, 266, 383, .1 Maidenhair tree, 413, 414 Microconidia, 146 Neck canal cells, 187, 207, 210, Ovule, 394, 416, 4i7, Male gametophyte, 294, 364, 395, Microcycas, 389, 404,410 216,227,235,351 446, 452, 459, 47~ 403, 417, 430--431, 434, 447, Microcyclic, 160 Neck cells, 207, 210, 216, 227, Ovuliferous scale, 430 464, 479, 480 Microphyllophyta, 250, 251, 258, 235, 346, 351, 398, 419, 434, Mannitol, 60 264, 280-309 454 Paeonia, 493, 503 Manubrium, 87 Microphyllous, see Leaf Neckera, 242 Palaeohypnum, 245

536 INDEX INDEX Needle leaves, 425, 426 Palaeomyces, 179 Phycocyanin, 12, 71, 73, 78 Nemalion, 71, 75-77, 80, 83, Paleae, 337 Phycoerythrin, 12, 73, 78 106, 107, 166, 181 Paleobotany, 2 Phycology, 3 Nematodes, 171 Pallavicinia. 184, 202, 203, 205, Phycomyces, 139 Nemophila, 485 206-207,209,211,220 Phycomycota, 112, 127-141, 153, Nephrolepis, 335, 374 Palmella condition, 90 171, 179, 180, 285 Nereocystis, 65, 66, 70 Palynology, 480 Phyllids, 213 Neuroloma, 242 Pandorina, 31-32, 34, 58 Phylloglossum, 280, 281 Neuropteris, 304, 4Q5, 406, 410 Paramylum, 88 Phylogenetic classification, 2, 5, Neurospora, 144-146, 147, 148, Paraphyses, 62, 68, 165, 235 513 153, 154, 159 Parasexuality, 170 Phylogeny, 3, 37, 511-518 Nitella, 24, 84, 85, 87 Parasites, 113 Physarum, 121-123, 125 Nitrobacter, 113 Parasitism, 507 Physcia, 176 Nitrogen fixation, 12, 108, 214, Parenchyma, 36, 185, 206, 255, Physcomitrium, 242 367,392 257, 348 Physiology, 1, 2 Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, 468 Parmelia, 174, 175, 176, 177 Phytogeography, 1, 2 Nitrosomonas, 113 Parthenogenesis, 36 Picea, 424, 437, 447 Nodal anatomy, 258 Parthenogenetic, 236 • Pigments, 11, 24, 57, 60, 71, 88, Nodal cell, 85 Patella, 152, 154 93,97, 101, 106 Node, 85, 87, 258, 263,310 Peat moss, 225-229 Pileus, 163 Norfolk Island pine, 441 Pediastrum, 40, 41, 58, 504 Pilobolus, 139-140 Nostoc, 12, 16, 18, 19, 22, 108, Pedicel, 469 Pilularia, 360, 361', 366, 374 175, 214 Peduncle, 469 Pinnularia, 99, 100, 101, 103, Nuclear membrane, 13 Pelagophycus, 63, 65, 66, 70 Nucleoli, 13 Pellaea, 336, 374 504 Nucule,85 Pellia, 183, 184, 202, 203-205, Pinnule, 338 Nutrition, 507-508 207, 212, 214, 220, 505, 506 Pinon, 425 Peltigera, 174, 175, 177 Pinus, 400, 424, 425-438, 446, Penicillin, 146 447, 461, 463, 464, 465, 511 Ochromonas, 97-98, 113 Penicillium, 143, 144-146, 153, Pipes, 310 Oedogonium, 9, 42, 43, 44, 45, 154 Pistil, 388, 469, 473, 475, 509 58, 106, 107,209 Pennate diatoms, 100 Pistillate flower, 471 Oenothera, 478, 479 Perennial, 214, 466 Oidia, 165 Pisum, 473, 489 Oil, 91, 101 Perfect flower, 469 Pit connections, 72, 75 Onoclea, 34{), 374, 375 Perianth, 207, 210, 211, 469 Pith, 254, 255, 258, 263, 305, 337, Ontogeny, 37 Pericarp, 80, 