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Riccarda Suitner: a Proposito Di Tre Recenti Studi Su Riforma in Italia E Minoranze Religiose Nella Prima Età Moderna

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Riccarda Suitner: a Proposito Di Tre Recenti Studi Su Riforma in Italia E Minoranze Religiose Nella Prima Età Moderna Riccarda Suitner: A proposito di tre recenti studi su Riforma in Italia e minoranze religiose nella prima età moderna Zeitschrift Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken Band 99 (2019) Herausgegeben vom Deutschen Historischen Institut Rom DOI 10.1515/qfiab-2019-0020 Copyright Das Digitalisat wird Ihnen von perspectivia.net, der Online-Publikationsplattform der Max Weber Stiftung – Deutsche Geisteswissenschaftliche Institute im Ausland, zur Verfügung gestellt. Bitte beachten Sie, dass das Digitalisat urheberrechtlich geschützt ist. Erlaubt ist aber das Lesen, das Ausdrucken des Textes, das Herunterladen, das Speichern der Daten auf einem eigenen Datenträger soweit die vorgenannten Handlungen ausschließlich zu privaten und nicht-kommerziellen Zwecken erfolgen. Eine darüber hinausgehende unerlaubte Verwendung, Reproduktion oder Weitergabe einzelner Inhalte oder Bilder können sowohl zivil- als auch strafrechtlich verfolgt werden. Riccarda Suitner A proposito di tre recenti studi su Riforma in Italia e minoranze religiose nella prima età moderna Zusammenfassung: Insbesondere im Licht von drei jüngst erschienenen Werken (eine Monographie und ein Sammelband) skizziert vorliegender Beitrag den Stand der Forschung über die Verbreitung der Reformation in Italien in der frühen Neuzeit und, allgemeiner, über den Status der mit der Reformation verbundenen religiösen Minderheiten. Die Besprechung der Bände ermöglicht ferner die Beurteilung von drei spezifischen Forschungsansätzen, die sich 1. auf den Nikodemismus, 2. auf das Exil religionis causa und 3. auf die materielle Kultur beziehen. Abstract: This essay considers the current state of research on the spread of the Refor­ mation in Italy in the early modern period and more generally on the status of religious minorities linked to the Reformation, particularly in light of three recent publications (a monograph and a collective volume). The discussion of these volumes also makes it possible to take stock of three more specific strands of research: on Nicodemism, on exile religionis causa and on material culture. La storiografia sulla diffusione della Riforma in Italia e, più in generale, sulle mino­ ranze religiose nell’Europa della prima età moderna ha recentemente conosciuto un notevole rinnovamento, evidente dalle numerose ricerche uscite negli ultimi anni. In queste pagine vorrei considerare da vicino tre di queste recenti pubblicazioni, che si inseriscono nel solco di differenti tradizioni storiografiche. Questi studi affrontano la tematica dal punto di vista di tre filoni di ricerca affermati da decenni, proponen­ dosi di rinnovarli: quello del nicodemismo, quello dell’esilio per motivi religiosi di migranti di lingua italiana, e infine quello della „cultura materiale“. Tra i numerosissimi studi sulla diffusione della Riforma in Italia1 e sull’emigra­ 1 È impossibile in questa sede dare conto della sterminata letteratura sulla diffusione della Riforma in Italia. Per il periodo fino agli anni Novanta, cfr. John Tedeschi/James M. Lattis (a cura di), The Italian Reformation of the Sixteenth Century and the Diffusion of Renaissance Culture. A Biblio­ graphy of the Secondary Literature (ca. 1750–1997), Modena 2000. Tra le uscite più recenti, cfr. Mario Biagioni, Francesco Pucci e l’Informatione della religione christiana, Torino 2011; Lucio Biasiori, L’eresia di un umanista. Celio Secondo Curione nell’Europa del Cinquecento, Roma 2015; Luca Ad­ dante, Eretici e libertini nel Cinquecento italiano, Roma­Bari 2010; Lucia Felici, Giovanni Calvino e Kontakt: Riccarda Suitner, [email protected] QFIAB 99 (2019) DOI 10.1515/qfiab-2019-0020 506 Riccarda Suitner zione italiana nel nord ed est Europa nella prima età moderna,2 occupano un posto importante quelli sul nicodemismo: si pensi alle classiche monografie di Carlo Ginz­ burg e Paolo Simoncelli.3 Il volume di Anne Overell „Nicodemites: Faith and Con­ cealment between Italy and Tudor England“ riporta ora questo importante aspetto della cultura religiosa cinquecentesca e la relativa controversa denominazione al centro del dibattito accademico, proponendosi di isolare il contesto italiano e inglese del Cinquecento e i loro reciproci legami.4 Quello di nicodemismo è, notoriamente, concetto sfuggente e potenzialmente controverso, come tutte le denominazioni nate nella prima età moderna in senso polemico (si pensi, tra i molti esempi possibili, a libertino, anabattista, spinozista). Il termine, per di più, è legato ad almeno tre con­ testi differenti. Anzitutto, al noto episodio biblico che riguarda il fariseo Nicodemo. In secondo luogo, a un episodio della Riforma: così, infatti, „Calvino chiamò pole­ micamente coloro che, dopo essersi convertiti interiormente alla Riforma, celavano la propria fede, continuando a partecipare alle cerimonie della chiesa di Roma, assi­ stendo alla messa e ricevendo i sacramenti.