DOCSLIB.ORG

SOCIAL CONFLICT in the NOVELS of MARIANO AZUELA a Thesis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
SOCIAL CONFLICT in the NOVELS of MARIANO AZUELA a Thesis SOCIAL CONFLICT IN THE NOVELS OF MARIANO AZUELA A Thesis Presented to the Department of Foreign Languages Kanzas State Teachers College Empori a, Kans as In Partial Fulfillment of ~rie Bequirements for the Degree Master of Science by James M. =Murillo August 1969 - I For Major Approved For Graduate Council 288303\ ~~ TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODU CTION . 1 Aspects that grew out of the social conflict of Mexico. 2 II. AUTHOR'S BIOGRAPHY. 6 III. PRE-REVOLUTIONARY MEXICO . 8 Novels of the pre-revolutionary period •• 9 Maria Luisa . 9 Mala yerba • 10 Sin ~ 18 IV. THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION • • 21 Novels and short stories of the Mexican Revolution . • • 22 Andres Perez, maderista . 24 Los cacigues Q del llano hermanos, ~.en £.29 Los de aba; 0 •• • • • • • • • • • • • • 34 Las moscas • • • 40 ~ tribulaciones ~ ~ familia decente 41 V. POST-REVOLUTIONARY MEXICO • 46 Novels of post-revolutionary Mexico • • 46 La malhora • • • 46 San Gabriel de Valdivias .••••••• 47 VI. CONCLUSIONS •.•••••••••••••••• 49 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...•.•••••••••••••••• 52 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION When Dr. Mariano Azuela died in Mexico City in 1952, Spanish America lost one of its most esteemed novelists of the century. Dr. Azue1a is the author of a universally recognized masterpiece, Los ~ abajo. He was born in Lagos de Moreno, Ja1isco, on January 1, 1873. Here he learned about the life of the country and small town which was to be the setting for many of his novels. He pursued the study of medicine in Guada­ 1ajara and in 1899 began his practice in his native city of Lagos. In 1900 he married Carmen Rivera, niece of Agust1n Rivera, priest and historian of Lagos. Five sons and five daughters were bnrn to this union. Not one of the children followed in the father's footsteps either in medicine or in writing. Azue1a wrote from his own experiences or from obser­ vat ions beginning with a series of sketches of the life of a seminary student in the provinces. In his first literary ef­ fort he reveals interests and trends that will characterize all of his future writings: an interest in types, especially in the poor and unfortunate, and, in character study. Social conflict is his main theme. He was chiefly con­ cerned with the problems and conduct of the people. In this 2 study, some of the aspects that grew out of the social conflict during Mexico's critical period will be examined= lust, sa­ vagery, and hypocrisy. Since Azue1a had a first-hand contact with different types which he observed in real life and the Revolution, he was able to clearly reveal to us the life of his country. We shall see how he treats these injustices as they existed before, during, and after the Revolution, and whether he feels there is hppe for Mexico. His concern was already evidenced in his earliest 1it­ erary efforts, for he had already begun to think about the problems of Mexico: political "bossism," social and economic domination of the peon by landowner, religious bigotry, and intolerance. Th~re is a touch of humor and of satire. Also, there is a touch of pessimism and fatalism in most of his novels. He directed his animosity against corrupt men rather than against the ideas of the Revo1ution. 1 This is known from short stories written in the first years .of the century and from the first three full-length nove18~ Marta Luisa, Los fracasados, and Mala yerba. Then came the Revolution. Azue1a boldly struck out at those responsible for plunging his country into a class war without any clearly defined program of social reform. In a very short while, he saw quite a bit of gun-waving, proc1aim­ 1Robert E. Luckey, "Mariano Azue1a," Books Abroad, (Norman, Oklahoma, Autumn, 1953), p. 370. 3 ing of loyalties, and political chicanery. Nauseated by the insincerity about him, he wrote a novel, a hard, nasty novel about a cynical and spineless turncoat in Andres Perez, made­ rista, his first novel of the Revolution. Although artistic­ ally an inferior work, idealogically it is considered one of his most significant novels. He attacks the type that he later characterized as "las moscas" in the novel by that name. Because of them, Mexico would continue to suffer from her age- old wounds: a feudal land system, military dictatorship, a spineless abject press and intellectual class. Azuela be­ lieved that revolution was sometimes necessary for the sake of evolution. He believed, however, that in itself, revolution did no real good. Azuela's views with regard to the futility of revolutions are expressed in the words of Andres Perez: Los pueblos han derramado siempre su sangre por arrancarse de sus carnes a los vampiros que los aniquilan, pero no han conseguido jamas sino substituir a unos vampiros por otros vampiros. 