488 362,392,426,468 Oogamy, 30, 57, 509 Periclinal, 187 Pits Oogonium, 44, 45, 64, 68, 77, 83, Pericycle, 263, 282, 313, 337, circular, 450 87,96, 134 348,362,426,428,468 scalariform, 450 Oospore, 44, 87 Periderm, 305, 392, 468 Placenta, 473 Operculum, 228, 240 Peridinium, 91, 122 Placental cell, 80, 82 Ophioglossaceae, 32~330 Perigyny, 472 PlacentatiQn, 473--474 Ophioglossales, 32~330 Periphyses, 158 axile, 474 OphioglossuT/t, 263, 275, 326, Periplast, 90 free central, 474 327-330, 341, 359, 375, Peristome, 24Q, 242 parietal,473--474 377, 381, 382 Perithecium, 147, 176 Planation, 266, 383, 384 Orchids, 487 Petal,469 Plankton, 9, 10, 98 Order,S Petiole, 361, 466 Plant anatomy, 466 Origin of life, 113-114 Peziza, 150-152, 154 Plant breeding, 1 Orthotrichum, 230 Phacus, 88, 89, 90 Plant morphology, 2, 3 Orthotropous ovule, 474 Phaeophycophyta, 10, 11, 60-70, Plant pathology, 1 Oscillatoria, 16, 17, 18, 22, 42, 101, 106, 180, 186, 246, 506 Plasmodium, 121, 363 106 classification, 70 Plasmogamy, 28, 30, 142, 168 Osmunda, 340, 341, 347, 348­ Phagotrophic, nutrition, 91, 121, Plastids, 8, 71, 73, 81 351, 352, 353, 355, 357, 374, 122 Platyzoma, 293, 342, 376 375,376,381 Phanerogam, 251, 404, 509 Plectostele, 259, 282 Osmundites, 373 Phanerogamae, 250, 308 Pleuromeia, 308 Ostiole, 67, 147 Phaseolus, 262, 488, 492 Pleuromeiales, 308 Ostrich fern, 340 Phellem, 262, 427 Plumule, 401, 466 Ovary, 472 Phelloderm, 427 Plurilocular gametangia, 61, 186 Overtopping, 266, 383, 384 Phellogen, 262, 415, 427 Pneumatocyst, 65 Ovule, 394, 416, 4i7, 430, 445, Phloem, 66, 250, 261, 270, 282, Pod,49O 446, 452, 459, 479, 500 298, 313, 339, 348, 388, 396, Podocarpus, 424, 441, 442, 447 Ovuliferous scale, 430 468,506,507 Pogonatum, 230, 232 Photoautotrophic, 183 Polar nodule, 19, 101 Paeonia, 493, 503 Photosynthesis, 108 Polar nuclei, 480 Palaeohypnum, 245 Phycobiont, 173 Pollen, 417

INDEX 537 Pollen chamber, 397, 405, 417, Progressive cleavage, 41, 132 Pyronema, 150-152, 153, 154, Rhodophycophyta, 11 418, 432, 456, 459, 461, 464, Prokaryota, 7, 13, 114, 179, 515­ 159 106, 107, 153, 1 510 516 Pyrrhophycophyta, 11,90--91 222,246,379,50 Pollen grain, 395, 396, 405, 431, Proliferation, 134 Pyrus,491 classification, 83 432,459,480 Promeristem, 253, 269 Pythium, 285 Rhynia, 275-277, 271 Pollen sac, 475 Prosporangium, 130 Rhyniaceae, 277-278 Pollen tube, 397, 400, 404, 418, Protandrous, 186 Quaking bogs, 226 Rhynie,277 420, 434, 456, 460, 465, 485, Proteus, 117 Quercus, 469, 471, SOl Riccia, 184, 186, U 510, 511 Prothallial cell, 295, 300, 395, Quillwort, 298 192, 194, 195, 2 Pollination, 396, 397, 417, 432, 417, 430, 456, 464 Ricciaceae, 184, 189 456, 459, 483-485, 510 Prothallium, 343 Raceme, 475 Ricciocarpus, 184, Pollination