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Book Reviews (Nepali-Speaking Brahmins/Chetris and Oc- Cupational Castes) AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY 11:267–281 (1999) Book Reviews (Nepali-speaking Brahmins/Chetris and oc- cupational castes). Part III details growth patterns of Nepali children, adult size and Form and Function: A Study of Nutrition, Ad- physique, and household anthropometric aptation, and Social Inequality in Three Gu- status. Part IV addresses energy expendi- rung Villages of the Nepal Himalayas. By ture and physical work capacity, seasonal S.S. Strickland and V.R. Tuffrey. 304 pp. variation in energy balance and activity, London: Smith-Gordon and Co. 1997. $50 and work productivity as a function of phy- (paper). sique. Finally, Part V considers population social economic structure: household The opening chapter of this volume begins wealth, income, food security, and strate- with the questions, ‘‘What is the biological gies for coping with economic hardship. significance of human social inequality? These are considered in relation to adult What is the social significance of human bio- physique, as is the extent to which adult logical variation?’’ The authors’ thesis is physique predicts reproductive success. All that ‘‘social inequality mediates processes of pathways are then linked with ‘‘current natural selection within human groups’’ (p. household nutritional or social economic 1). Chapter 1 includes a proposed social mo- plane’’ by an attempt to examine social eco- bility model (Figure 1.1), identifying path- nomic mobility over the preceding two de- ways investigated empirically, which corre- cades. sponds broadly to chapter themes and is a This is an ambitious undertaking. In their central framework for the study and the preface, Strickland and Tuffrey acknowledge book. Variables in the model include child tensions and unresolved issues underlying growth, adult body size, morbidity/ their discussion and their hope that they infertility and costs, physical work capacity achieve nonetheless a ‘‘measure of coher- and work output, and the ‘‘current nutri- ence.’’ Daunting conceptual and method- tional and social economic plane of the ological difficulties are apparent in the first household.’’ Study populations in Nepal chapter. Overall, the authors present a were chosen because of preexisting social thoughtful and concise overview of previous economic material, the physical exertion re- and current thinking regarding linkages quired by rural subsistence, and ‘‘the extent among the cultural fact of social stratifica- of social inequality and ethnic diversity in tion, its biological (phenotypic) outcomes in the country and that the Nepalese have human groups, and the evolutionary pro- been cited as one example of a population in cess (natural selection) that might mediate which the majority are ‘small but healthy’ ’’ changes in both of these. But where and (p. 4). Other notions questioned in this vol- how is the line to be drawn between gene- ume include the ‘‘vicious cycle’’ model of pov- based changes in phenotype (e.g., height) erty and malnutrition and the belief that and the changes described later in this children and reproductive-age women are chapter as potentially resulting from the most vulnerable links in the cycle. This ‘‘...genomic imprinting in utero which study intends to refocus attention on the im- may determine patterns of future growth portance of adults and physical work capac- across generations through epigenetic in- ity to intergenerational well-being. heritance mechanisms’’? Changes in phy- Part I lays theoretical and methodological sique that are heritable are not necessarily foundations, discussing conceptualizations genetic. That such changes are socially and/ of ‘‘nutritional adaptation’’ and how mea- or physiologically maladaptive is defensible, sures of ‘‘nutritional status’’ are operation- and that is where the greater strength of alized in the present study. Part II sets the this volume lies, in associations that point social context by describing the study area strongly to the functional significance of and dietary patterns and the management adult anthropometric variation. But wheth- of morbidity and health care. The two er the book succeeds, as the authors hoped, groups investigated are ‘‘Mongoloid’’ (chiefly in demonstrating ‘‘a significant causal rela- Tibeto-Burman-speaking Gurung/Tamang/ tionship between adult physical body size Thakali/Magar) and ‘‘non-Mongoloid’’ and household welfare’’ (p. 43) is unclear. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. PROD #98053C 268 BOOK REVIEWS The authors align their work theoretically by their data, the authors discuss likely rea- with evolutionary ecology, which offers sev- sons. Chapter 16 concludes with a thought- eral analytical levels for considering how so- ful discussion of their framework, its utility cial stratification of biological properties and its failings, as well as policy implica- can arise. G. Ainsworth Harrison’s 1993 tions. Appendices I–IV include question- chapter is cited for noting that physiological naires, maps, methods (instrumentation, ability which influences access to better en- calibration, their multilevel statistical mod- vironmental conditions will be strongly fa- eling technique), and more anthropometric vored through greater reproductive success. tables. However, in an earlier work, Harrison If this volume is given a careful reading, (1987) cautioned that genes in the upper so- in the context of sufficient prior experience cial classes can be favored simply as a by- to enable sound judgments on data compa- product of differential mortality/fertility, rability or validity, then its potential value not because they necessarily caused the dif- is great. Its primary strengths lie in a clear ferential mortality/fertility. Relative lack of and explicit discussion of proxy measures, social mobility, not selection itself, is the the reasoning behind analytical decisions, stratifying agent. As Harrison (1987) noted, and the demonstration of the utility of in- this ‘‘is operationally indistinguishable from sight into specific population dynamics. The the genetic model’’ (p. 755). Strickland and authors conclude that they have found ‘‘evi- Tuffrey allude to this on p. 4, but they do not dence to support the framework as a valid ever indicate how they disentangle result representation of at least some of the pro- from cause, nor prove association equals cesses resulting in social economic mobility’’ causality. (p. 215). I agree. More problematic is their A very close reading of Chapter 3 (study assertion that ‘‘If social inequality is seen as design and methods) is absolutely essential a vehicle for natural selection processes, to evaluating conclusions. Both qualitative then this . can be read as an analysis of and quantitative methods are used. The how processes which sustain social inequal- data set is complex, incorporating cross- ities represent short-term processes contrib- sectional and longitudinal measurements. uting to evolution by natural selection.’’ In The authors indicate where measurement any case, Strickland and Tuffrey have pro- error or other bias is likely and discuss the vided a valuable foundation for future work. reasons for their decisions regarding sample constitution and statistical analyses and in- LITERATURE CITED dices chosen. Their hope is that ‘‘the limits to methodological rigor and precision will be Harrison GA. 1987. Social heterogeneity and biological variation. Man 23:740–756. clear and allow comparison with other stud- Harrison GA. 1993. Physiological adaptation. In: GA ies to be made on an informed basis’’ (p. 34). Harrison, editor. Human adaptation. Oxford: Oxford The anthropometric chapters (7–9) are par- University Press. p 55–72. ticularly dense in tables and figures, whose quality is uneven (Table 8.1 contains what LINDA S. CURRAN must be an error for Mongoloid women’s Department of Anthropology mean height). The major anthropometric University of Colorado, Denver finding seems to be that non-Mongoloid chil- Denver, Colorado dren are worse off than Mongoloid, although we have no basis for evaluating the extent of possible (genetic) population differences in Annotated Bibliography in Human Ecology, the timing and character of growth. The re- Vol. 1. Edited by Anna Siniarska and Fe- maining chapters on energy expenditure, derico Dickinson. 350 pp. Delhi: Kamla-Raj physical work capacity, and seasonal energy Enterprises. 1996. $70.00 (cloth). balance (Chapters 10–12), followed by household economic strategies, population This book is a collection of just over 1,000 dynamics, physique, and social mobility titles and abstracts of research investigat- (Chapters 13–15), are much more clearly ing the following major topics in human rendered. Particularly effective and infor- ecology: philosophical problems of human mative are case studies illustrating major ecology, social and biological problems of points in Chapters 13 and 15. Where path- human environments, ecological problems ways in their model are not fully supported of human biology, and cultural adaptational BOOK REVIEWS 269 behavior. The book is a product of the Com- the more recent applications of animal be- mission of Human Ecology (CHE), Interna- havioral ecology to human populations, tional Union of Anthropological and Ethno- such as James Chisholm’s ecological theory logical Sciences; it was funded in part by of the adaptive significance of human in- UNESCO’s International Council for Phi- fant-caregiver attachments. And, save for losophy and Humanistic Studies. two of David Buss’s articles examining the The citations and abstracts that
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