2 In other words, revolution usually changes only oppressors. In spite of this, Azuela believed that the Mexican Revolution did arouse the people. In Bernard M. Dulsey's words, "Azuela has hope for the future of Mexico and thinks that the revolution did awaken the people. This awakening, Azuela believes, is the 2Mariano Azuela, Andres Perez, maderista y otras novelas (Mexico: Ediciones Botas, 1945), p. 90. 4 first step toward the redemption of his country."3 One novel appeared between Andres Perez, maderista and Los ~ abajo. It is Los cacigues, written in Lagos in 1914 under the Huerta domination and published in 1917, after Azuela had returned to Mexico from his brief exile. In Los ~ abajo he describes the life of a soldier who fights for personal revenge and booty, without any clear knowledge of the Revo1u­ tion as a whole. Las moscas captures "the hour of fear" following Villa's defeat at Celaya at the hands of Obregon. On rereading the book years later, Azue1a concluded that he had been overly cruel to them, for they, too, were victims. Las tribu1aciones ~ una familia decente completed the cycle of novels about the Revolution. He was able to show us a clear picture of the great struggle. His humor boils over most of all on the jac­ ka1s and stool pigeons in the pay of the caciques. In Las mos­ cas, instead of giving us descriptions of battles, he was con­ tent with showing us the effects the Revolution had upon the cowards and the shameless opportunists. These opportunists had once been servants of D1az, then of Madero, later, and fi­ na11y of Villa. It did not matter as long as they lived and dressed well. In post-revolutionary Mexico, Azue1a had ample oppor­ 3Bernard M. Du1sey, "Mexican Revolution as mirrored in the Novels of Azuela, "Modern Language Journal, XXXV (May, 1951), p. 386. 5 tunity to study and witness at first hand the many unfortunate people whose misery and pleading fell on unsympathetic ears, as is expressed in La malhora. He condemns the cold objec­ tivity of the courts, the commercialiam of the medical pro­ fession and satirizes the smug morality of those who have never experienced economic want. CHAPTER II AUTHOR'S BIOGRAPHY The Revolution of 1910 found Azuela in Lagos. He had opposed the Porfirio Diaz regime from his student days in Gua­ dalajara. He was a follower of Madero from the time Madero entered the Mexican revolutionary scene. He had been under suspicion by Diaz officials because of certain writings and because of his open opposition to the corruptness of the re­ gime. With the triumph of the Madero movement in 1911, Azuela was appointed to minor political offices in his home district, but he soon gave them up, convinced that the state authorities under whom he worked were opportunists. During the reaction­ ary Huerta domination of 1913-1914, Azuela lived under strict and nerve-racking surveillance. He became the director of pub­ lic education for the state of Jalisco in 1914. Villa and Carranza went separate ways in 1915, and Azuela joined the Villa group under Julian Medina as chief of the med­ ical service. He left his family in Lagos and joined the Me­ dina band on marches and counter-marches. He moved northward through Chihuahua with a contingent of wounded after the crush­ ing defeat of Villa at Celaya on April 16, 1915. It was during this flight that Azuela took notes and planned his best-known novel, Los de abajo. He was finally forced across the border to El Paso, Texas, along with other Villa men. He wrote the novel there and read it to a group of compatriots. It was pub­ 7 lished and first appeared in print as a serial in the Spanish newspaper, "El Paso del Norte," from October to December of 1915. Early in 1919 A.u~la returned tg guadalajara, add chat same year he moved his family to Mexico City, where they lived the rest of their lives. While exercising his professions of medicine and writing, he continued to come in daily contact with the poor to help them. Theseexperiences also helped him to make the setting and characters of his novels vivid and realistic. He also obtained first-hand information about the treatment of the people by the courts where he served as a juryman in 1921 and saw much of the sufferings of the poor in a public medical clinic in 1922. In 1950, the government gave Azuela Mexico's highest award for letters, the "Premio Nacional de Literatura," in rec­ ognition of his literary achievements. His life spanned the stormy years of the dissolution of the Old Regime and the Revo­ lution. He was one of the many thoughtful men who had re­ belled against the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz and who looked to Francisco Madero as the prophet of a new Mexico, a M~xico of freedom and democracy.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Comparative Study of French-Canadian and Mexican-American Contemporary Poetry