droplet, 397, 432, 456, Protoderm, 254, 269 Rachis, 296, 337, 338, 340, 375, 187, 189, 190, 1 464 Protogynous, 186 381,436,466,468 195, 196,202,22< Pollinium, 478 Protohyenia, 320, 324 Ranales, 467 Ricinus, 488, 489, 4~ Polychytrium, 128, 140 Protolepidodendrales, 302-303 Ranunculus, 263, 495, 496 Riella, 201, 202, 221 Polycystis, 12, 16, 22 Protolepidodendron, 303, 308 Raphe, 101 Riellaceae, 201, 202 Polyeders, 41 Protonema, 212, 229, 230, 231, Ray, 427 Ring cells, 345 Polyembryony, 447, 460 244 Ray flower, 475 Rivularia, 16, 20, 22, Polygonatum, 479 Protoperithecium, 146 Reboulia, 197 Robinia, 490 Polypetaly, 472 Protophloem, 256 Receptacles, 67, 69, 207, 340, Rockweeds, 66-70 Polyphagus, 128, 129, 130, Protopteridiales, 368, 369 362, 363, 408, 469 Root, 262-263, 281, 2l 135, 140 Protopteridium, 369 Recombination, 4 329, 348, 354, 3Il Polyphyletic, 250 Protosiphon, 37, 38, 39, 94 Red algae, 11, 70-83 427, 450, 468 Polyphyletic classifications, 8 Protosphagnum, 245 Red cedar, 440 Root cap, 263, 282, 29 Polypodiaceae, 335-347 Protostele, 259. 270, 277. 282, Red eyespot, 26 Root hairs, 263, 28~ Polypodium, 335, 336, 357, 374 290, 298, 305, 314, 337, 348, Red tides, 90 428 Polyporus, 166, 168 367, 371 Reduction, 383, 384 Root nodule, 468 Polysepaly, 472 Protoxylem. 257, 258, 263, 283, Redwood, 10 Royal fern, 347, 348 Polysiphonia. 9. 71. 78, 79-80, 290, 313. 348 Regeneration, 248 Rubus, 491 83,106.187,248,249 Protozoa, 90, 122, 179 Regnellidium, 360, 361, 366, Rusts, 155-161 Polystelic, 289 Prunus, 261, 491 374 Polystichum, 335, 336, 340, 355, Psaronius, 372, 373 Reproduction, 106-107, 314-319, Saccharomyces, 143, 374.375 Pseudoelaters, 219 329-330, 332-333, 340-351, Salix, 469, 470, 501 Polytrichum, 230. 232, 233, 234, Pseudoperianth. 195, 197 362-367, 375-376, 392--404, Salvinia, 262, 367, 37, 237, 239, 242, 245, 297, 392, Pseudoplasmodium, 125 416-422, 451-458, 468-493, 393,466 36~ 393 Pseudopodium, 98,229, 244 506 Salviniales, 359, 373 Pome,49O Pseudosporochnus, 371 asexual, 42, 44. 46, 47, 51, 57, Saprolegnia, 133-135 Pond scums, 50 Pseudotsuga, 437, 447 91,180,508-509 140, 181 Pore fungi. 166-167 Psilophyta, 222, 246, 250, 251, sexual, 28, 30, 33, 41, 43, 44, Porella, 207. 208-211, 212, 220, Saprophytes, 113 258, 262, 265, 268-279, 386, 47, 53, 57, 61, 64, 68, 73, 227, 229, 506 Saprophytic, 122, 330, 466 75, 91, 93, 94, 96, 98, 101, Porphyra, 9, 73, 74-75, 83, 106, 102, 103, 107, 118-119, 136, Sarcosoma, 152, 154 Psilophytaceae, 275-276 107, 108 138, 140, 1'42-143, 145. 