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Natural Infection of the South American Tapir (Tapirus Terrestris) by Theileria Equi

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Natural Infection of the South American Tapir (Tapirus Terrestris) by Theileria Equi Natural Infection of the South American Tapir (Tapirus terrestris) by Theileria equi Author(s): Alexandre Welzel Da Silveira, Gustavo Gomes De Oliveira, Leandro Menezes Santos, Lucas Bezerra da Silva Azuaga, Claudia Regina Macedo Coutinho, Jessica Teles Echeverria, Tamires Ramborger Antunes, Carlos Alberto do Nascimento Ramos, and Alda Izabel de Souza Source: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 53(2):411-413. Published By: Wildlife Disease Association https://doi.org/10.7589/2016-06-149 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.7589/2016-06-149 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. 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DOI: 10.7589/2016-06-149 Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 53(2), 2017, pp. 411–413 Ó Wildlife Disease Association 2017 Natural Infection of the South American Tapir (Tapirus terrestris)by Theileria equi Alexandre Welzel Da Silveira,1 Gustavo Gomes De Oliveira,1 Leandro Menezes Santos,1 Lucas Bezerra da Silva Azuaga,2 Claudia Regina Macedo Coutinho,2 Jessica Teles Echeverria,1 Tamires Ramborger Antunes,3 Carlos Alberto do Nascimento Ramos,1,3,4 and Alda Izabel de Souza1,3 1Faculdade de Medicina Veterina´ria e Zootecnia, UFMS, 79070-900, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil; 2Centro de Reabilitac¸a˜ode Animais Silvestre (CRAS), 79037-100, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil; 3Programa de Pos-Graduac´ ¸a˜oem Cienciasˆ Veterina´rias, FAMEZ–UFMS, 79070-900, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil; 4Corresponding author (email: [email protected]). ABSTRACT: Theileria equi is a tick-borne piro- domestic animals. This proximity facilitates plasm considered endemic in equines in Brazil. the transmission of pathogens which may The cohabitation of domestic and wild animals in represent a risk to the animals involved (wild areas of extensive cattle breeding favors the close contact between different species and the sharing and domestic) and to the human population of vectors and, consequently, pathogens. We (zoonosis; Williams et al. 2002). report the natural infection of a young South Evidence of natural infection of tapirs by American tapir (Tapirus terrestris)byT. equi in piroplasms has been described in both captive Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Although it was not (Vroege and Zwart 1972) and free-living possible to associate the clinical and hematologic status of the animal with the infection by the animals (Armando and Castellanos 2013); protozoan parasite, our report represents an alert however, there are no reports of Theileria on the sharing of pathogens between domestic equi confirmed by molecular tools. Therefore, and wild animals. we aimed to report the natural infection of a tapir by T. equi in Brazil as confirmed by PCR The South American tapir (Tapirus terrest- and DNA sequencing. ris) is an ungulate belonging to the Family A female tapir, aged approximately 3 mo, Tapiridae and Order Perissodactyla. In South was rescued on a beef cattle farm in the America, these animals are found from municipality of Campo Grande (2082603400S, northern Argentina to the far north of the 5483804700W) and sent to a rehabilitation continent (Venezuela, Colombia, and Guya- center for wild animals (Centro de Reabilita- na). In Brazil, tapirs can be found in all c¸a˜o de Animais Silvestre, Mato Grosso do Sul, biomes (Pantanal, Atlantic forest, and Ama- Brazil). The animal had a compound fracture zon), with the exception of the Caatinga of the left pelvic leg and myiasis on exposed (Medici et al. 2012). tissues. The clinical and hematologic param- Deforestation and the conversion to agri- eters of the animal were assessed in the cultural and pasture land for livestock have Veterinary Hospital of the Universidade had important impacts on the conservation Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (Campo status of this species. A recent study address- Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil). The ing the conservation of tapirs was conducted animal was hyperthermic (38.9 C), apathetic, in accordance with the criteria of the Inter- and anorexic. Blood cell counts indicated a national Union for Conservation of Nature, normochromic microcytic anemia, leukocyto- classifying the status of this animal in Brazil as sis to neutrophilia without a left shift, and vulnerable (Medici et al. 2012). In the lymphocytosis according to the reference Pantanal biome, the species was considered values for the species (Teare 2006). We near-threatened (Medici et al. 2012). The observed anisocytosis and suggestive erythro- expansion