    A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FRENCH-CANADIAN AND MEXICAN-AMERICAN CONTEMPORARY POETRY by RODERICK JAMES MACINTOSH, B.A., M.A. A DISSERTATION IN SPANISH Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OP PHILOSOPHY Approved Accepted May, 1981 /V<9/J^ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am T«ry grateful to Dr. Edmundo Garcia-Giron for his direction of this dissertation and to the other mem­ bers of my committee, Dr. Norwood Andrews, Dr. Alfred Cismaru, Dr. Aldo Finco and Dr. Faye L. Bianpass, for their helpful criticism and advice. 11 ' V^-^'s;-^' CONTENTS ACKNOWI£DGMENTS n I. k BRIEF HISTORY OF QUE3EC 1 II• A BRIEF HISTORY OF MEXICAN-AMERICANS ^9 III. A LITERARY HISTORY OF QUEBEC 109 IV. A BRIEF OUTLINE OF ^MEXICAN LITERATURE 164 7» A LITERARY HISTORY OF HffiXICAN-AT/lERICANS 190 ' VI. A COMPARATIVE LOOK AT CANADZkll FRENCH AND MEXICAN-AMERICAN SPANISH 228 VII- CONTEMPORARY PRSNCK-CANADIAN POETRY 2^7 VIII. CONTEMPORARY TffiCICAN-AMERICAN POETRY 26? NOTES 330 BIBLIOGRAPHY 356 111 A BRIEF HISTORY OF QUEBEC In 153^ Jacques Cartier landed on the Gaspe Penin­ sula and established French sovereignty in North America. Nevertheless, the French did not take effective control of their foothold on this continent until 7^ years later when Samuel de Champlain founded the settlement of Quebec in 1608, at the foot of Cape Diamond on the St. Laurence River. At first, the settlement was conceived of as a trading post for the lucrative fur trade, but two difficul­ ties soon becam,e apparent—problems that have plagued French Canada to the present day—the difficulty of comirunication across trackless forests and m.ountainous terrain and the rigors of the Great Canadian Winter.
    [Show full text]
  • In Search of the Female Bandit in the Novel of the Mexican Revolution: the Case of La Pintada
    1 In Search of the Female Bandit in the Novel of the Mexican Revolution: The case of la Pintada. PASCALE BAKER University of Sheffield Abstract In bandit novels from Latin America in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries there is a notable lack of female bandit figures, both real and imagined (especially in leading roles). However, the character la Pintada, in Mariano Azuela’s seminal novel of the Mexican Revolution, Los de abajo (1915), defies the notion that women bandits did not exist or that if they did they were merely followers of male bandit chiefs. A forceful character, Pintada embodies the role of the soldada, as she actively engages in raids, rather than conform to the soldadera stereotype, that of the woman who accompanied the soldiers in their campaigns in a servile role. Pintada, a natural leader, challenges band chief, Demetrio, and leaves without punishment, after committing murder. This paper explores the idea that rather than being one of the Revolution’s victims, Pintada can be seen to be one of its beneficiaries, a brash northerner representing the new modern Mexico that would wrest control in the post- revolutionary period. Resumen Las novelas de bandidos de Latinoamérica en los siglos XIX y XX reflejan una ausencia notable de ‘bandidas’, especialmente en los papeles principales, tanto reales como imaginarios. Sin embargo, el personaje la Pintada en la novela fundamental de la Revolución Mexicana, Los de abajo (1915) de Mariano Azuela, desafía la creencia de que no existían bandidas o que sólo eran seguidoras de bandidos. Poseedora de un carácter fuerte, la Pintada parece ser una soldada y no se somete al estereotipo de la soldadera, en un rol servil, como acompañante de los combatientes.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Made for the USA: Orozco's Horrores De La Revolución
    Anales del Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas ISSN: 0185-1276 [email protected] Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas México Indych, Anna Made for the USA: Orozco's Horrores de la Revolución Anales del Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas, vol. XXIII, núm. 79, otoño, 2001, pp. 153-164 Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas Distrito Federal, México Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=36907905 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto ANNA INDYCH university of new york Made for the USA: Orozco’s Horrores de la Revolución1 hat seems to be the eternal violence of the civil war in Mexico spills out in the crude and raw, yet delicate ink and wash draw- Wings by José Clemente Orozco, known upon their commission as Horrores de la Revolución, and later, in the United States, entitled Mexico in Revolution. One of the lesser known works from the series, The Rape, in the collection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art, exemplifies Orozco’s horrific vision of the Revolution. In a ransacked room, a soldier mounts a half-naked woman, pinning her down to the floor by her arms and hair. He perpetuates a violation committed by the other figures leaving the room—one disheveled soldier, viewed from the back, lifts his pants to cover his rear as a shadowy figure exits through the parted curtains to the right of the drawing.