149, Sargassum, 66--69, 50~ Psilophytales, 275-278 Porphyridium, 72, 73, 83 168, 170, 180, 186, 187, 191, Scalariform, 51 Postelsia, 66 Psilophyton, 275-276, 277, 278, 195, 198, 200, 203, 205-206, Scale, 271 Powdery mildews, 148-149 279 209, 211, 212, 213, 215, 219, Scale leaves, 425, 426, Prasiolopsis, 505 Psilopsida, 268-279 227, 228, 233, 284-286, 293­ Scenedesmus, 41-42, i Predaceous fungi, 170--172 Psilotaceae, 268-275 296, 300, 315-319, 330, 332, ScheDeleria, 264 Primary archesporial cell, 341, Psilotales, 268-275 342-346. 350--351. 364-366, Schizaea, 275, 353, 479 Psilotum, 268-275, 278, 279, 376, 381-382, 395-400, 416­ 382 Primary capitulum, 87 294, 330, 353, 359, 381, 382, 420,454-457,500-511 Schizaeaceae, 352 Primary endosperm nucleus, 485 383, 385, 450 Reservoir, 88 89 Schizomeris, 505 Primary germination, 294 Pteretis, 340, 374, 375 Resin canal, 426, 427 Schizomycota, 112, II Primary meristems. 254, 269 Pteridium, 335, 337, 345, 357, R"'surrection fern, 336 Schizophyceae, 12 Primary phloem, 256 374,375,380,450 Rbizines, 175 Schizophyta, 114 Primary root, 297, 347, 351, 375, Pteridophyta, 6, 245, 250, 251, Rhizoid, 85, 185. 190, 191, 192, Schizosaccharomyces, 422, 466, 468 326-377, 386 198, 201, 203. 205, 208, 209, Sclerenchyma, 258, 341 Primary tissues, 254 Pteridospermopsida, 388, 404­ 212, 214, 229, 233, 269, 273, Scleroderma, 167, 16f Primary suspensor, 436, 457 408 296,300,356.381,383 Sclerotia, 122 Primary tapetal cell, 341 Pteridosperms, 404-408 Rhizomes, 253, 269, 274, 310, 355, Scouring rushes, 310 Primary xylem, 256 Pteris, 335, 340, 341, 342, 374 381,466,467,508 Scytonema, 16, 19,20, Primicorralina, 110 Puccinia, 155, 156-159, 160, Rhizomorphs, 163 Sea lettuce, 54, 202 Primitive flower, 499-502 161, 168 Rhizomycelium, 128 Secondary growth, 26 Primordia, 263 life cycle, 160 Rhizophore, 290, 298, 305 380, 405, 427, 42 Procambium, 254, 263, 269, 282, Punctae, 101 Rhizophydium, 127, 128, 140 Secondary meristems, 289,313 Pyrenoid, 24, 37, 41, 42, 43, 54, Rhizopus, 137-138, 139, 140, Secondary nucleus, 48 Proembryo, 435, 457 71,73,75 159,168,181,504 Secondary phloem, 26: Progamones, 138 Pyrenoid bodies, 215 Rhododendron, 478 Secondary root, 466, 4l

538 INDEX INDEX Rhodophycophyta, 10, 11, 70-83, Secondary suspensor, 436, 457 236, 272, 300, 330, 345, 346, 106, 107, 153, 159, 180, 196, Secondary tissues, 415 351, 364, 382, 404, 419, 420, 222, 246, 379, 506 Secondary xylem, 262, 305, 427, 435, 440, 465 classification, 83 450 Sperm cells, 400, 460, 465 Rhynia, 275-277, 278, 383 Seed coat, 437, 458, 487 Sperm nuclei, 456, 480 Rhyniaceae, 277-278 Seed development, 400--402 Spermagonium, 155, 157 Rhynie,277 Seed dormancy, 491 Spermatangium (a), 75, 80, 83 Riccia, 184, 186, 189, 190, 191, Seed ferns, 404-408 Spermatium(a) , 75, 78, 80, 82, 192, 194, 195, 202, 220, 223 Seed germination, 402, 421, 437 155, 158, 159, 509 Ricciaceae, 184, 189 Seed habit, 403, 51D-511 Spermatogenous cells, 