Demystifying the Possibilities of ICT4D in the Mountain Regions of Nepal

Demystifying the Possibilities of ICT4D in the Mountain Regions of Nepal Devinder Thapa Øystein Sæbø Department of Information Systems Department of Information Systems University of Agder University of Agder Service box 422, 4604 Kristiansand Norway Service box 422, 4604 Kristiansand Norway [email protected] [email protected] Abstract undertake development activities [6-9]. The reduced cost of installing ICT infrastructure has enhanced the Despite the substantial investments in ICT4D possibility of technology diffusion in these areas. projects in developing countries, the benefits are yet to Studies show that ICT intervention can serve be realised by the majority of remote communities. community development needs [10, 11]. It is broadly agreed that ICT can play an important role in the Inaccessibility to ICT has widened educational, development of remote communities [1, 5, 10]. Some healthcare, information, and communication gaps of the examples are the Kothmale project in Sri Lanka, between urban and remote communities. This paper the ERTIC project in Peru, and the InfoDes project in focuses on an interpretive case study in Nepal to widen northern Peru. The Kothmale project through ICT is our understanding of how locally-initiated ICT4D helping remote communities to connect with urban projects may help to narrow these gaps. The study communities[3]. Similarly, the ERTIC project in the utilises the Assets Pentagon Model to identify the mountain region of Peru shows that ICT projects can strengths and challenges of the Nepal Wireless be instrumental in overcoming remoteness and social Networking Project in the mountain areas, and to exclusion problems[1]. Furthermore, Diaz and identify implications for research and practice based Urquhart argue that ICT projects such as InfoDes, can on insights from the case. be helpful in creating social capital vis-à-vis human capital in remote communities[12]. 1. Introduction In the absence of systematic research in these remote places, the actual outcomes of ICT4D projects Remote communities of mountain regions in are unidentified [1, 12]. Few studies have addressed developing countries are among the poorest, most the issues of the opportunities and challenges of inaccessible and most excluded in the world, though ICT4D projects in mountain areas [1, 5, 10, 12]. There they are rich in natural resources [1, 2]. They are is a need to understand the multidimensional facing social, political, and economic exclusion from opportunities created by the ICT projects [13, 14]. We the key systems of development [1]. The current global need to explore both within the communities which are information explosion has little impact on development directly affected by the intervention, and within an activities and access to practical information for remote expanding context surrounding those communities[15]. communities in developing countries [3]. Despite the To contribute to this research context, we conducted an massive rate of telecom penetration in the urban areas, interpretive case study [16, 17] to explore the IT services still remain far short of meeting total multidimensional challenges and perspectives of the demand and serving these areas. For instance, there are ICT4D project in the mountain region of Nepal. We more than 1000 Internet access points all over Nepal, deployed the analytical lens of the Assets Pentagon with around 90% of these located in urban areas, Model [18] to understand the multidimensional whereas only around 15% of the total population lives possibilities of the Nepal Wireless Networking Project in such areas[4]. The distribution of ICT services in (NWNP) in the Myagdi district of Nepal. This terms of geographical dispersion has been heavily Pentagon model is also useful to explore the inter- skewed in favour of urban areas[4, 5]. relationships between different assets. The availability of Information and Communication The organisation of this paper is as follows: section Technology ICT in a remote community is significant 2 discusses the theoretical framework; section 3 to facilitate the flow of information and knowledge that illustrates the research background, context and provide an opportunity to connect them with the main methodology; section 4 & 5 discuss the research streamline of development. The implementation of findings and challenges of the NWNP respectively; and ICT4D projects can facilitate these communities to 1 section 6 concludes the paper with a discussion and time-saving healthcare opportunities. Physical capital implications. can provide the accessibility and shareability choice to create social and human capital. 2. Theoretical Framework Human capital represents the skills, knowledge, ability to labour, and good health that together enhance In order to understand the multidimensional people’s capability to pursue different livelihood potential of the ICT4D project in the Myagdi district of strategies and achieve their livelihood objectives. For Nepal, we deployed the Assets Pentagon Model[18, example, improved access to education and training 19]. The Assets Pentagon is a core component of the through distance learning programmes, and the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework [18]. It is potential to transfer digital content to remote locations composed of five capitals: financial capital, human easily in the form of text, images, video, and radio can capital, physical capital, social capital, and political help community people in the process of relevant capital [18, 19]. Research shows that the knowledge generation[11]. Human capital is one of the implementation of ICT4D projects creates multiple core components of the assets pentagon as it is required opportunities[11, 18, 19]. These opportunities are to make use of four other capitals[18]. intertwined and interdependent. Any of the single Financial capital denotes the financial resources that capital of the Assets Pentagon Model can be a community people use to achieve their livelihood; for necessary condition for development; however, not a example, revenue generation through selling sufficient condition. Therefore, to achieve overall agricultural products, eco-Tourism, and remittances socio-economic development, contribution from the using ICT services and at the same time save five capitals is a prerequisite. The assets pentagon is transaction costs by buying agro products, and getting also useful to illustrate the inter-relationships between immediate medical services using the ICT platform. the various assets. Our findings show that political Financial capital is important for the long-term capital, such as government support, political stability, sustainability of ICT4D projects. and social inclusion, are core challenges of ICT4D Political capital represents the political stability, projects. Therefore, we explore the perspective of government support, and pro-poor IT policies for political capital rather than natural capital, in keeping remote community development. Political capital can with the argument made by Heeks and Shoba [19]. be formed by including women and marginalised Social capital is the genre of social resources upon groups in the villages[19]. ICT services such as which community people draw in pursuit of their eGovernment, eCommerce, and telemedicine projects livelihood objectives; mainly conceived as networks can help to form political capital. The political capital and relationships based on trust, reciprocity and assists the macro-level policies and their effective exchanges[19, 20]. Social capital influences the other implementation for development. four capitals, for example, by improving the efficiency of economic relations. Social capital can also help 3. Research Background, Context, and increase people’s incomes and rates of saving Methodology (financial capital). Likewise, by creating bridging social capital, it can facilitate social inclusion, and 3.1. Nepal assist in accessing the collective resources (political capital). It can help community people to maintain Nepal is a landlocked country situated in South shared ICT infrastructure (physical capital). Asia, on the southern slopes of the Himalayan Furthermore, social networks facilitate innovation, the mountain range, between the two giants India and development of knowledge and the sharing of that China. The territory comprises three main geographical knowledge. There is, therefore, a close relationship regions; the Terai (flat river plain of the Ganges, 17%), between social and human capital[18]. the central mountain region (64%), and the Himalayan Physical capital comprises the basic infrastructure region (19%). Nepal, with its 27 million inhabitants, is and producer goods needed to support livelihoods. divided into five development regions, 14 zones, and Access to information or communication is one 75 districts. Around 4000 village development essential of physical capital. The opportunity costs committees (VDCs) comprise the administrative unit associated with poor infrastructure can preclude below district. About one third of the total population education, access to health services, and income lives in rural and remote areas. Agriculture and tourism generation. For example, providing telecom are the key economic sectors of Nepal. About 42% of infrastructure can enable the remote communities to the population lives below the national poverty line. access information and communication services; The literacy rate in Nepal is around 55% in which, likewise, telemedicine services can provide cheap and

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