“5 Almeno da Cantimori in poi, nella sto­ riografia moderna il termine è adoperato in senso più lato per indicare coloro che si caratterizzavano per un’adesione meramente formale alla religione del loro paese di residenza. Infine, „per estensione, si chiama nicodemismo il conformarsi esterna­ mente alle idee dominanti, nascondendo le proprie.“6 La storia del nicodemismo e delle sue numerose accezioni va inoltre inquadrata nella più lunga storia della dissi­ mulazione religiosa, le cui basi sono state poste ben prima della Riforma. Consapevole che l’associazione tra Italia e Inghilterra possa apparire a tutta prima inusuale, Overell espone già dall’introduzione le ragioni che hanno condotto a una scelta di questo tipo; scelta che, per la verità, potrà forse stupire un lettore il quale avesse scarsa dimestichezza con la storia della diffusione della Riforma in Italia e in Inghilterra, ma che apparirà invece al lettore esperto non solo come legittima e coerente, ma anche come scientificamente alquanto felice, trattandosi di un taglio meno consueto di altri per gli studi in questo ambito. Tra mercanti, avventurieri, l’Italia, Milano 2010; Massimo Firpo, Juan de Valdés e la Riforma nell’Italia del Cinquecento, Roma­ Bari 2016. 2 Per studi classici vedi nota 8, oltre a Delio Cantimori, Eretici italiani del Cinquecento. Ricerche storiche, Firenze 1939. Tra le uscite più recenti, cfr. Giorgio Caravale, Il profeta disarmato. L’eresia di Francesco Pucci nell’Europa del Cinquecento, Bologna 2011; Michele Camaioni, Il Vangelo e l’anti­ cristo. Bernardino Ochino tra francescanesimo ed eresia (1487–1547), Bologna 2018. 3 Carlo Ginzburg, Il nicodemismo. Simulazione e dissimulazione religiosa nell’Europa del Cinque­ cento, Torino 1970; Paolo Simoncelli, Evangelismo italiano del Cinquecento. Questione religiosa e nicodemismo politico, Roma 1979. 4 Anne Overell, Nicodemites. Faith and Concealment between Italy and Tudor England, Leiden­ Boston 2019 (St Andrews Studies in Reformation History). 5 Ginzburg, Il nicodemismo (vedi nota 3), p. IX. 6 Cfr. la voce „Nicodemismo“ in Treccani. Enciclopedia online: http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ nicodemismo/; 10. 6. 2019. QFIAB 99 (2019) Riforma in Italia e minoranze religiose 507 eruditi, rifugiati politici, diplomatici, studenti, numerose sono state infatti le persone di lingua inglese che, nel pieno delle divisioni confessionali, hanno travalicato più confini di quella che era una vera e propria „tratta affollata“ (p. 5), approdando in territori di lingua italiana, e viceversa. Overell divide la sua esposizione in tre sezioni. Nella prima, dal taglio biografico („Lives“, pp. 15–112), vengono ripercorse esistenze a cavallo di due realtà politiche e la condizione, in parte simile e in parte diversa, degli esiliati per motivi religiosi o di coloro (come diplomatici e studenti) che si sono ritrovati per ragioni professionali in un paese straniero. Il cuore dell’esposizione sono le diverse strategie di dissimula­ zione religiosa adottate dagli stranieri nei paesi ospitanti, più o meno obbligate e più o meno consapevoli (dal momento che, rileva giustamente l’autrice a p. 12, „dovendo far fronte alla paura di perdere i propri cari, chiesa, casa, o addirittura la vita, le persone potevano diventare ciò che fingevano di essere. I cosiddetti nicodemiti non fingevano per forza“). La seconda parte, dedicata ai testi („Texts“, pp. 115–238), si concentra sulle traduzioni in inglese di fonti chiave come „Il beneficio di Cristo“, sui rispettivi traduttori, sulla ricezione inglese del clamoroso suicidio di Francesco Spiera, sull’e­ lusività come strategia e artificio retorico. Presupposto teorico dell’indagine è ovvia­ mente la convinzione dell’autrice (non condivisa da tutti gli studiosi) sulla legittimità del raggruppamento di determinati atteggiamenti sotto l’etichetta di „nicodemismo“; l’autrice fa riferimento come importante precedente, su questo punto, soprattutto alla monografia di Ginzburg, pur con alcuni distinguo. Né Reginald Pole, né Pietro Martire Vermigli, né Bernardino Ochino sono figure ignote agli studi, ma l’associazione del contesto inglese e di quello italiano è assolu­ tamente proficuo e riesce a illuminare aspetti della storia della Riforma fino a questo momento trascurati. Per quanto i confini tra un gruppo e l’altro risultino a volte più fluidi di quanto presentato dall’autrice (Reginald Pole era sia un ecclesiastico sia, come suo cugino Edward Courtenay, un aristocratico), alcune dinamiche della dis­ simulazione e/o del nicodemismo sono approfondite da Overell anche in rapporto a precise figure professionali: ad esempio, assai interessante è il rapporto tra diploma­ zia
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