187, 295, Ricciocarpus, 184, 185, 186, Seed plants, 388-503 300,364 187, 189, 190, 191, 192, 194, introduction to, 388-389 Spermatophyta, 6, 463 195,196,202,220,223 Seeds, 388, 401--402, 404, 457, Sphaerocarpaceae, 198,201 Ricinus, 488, 489, 492 485-493 Sphaerocarpales, 184, 198, 201, Riella, 201, 202, 220 Segregation, 4 204 Riellaceae, 201, 202 Selaginella, 198, 280, 287, 288­ Sphaerocarpos, 183, 184, 198, Ring cells, 345 297, 299, 300, 301, 302, 307, 199,200,201,214,220,275, Rivularia, 16, 20, 22, 106 308, 337, 36,'1, 364, 375, 380, 297, 478, 506 Robinia, 490 382, 383, 393, 395, 403, 450, Sphaerotheca, 149, 154 Rockweeds, 66-70 507,511 Sphagnaceae,225,229 Root, 262-263, 281, 282, 314, 319, Selaginellales, 287-297, 307 Sphagnales, 225, 229 329, 348, 354, 367, 381, 392, Selaginellites, 280, 307, 308 Sphagnopsida, 225, 229, 244 427, 450, 468 Self-incompatibility, 138, 148 Sphagnum, 225, 226-229, 230, Root cap, 263,282,298, 468 Sensitive fern, 340 231, 237, 239, 245, 247, 504 Root hairs, 263, 282, 314, 329, Sepal, 469 Sphenophyllales, 323-324 428 Sequoia, 439, 503 Sphenophyllum, 304, 314, 322, Root nodule, 468 Sequoiadendron, 424,439,447 323,324 Royal fern, 347, 348 Seta, 195, 205, 207, 237, 239, 244 Spherules, 122 Rubus, 491 Sex chromosomes, 200, 201 Spike, 475 Rusts, 155-161 Sex honnones, 134, 138 Spike moss, 280, 288 Sexual reproduction, see Repro­ Spirillum, 114, 115 Saccharomyces, 143, 153, 181 duction, sexual Spirogyra, 9, 47--49, 50, 51, 58, Salix, 469, 470, 501 origin, 509 87, 106, 107, 140, 168, 181, Salvinia, 262, 367, 373, 374, 376, Sheath, 13, 73 248,509 393,466 Shepherd's purse, 486, 487 Spongy layer, 397 Salviniales, 359, 367-369, 372, Shield cells, 86 Spongy tissue, 417, 418, 432 373 Shoots, 251 Sporangiophore, 136, 137, 139, Saprolegnia, 133-135, 136, 137, Sieve cells, 271, 467 315,319,322,384 140, 181 Sieve element, 256, 337 Sporangium (a) , 122, 137, 139, Saprophytes, 113 Sieve plates, 256 271, 275, 283, 291, 315, 329, Saprophytic, 122, 330, 507 Sieve tubes, 66, 257 342,350,354,363 Sarcosoma, 152, 154 Sigillaria, 304, 305, 306, 307, Spore.(s), 137, 138, 205, 207, 212, Sargassum, 66-69, 507 308 219, 228, 230, 231, 240, 244, Scalariform, 51 Siliceous cysts, 97, 98 Scale, 271 Siliceous scales, 97, 98 248, 277, 284, 291, 300, 305, Scale leaves, 425, 426, 440 Simple pistil, 473 315, 329, 341, 350, 354, 357, Scenedesmus, 41--42, 58 Simple polyembryony, 435, 465 508 Sche/Jeleria, 264 Simple sorus, 341 Spore mother cells, 188 Schizaea, 275, 353, 356, 374, Sinus, 51 Sporic meiosis, 47, 510 382 Siphonogamous, 400 Sporidia, 162 Schizaeaceae, 352 Siphonostele, 259, 270, 305, 314, Sporocarp, 362, 363, 364, 367 Schizomeris, 505 328,348,362,415,426 Sporocytes, 188, 195, 200, 