    [Show full text]
  • English Translation of the Mexican Novel Las Tribulaciones De Una Familia Decente, with an Introduction| Urban and Political Aspects of the Mexican Revolution
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1951 English translation of the Mexican novel Las tribulaciones de una familia decente, with an introduction| Urban and political aspects of the Mexican revolution Louise Lilly McBride The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation McBride, Louise Lilly, "English translation of the Mexican novel Las tribulaciones de una familia decente, with an introduction| Urban and political aspects of the Mexican revolution" (1951). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 2227. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/2227 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. An English Translation of the Mexican Novel LAS TRIBULACIONES DE UNA FAMILIA DECENTE by Mariano Azuela with an Introduction URBAN AND POLITICAL ASPECTS OF THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION BY B. A., Montana Stat^ University, 1929 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Montana State University 1951 Approved: •-c•'/ ' "7,.. -7 Chairman of Board of Examiners Chairman of Committee on Graduate Study UMI Number: EP35836 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted.
    [Show full text]
  • Study of Mariano Azuela's Translations Into English and His
    A STUDY OP MARIANO AZUELA'S TRANSLATIONS INTO ENGLISH AND HIS REPUTATION IN THE UNITED STATES ANGELES J. ALMMAS-VELASCO B. A., Mount St. Scholastica College, 1962 A MASTER'S REPORT submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OP ARTS Department of English KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 1963 Approved by: Major Professor . L0 L 2.fe 4»8 ** TABLE OP CONTENTS CRITICISM 2 THE TRANSLATIONS AND THE WHOLE PRODUCTION 4 A SECOND LOOK INTO THE MAJOR WORKS 6 THE TRANSLATIONS 30 CONCLUSION 43 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 51 BIBLIOGRAPHY 52 a - The recent publication in 1963 of a paperback edition in English of Los de abajo seems to indicate a growing awareness of the late Mexican author Mariano Azuela. This awareness is testified by three translations- Marce la (1932) by Anita Bren- ner, translated from the Spanish Mala yerba— and Professor Simpson's translations, after Azuela' s death, of Los caciques and Las moscas (1956). An article for the 1960 edition of The Encyclopedia Britannic written by Luis Leal> shows that only very recently is Azuela becoming available to the ordinary reader in English. Nevertheless, neither the inexpensive paper- back edition of Los de abajo , Azuela' s internationally recog- nized masterpiece, nor the translations of the three other novels give a full picture to the English-reading public of this author who wrote twenty-three novels and various short stories and plays. The objectives of this report are to investigate Azuela 's reputation in the United States as seen by the reviews and criticisms the translations were awarded, to see how adequate are the existing translations, and to study the special problems they offered to the translator and how these were met.
    [Show full text]
  • CONTEMPORARY MEXICO AS PORTRAYED in Receirr NOVELS
    Contemporary Mexico as portrayed in recent novels of Mariano Azuela Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Tainter, Fern Russler, 1905- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 05/10/2021 14:40:13 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/553697 CONTEMPORARY MEXICO AS PORTRAYED IN RECEirr NOVELS OF MARIANO AZUELA by Fern Russler TaInter A Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Department of Latin-American Cultures in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Graduate College University of Arizona 1 9 4 6 1 v -J ?ia fUJ i a> _5> •?. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page ACKNOt/LBDG" -ENT............................ 11 FRONTISFIKCB.............................. ill PREFACE......... Iv I. LAEIANC A2UELA, ONE OF H U G O ’S LLADIliG H O V m S T S ..................... 1 n. BIOGRAPHY................................ 4 III. AZ,VELA'S WORKS........................... 8 17. GENERAL HISTORICAL BACKGROUND............ 24 V. CONTSISPORARY POLITICS HI MEXICO.......... 47 VI. MEXICO'S RELIGIOUS PROBLEMS.............. 63 VII. LABOR AND AGRARIAN PROBLH.S.............. 77 Tin. ccNmiPORARr rmcAM soc i e t y .............. 93 IX. A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF RECENT NOVELS BY I ARIANO AZBKLA..................... 117 X. CONCLUSIONS............................... 135 CHAPTER NOTES............................. 139 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................... 157 1 176682. ACK*€*1ZDGKER? Dr. John Brooks, under -whose direction this thesis m s vnritten, for his criticisms and advice; to Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Mexican Revolution Notes