of agriculture threatens native cytic inclusions resembling piroplasms in 1% species due to the reduction of their natural of cells on the blood smear. Due to the habitat and close contact between wild and severity of the fracture and the degeneration 411 412 JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES, VOL. 53, NO. 2, APRIL 2017 of clinical and hematologic parameters, the addition, due to the scarcity of infection animal was euthanized in accordance with reports, there are no hematologic or clinical current legislation. parameters that characterize the action of the Genomic DNA was extracted from a blood protozoan in tapirs. sample as described by Araujo´ et al. (2009). In the region where the present case Subsequently, the DNA was subjected to PCR occurred, the extensive breeding of beef cattle using universal Babesia–Theileria primers predominates. It is common for there to be (BT1F 50GGTTGATCCTGCCAGTAGT30 cohabitation of domestic animals (cattle, and BT1R 50GCCTGCTGCCTTCCTTA30), horses) with wild animals such as tapirs, which amplified a fragment of the 18s cervids, and capybaras, among others. In ribosomal RNA gene (Criado-Fornelio et al. addition piroplasms, such as T. equi,are 2003). Amplified fragments were purified endemic in the region and prevalences as using a QIAEX II kit (Qiagen, Hilden, high as 91% have been found among horses in Germany) and sequenced in both directions this region (Heim et al. 2007; Barros et al. using the Sanger method. The chromatograms 2015). Furthermore, there is molecular evi- were analyzed and edited using BioEdit dence of the occurrence of Theileria sp. in v.7.2.5 software (Hall 1999). Consensus se- free-living and captive cervids (Mazama goua- quences were submitted to a BLASTn search zoubira and Blastocerus dichotomus; Silveira (Altschul et al. 1990) to determine the et al. 2011). sequence identity based on comparisons with The transmission of T. equi occurs from the orthologous sequences available in the Gen- bite of infected ticks, especially of the genus Bank database. Amblyomma (Wise et al. 2013). We observed We observed a 98% identity among the these ticks parasitizing our case animal, DNA sequences (414 base pairs) obtained in indicating the possible source of the infection. the present study and sequences of T. equi Amblyomma cajennense was the most preva- available in GenBank (accession numbers lent tick species in nonurban areas of the Z15105, CP001669, AY150062, and region, parasitizing both domestic and wild AY150063). The sequence obtained in the animals (Garcia et al. 2013). Therefore, in this present study was deposited in GenBank habitat the exchange of vectors is common under accession number KX364475. and, consequently, so too is the pathogens that Vroege and Zwart (1972) microscopically they carry. diagnosed a case of natural infection by T. The natural infection of Tapirus terrestris equi in a Malayan tapir (Tapirus indicus) by T. equi in South America has not been raised in captivity in Europe. The animal died previously reported. Despite the fact that the a few days after being transferred from the case in question was an accidental finding, zoo, but the authors did not attribute the because the protozoan infection cannot be cause of death to the presence of the parasite. correlated with the clinical condition of the The clinical characterization of T. equi infec- animal it raises an alert about the exchange of tion in Tapirus species has not been described pathogens between domestic and wild ani- so far. mals. In affected horses with the acute form of T. equi infection, severe regenerative hemolytic LITERATURE CITED anemia and jaundice occur. In chronic cases, Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ. clinical signs are mild or often absent, keeping 1990. Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol the animal as an asymptomatic carrier (Wise 215:403–410. et al. 2013). In the present report, it was not Araujo´ FR, Ramos CAN, Luiz HL, Peres IAHFS, Oliveira possible to attribute the clinical and laboratory RHM, Souza IIF, Russi LS. 2009. Avaliac¸a˜odeum protocolo de extrac¸a˜o de DNA genomicoˆ a partir de abnormalities to the presence of the parasite sangue total. In: Embrapa Gado de Corte. Comuni- due to the osteomyelitis resulting from the cado Te´cnico, 120, Embrapa Gado de Corte, Campo exposed fracture in the left pelvic limb. In Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, 5 pp. Portuguese. LETTERS 413 Armando X, Castellanos P. 2013. First report of positive CB, de Tofoli´ CF, Junior EAM, et al. 2012. Avaliac¸a˜o serological response to the hemoparasite, Babesia do risco de extinc¸a˜o da anta Brasileira Tapirus caballi, in mountain tapir. Tapir Conservation 22:9. terrestris Linnaeus, 1758, no Brasil. Biodivers Bras Barros EM, Braga IA,´ Santos LGF, Ziliani TF, Melo ALT, 3:103–116.
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