205, Schizomycota, 112, 114-120, 180 Sirenin, 132 207, 211, 219, 239, 272, 291, Schizophyceae, 12 Slime molds, 121-124 357 Schizophyta, 114 Smuts, 161-162 Sporogenesis, 211, 217, 228 Schizosaccharomyces, 142, 154 Soil algae, 24, 26 Sporogenous tissue, 272, 284, 315, Sclerenchyma, 258, 348 Solanites, 495 381 Scleroderma, 167, 168 Solenostele, 260 Sporophyll, 280, 283, 291, 315, Sclerotia, 122 Somatogamy, 147, 159, 162, 168 319 Scouring rushes, 310 Sophora, 264 Sporophyte, 61, 64, 69, 187, 188, Scytonema, 16, 19,20,22 Sordaria, 144-148, 154 195, 200, 207, 210, 211, 213, Sea lettuce, 54, 202 Soredium, 175, 508 216, 228, 237, 238, 239, 244, Secondary growth, 261-262, 263, Sorocarp, 125 247, 269, 277, 283-284, 291­ 380, 405, 427, 428, 450, 467 Sorus, 62, 340, 362 293, 299-300, 314-316, 329­ Secondary meristems, 261 Spawn, 165 330, 332, 340-342, 348-350, Secondary nucleus, 485 Species,S 362-364, 375-376, 380-382, Secondary phloem, 262 Spenn(s), 30, 33, 44, 64, 67, 68, 392-395, 416, 451--454 Secondary root, 466, 468 69,96,103,204,210,216,235, nutrition, 238

INDEX 539 Spur shoot, 414, 415, 426, 430 Taxodiaceae, 439--440 Ultrastructure, 2 White rust, 136 Stalk, 187 Taxodium, 424, 439, 440, 447 Viva, 53, 54, 58, 61, 64, 106, 107, 11'ielandiella, 408, 41 Stalk cell, 397 Taxonomy, 1 181, 183, 187, 504, 506 Williamsonia, 408, 4 Stamen, 469, 472, 474--475, 509 Taxopsida, 424, 441--442 Umbel, 475 Winged pollen, 439 Staminate flower, 471 Taxus, 441, 442, 447 Vmbilicaria, 175 Witches butter, 18 Stamnostoma, 499 Tegmen, 487 Unialgal cultures, 36 Woodsia,335,374 Stangeria, 389, 410 Telangium, 406 Unilocular zoosporangium, 61, Xanthophyceae, 93-~ Staphylococcus, 114 Teliospore(s), 155, 156-157, 159, 62 140 Starch, 24, 91 161-162, 168 Unity of living things, 8 classification, 97 Starjelly, 18 Telium (a), 155, 156 Urediniospore, 155, 156, 159, 180 Xenia, 485 Stauropteris, 372 Telome,383 Uredinium, 155 Xerophyte, 271 Stele, 259-261, 269, 289, 467, 468 Telome theory, 266, 381, 383­ Vrnula, 152, 154 Xerophytic, 207 Stem, 232, 251-262, 312-314, 355, 386 Vsnea, 174, 175 Xylem, 2SO, 261, 21 361, 426, 467--468 Terminal bud, 253, 428, 466 Vstilago, 161-162, 168 298, 313, 337, 3 Stemonitis, 122, 125 Terminal cell, 486 388, 392, 468, SO' Stephanopyxis, 103 Testa, 487 Vacuole, 8, 13,26,71 Sterigma, 144, 145, 165 Tetracystis, 35-36, 37, 38" 58 Vallecular canal, 313-314 Sterile cell, 397 Tetramycin, 119 Valve view, 101 Sterile jacket, 187 Tetrasporangia mother cells, 82 Valves, 101,207,219 Stigeoclonium, 42, 45-46, 48, 58, Tetrasporangium(a),80 Vascular cryptogams, 261, 268­ 60,106,505,509 Tetraspore, 80 387,492 Stigma, algal, 26, 32, 42, 88, 89, Tetrasporophyte, 80, 82 Vascular nodules, 261 91,98 Thallophyta, 6, 112 Vascular