    Notes on the Humanities of the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920) NOTES ON THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION In brief, the Mexican Revolution began when Francisco I. Madero (1873-1913) was elected President of Mexico against the autocratic previous dictatorial president, Porfirio Díaz. A violent civil war ensued when Madero was assassinated. The contending parties were led, variously, by Victoriano Huerta, Venustiano Carranza, Álvaro Obregón, Emiliano Zapata, and Francisco (Pancho) Villa. The civil war- revolution ended with the eventual victory of Obregón. A general synoptic outline of the events of the Mexican Revolution are found in the Mexican country notes. NOTES ON THE NOVEL OF THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION The literary genre of the novel and mural art are the two major humanistic expressions that responded to and arose from the events of the Mexican Revolution. In particular, both humanistic forms can be seen at the center of movement toward regionalism that dominates Latin American humanities in the 20th century. Another way to view this extraordinarily rich phenomenon (which is due to a major historical event) is to say that this intense period is a transition between Mexican naturalism that flourished at the end of the 19th century and 20th century humanistic trends that develop out of Mexico's revolutionary art forms. The Ateneo de México, which began as the Ateneo de la Juventud Mexicana, Athanaeum of Mexican Youth, was a secular association that began in 1909 and was at the center of the humanities renaissance in Mexico. It became a model for similar societies throughout Latin America. It worked in the fields of culture and art, and it arose as a vigorous response of a generation of young intellectuals who, at the end of the long dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz (1871-1910), launched a critique against the 19th century enthusiasm for determinism and Comtian and Spencerian positivism, which were the basis for Porfirio Díaz's national top-down modernization program.
    [Show full text]
  • Mexican Experiences with Migration, Race and Identity, 1910-1965 Marissa Nichols
    Bridgewater State University Virtual Commons - Bridgewater State University Honors Program Theses and Projects Undergraduate Honors Program 5-13-2014 Transcending Borders: Mexican Experiences with Migration, Race and Identity, 1910-1965 Marissa Nichols Follow this and additional works at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/honors_proj Part of the Latin American History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Nichols, Marissa. (2014). Transcending Borders: Mexican Experiences with Migration, Race and Identity, 1910-1965. In BSU Honors Program Theses and Projects. Item 49. Available at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/honors_proj/49 Copyright © 2014 Marissa Nichols This item is available as part of Virtual Commons, the open-access institutional repository of Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts. Nichols 1 Transcending Borders Mexican Experiences with Migration, Race and Identity, 1910-1965 Marissa Nichols Submitted in Partial Completion of the Requirements for Commonwealth Honors in History Bridgewater State University May 13, 2014 Dr. Erin O’Connor, Thesis Director Dr. Brian Payne, Committee Member Dr. Paul Rubinson, Committee Member Nichols 2 Introduction Mexican migration to the United States has remained one of the largest movements of people in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Throughout this period, migratory patterns fluctuated in response to certain events such as the Mexican Revolution, the Great Depression, and World War II. Government policies in both the United States and in Mexico also varied depending on the state of each country’s economy, the politics of the day, and global events. Despite such fluctuations, Mexicans remained the largest migrant group in the United States.1 Historians today often portray the vast number of individuals who comprised this group as a mass of passive victims suffering from global economic and political issues.
    [Show full text]
  • La Violencia En Tres Novelas De Mariano Azuela
    University of the Pacific Scholarly Commons University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 1972 La violencia en tres novelas de Mariano Azuela Samuel Holland University of the Pacific Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds Part of the Latin American Literature Commons, and the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Holland, Samuel. (1972). La violencia en tres novelas de Mariano Azuela. University of the Pacific, Thesis. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/1792 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. L j l' LA VIOLENCIA EN TilES NOVELAS DE P.1ARIANO AZUELA l l " I j Tesis .Presentada a La Facultad de la Escuela de Graduados University of the Pacific --·---- J1 l I En Cumj;Jlimiento Parcial 1 de los Requisites .para el Titulo por Samuel Holland Agosto 1972 • I l j 1 This thesis, writt!ln and submitted by SAMUEL HOLLAND is approved for recommendation to the Committee on Graduate Studies, University of the Pacific. Department Chairman or Dean: ' Thesis Committee: Chairman l I Dated CGu.o~ Jt,e, I/ R I 7 '7 ~ u 1 1 I l ~ INDICE PREFACIO • • • • • • • : • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ii Cap:ltulo I. INTRODUCCION t II II II II II II II II II II II II II II ~ II 1 ~ j II. LA REVOI.UCION J'IIEXICAN"A DE 1910 • • • • • • • 4 j III.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mexican Revolution As Seen Through the Novelistic Works
    THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION AS SEEN THROUGH THE NOVELISTIC WORKS OF MARTfN LUIS GUZMAN by Kathryn S. Ritchie Submitted as an Honors Paper in the Department of Romance Languages The University of North Carolina at Greensboro 1968 ii Approved by 2PBLi LLX,U~Li-*L-r -t..-iO:. B. ?JL 4A- iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many thanks to my advisor, Dr. Jose Almeida, for all of his helpful guidance. Gratitude is also expressed to Dr. Franklin Parker for reading and commenting on the manuscript, and to my roomate, Lucie Lea White, who gave so much of her time to typing the final copy. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE Page 1 I. INTRODUCTION TO GUZMAN AND HIS TIMES Page 3 II. EL AGUILA Y LA SERPIENTE Page 12 III. LA SOMBRA DEL CAUDILLO Page 25 IV. MEMORIAS DE PANCHO VILLA Page 36 V. CONCLUSION Page 46 BIBLIOGRAPHY Page 52 PREFACE The Mexican Revolution, which disrupted the live* of our neighbors from 1910 to 1920 and continues to bring changes to today's Mexico, has entered literature through the work of many writers. Each author, having his own perspective on this turning point in his nation's history, has portrayed the Revolution differently. Mariano Azuela, who served as a doctor on the battlefields, saw the Revolution as a great upheaval of the masses, who had to revolt even though they could not clearly state their goals. Nellie Campobello was a child during these years, and her novels reflect the perspective of one to whom the bloodshed and death of the Revolution were ordinary occurences. Gregorio Lopez y Fuentes fought the United States troops at Veracruz and then participated in battles in the provinces; he saw the Revolution through the eyes of the peasants and soldiers who died in it.
    [Show full text]
  • 2007-08 Catalogue
    1 Contents College Calendar . 2 General Information A History of Vassar College . 5 Academic Life . 7. Physical Resources . 10 Student Services and Activities . 17. Admission . 25. Fees . 29. Financial Aid . 34 Alumnae and Alumni of Vassar College (AAVC) . 42 Academic Information Degrees and Courses of Study . 44. Preparation for Graduate Study . 63 Instruction 2007/2008 . 65 Departments and Programs of Instruction . 67 College Organization Board of Trustees . 375. Administration . 376. Alumnae and Alumni of Vassar College . 288 Faculty . 389. Degree Programs . 408. Index . 409. For the college website and the catalogue online, please refer to: www .vassar .edu 6 - - , 2007/08 Catalogue printed on recycled paper 2 Calendar 2007/08 Vacations, recesses, and holidays are shown in underlined figures . JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 1 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 29 30 31 26 27 28 29 30 31 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 1 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 28 29 30 31 25 26 27 28 29 30 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 1 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 4 5
    [Show full text]
  • Representations: Los De Abajo by Mariano Azuela
    representations: los de abajo by mariano azuela INTRODUCTION The following is an Educator’s Guide to accompany the novel Los de Abajo/The Underdogs. Written by Mariano Azuela, it is one of the most famous novels of the Mexican Revolution and recognized by many as the first. The novel itself is readily available in both English and Spanish and can be found in its entirety online for free, which makes it accessible for most classrooms and students. Copies of the English and Spanish versions of the book are included in the appendix of this guide. The Educator’s Guide includes: \ Background information on the author and the context of the novel. \ Guided reading questions organized by parts of the book and extended response writing prompts. These questions have been written to support the types of reading and critical thinking skills required in standardized reading comprehension tests. In addition to the lesson plans and activities included here, lecture notes (which include an inter- active visual that breaks down important themes in the novel) are available from the University of Cambridge through the following links: \ Charting Revolution: Mariano Azuela, Los de abajo, 1915 \ In-depth Essay Questions SUMMARY11 Ten years after its publication in a small El Paso paper, Los de Abajo/The Underdogs achieved worldwide renown as the greatest novel of the Mexican Revolution. It tells the story of Demetrio Macías, a modest, peace-loving Indian who is forced to side with the rebels to save his family. In the course of battle, he becomes a compulsive militarist almost despite himself, and his courage leads to a generalship in Pancho Villa’s army.
    [Show full text]