plants, 47, 250, 251­ floral, 472, 473 Thamnopteris, 373 518 Stigmaria, 305, 306 Thiobacillus, 113 classification, 250-251, 514­ Stigonema, 175 Thuja,447 515 Stipe, 62, 163 Tilia, 488 organization, 251, 265 Stipule, 337, 467 Tinsel flagellum, 26 Vaucheria, 95-96, 97, 127, 133­ Stolon, 508 Tippo, 514 140 Stoma(ta), 217, 254, 271, 277, Tmesipteris, 268, 274--275, 381, Vegetative, 506 282, 289, 291, 312, 339, 361, 385 Vegetative reproduction, 215 383, 391, 398, 399, 408, 416, Toadstool, 162-163 Veins, 264 426,450,451,467,507 Todea,374 Velum, 164, 299 Stomium, 342 Torreya, 442, 447 Venation, 264, 355, 467 Stonewort, 11, 24, 84 Torus, 469 dichotomous, 328, 339, 347, 361 Storage products, 106 Trabecula, 289, 300 reticulate, 264, 339 Stored photosynthate, 11 Trace, 269, 471 striate, 264 Streptococcus, 114, 116 Tracheid, 206, 257, 258, 282, 290, Venter, 187 Streptomyces, 119 348,359,392,427,450 Ventral canal cells, 187, 216, 235, Streptomycin, 89, 119 Trachelomonas, 88, 89, 90 346,419 Strictodiscus, 102 Tracheophyta, 251, 388 Ventral canal nucleus, 398 Strobilus(i), 284, 291, 305, 315, Transduction, 118 Ventral lobes, 209 416, 452, 453, 464, 465, 472, Transformation, 118 Ventral scales, 185, 190, 191, 201, 473 Transfusion tissue, 426 203 Stylites, 297, 308 Transition zone, 468 Venus maidenhair, 336 Summary, 505-518 Trebouxia, 175 Vessel, 257, 289, 290, 337, 362, Supporting cell, 45, 80, 82 Tremella, 165-166, 168 375,380,450,458,467 Suspensor, 138-139, 286, 296, Triarch, 257 Vessel members, 258 401, 420, 460 Tribonema, 93, 94, 96, 97 Viola, 484 Symbiosis, 173 Trichia, 125 Violaxanthin, 238 Sympetaly, 472 Trichoblasts, 79, 82 Vitamin B12, 89 Synchronous, 257 Trichogyne, 75, 80, 146, 151, 159 Vitis, 491 Synchytrium, 127, 140 Trichomanes, 353-354, 374, 375 Volva,l64 Synergid, 481 Trichome, 10 Volvocales, 58 Synsepaly, 472 Trichothallic growth, 61 Volvox, 32, 33, 34, 35, 58, 504, Synura,98 Tricolpate, 480 506 True branching, 22 True indusium, 340 Takakia, 183, 213, 220 Walking fern, 338, 339, 340 Takakiaceae, 213 Trumpet hyphae, 62 Tsuga, 424,438, 439,447 Water blooms, 10, 24, 88 Takakiales, 184, 213 Tube cells, 87, 395,417, 431, 479 Water molds, 133-135 Tap root, 427, 450, 460, 468 Tube nucleus, 434, 456 Water net, 41 Tapetal plasmodium, 315, 329, Tuber, 467 Webbing, 266, 383, 384 393, 477 Tunica, 253 11'elwitschia, 450, 460-461, 462, Tapetum, 284, 291, 292, 300, 329, Typha, 478 463,464,481 341, 350, 393, 416, 429, 453, Wetmore, 261 477 Vlothrix, 42-43, 46, 48, 53, 58, Whiplash flagellum, 26 Taxales, 441--442 94,107,509 Whisk fern, 268

540 INDEX INDEX White rust, 136 Yeasts, 142-143, 180 94, 95, 96, 128, 131-133, 136, Wielandiella, 408, 410 Yellow-green algae, 93-97 180,508 Williamsonia,

INDEX 541