FROM THE BRIDGEWATER STATE COllEGE PERMANENT COllECTION

BreakingUp--West River, c. 1925 Aldro T. Hibbard (Falmouth, Mass., 1886-Rockport, Mass., 1972) Oil on canvas, 30" x 36" Winter scenes exemplified by this large painting are among the most loved and admired themes ofAldro Hibbard's works. Done in the Impressionist style that was popular in America in the early twentieth century, this landscape was mostly painted on-site in the West River Valley ofVermont, near the artist's home. In searching out his Hibbard learned his style at the Hibbard found his subject matter not subject matter in the frozen woods and vil­ Massachusetts Normal Art School (now only in Vermont, but in the landscapes lages, Hibbard would load a sled with up to the Massachusetts College ofArt) and the tllroughout New England and Canada. 50 pounds ofpaint supplies and equipment. School ofthe Museum ofFine Arts, where Summers were spent on either Cape Cod or Impressionists were known for experienc­ he studied with such well-known painters as Cape Ann, where he founded and directed ing some difficult working conditions in Frank Benson, Phillip 1. Hale, and Edmund the Rockport School of Drawing and painting outdoors, but only Hibbard regu­ Tarbell (who is represented by a painting Painting that was later named for him. The larly endured the icy cold for his art. Here and a pastel in the College's Permanent Permanent CoUection includes anotller the painting done on-site is revealed in the Collection). The Museum School trained a work by Hibbard, a small painting titled convincing portrayal ofthe midday light of generation ofpainters in the prevailing Cape Cod Marshes, Provincetown. These two late winter on the snow, trees, hills and styles ofAcademic Classicism and Hibbard paintings are among a group of sparkling water. A range ofbrushstrokes Impressionism; Hibbard excelled in the lat­ early gifts by alumni that form the original effectively define tllese different elements: ter. He received a traveling scholarship from core ofthe Bridgewater State CoUege long and thin for the trees, broad and thick the Museum School that allowed him to Permanent Collection, now housed in a for the ice, and small and broken for the study in Europe from 1913 to 1916, where gallery within tlleArt Building. moving surface ofthe water. he came into direct contact with the works ofthe French Impressionists. He went on to Text by Roger Dunn, Professor ofArt teach at Boston University. Photo by Rob Lorenson, Assistant Professor ofArt

BRIDGEWATER REVIEW BRIDGEWATER ~VIEW JUNE 2000

VOLUME 19, NUMBER 1 On the Cover: Magenta's Spirit, by Dorothy Pulsifer (triptych -altar piece­ front view). Back view shown above. This TABLE OF CONTENTS work has been inspired by altar pieces done on decorated panels which open to EDITOR'S NOTEBOOK - IF ONLY I HAD A HOME 2 reveal the paintings within. Color used to by Michael Kryzanek illuminate these religious images often has symbolic meaning but its emotional impact THE GLOBAL ELlMINATION OF LANOMINES: and expressive force is usually constrained by tradition. In this triptych, Magenta's WHERE Is WASHINGTON? 3 emotional, expressive, and spiritual impact by Christopher Kirkey is as much the subject as is the more tradi­ tional suggested spiritual content. DRESSING FOR SUCCESS: THE SUIT ON STAGE AND OFF 8 by Henry Shaffer EDITOR MASTERPIECE OR RACIST TRASH?BRlDGEWATER STUDENTS Michael Kryzanek ENTER TH E DEBATE OVER Huckleberry Finn 12 Political Science by Barbara Apstein ASSOCIATE EDITORS Barbara Apstein RECENT WORK 15 English by Dorothy Pulsifer William Levin Sociology SERVICE WITH A SMILE: CUSTOMER SOVEREIGNTY ADVISORY BOARD AND THE COMMODIFICATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION 19 Charles Angell by Michael Delucchi Professor ofEnglish Ratna Chandrasekhar MCAS MORASS 23 Librarian by William C. Levin Paul Dubois Professor of Physical Education REpORT FROM CART: "NEURAL INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE SMALL Stephen Levine INTESTINE AND THE SPHINCTER OF 0001" AND "SUSTAINABLE Professor ofTheatre Arts DEVELOPMENT FOR ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND Mercedes Nunes ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH" 25 Assistant Professor ofArt Thomas Moore RESEARCH NOTE - TAMMY DE RAMos AND KEVIN CURRy 27 Professor ofMathematics and by William C. Levin Computer Science Thomas Turner FACULTY PROFILE STEVEN YOUNG 29 Professor ofHistory

FACULTY PROFILE GAIL PRlCE : 30 The Bridgewater Review is published twice a year by the faculty ofBridgewater State BOOK REVIEW - BEOWULF: ANEW VERSE TRANSLATION 31 College. Opinions expressed herein are those ofthe authors and do not necessarily by Charles F Angell reflect the policies ofthe Bridgewater Review or Bridgewater State College. Letters to the Editor should be sent to Bridgewater Review, c/o Editor, Department ofPolitical Science Bridgewater State College Bridgewater, MA 02325 Articles may be reprinted with permission ofthe Editor, Copyright © 2000, Bridgewater State College ISBN 0892-7634

BRIDGEWATER REVIEW Ifthere is an answer to homelessness, it lies in the private sector and the goodwill ofAmericans. Unfortunately, homelessness and affordable housing is not one ofthe highest philanthropic priorities ofthose with the means to donate from their excess. Giving to the homeless often must compete with charities associated with health and EDITORS NOTEBOOK hospitals, educational institutions, reli­ gious organizations and various envi­ IF ONLY I HAD A HOME ronmental concerns. Homeless shelters are forced to struggle for every available was sitting in a doctor's office recently the point where even the working poor dollar and to justify that giving to the and there was an advertisement on the find it difficult to meet rent payments. homeless is indeed a worthy use of D wall asking patients to give their used Many ofthe poor are doubling or charitable contributions. eyeglasses to the poor in the less devel­ tripling up in apartment houses in Americans are without question one oped world. A woman next to me said order to get a roofover their heads. ofthe most generous and caring people rather angrily that we should be paying But others who have no family or other in the history ofthis planet. But they more attention to the needs ofthe personal networks find themselves have been lulled into a false sense of people right here in America, instead knocking on the doors ofthe shelters prosperity, thinking that everyone is ofalways looking overseas for a cause. every night. being taken care ofand that access to At first I became a little irritated that Increasingly tl1e homeless are moth­ the bounty oftl1is economy is available she would be so unconcerned about ers with small children and teenagers to all. In one sense everyone is being the poor in far away countries, but who have separated from their parents. taken care ofsince the homeless shel­ tl1en I began to think about how our Yes, the homeless person continues to ters have become not just places to sleep enormous national wealth and individ­ match the stereotype ofthe rumpled and eat, but educational centers, detox ual prosperity sit side-by-side with vagrant who suffers from alcoholism, facilities, job training sites and mini­ glaring poverty and growing inequality. drug abuse and mental deficiency. But hospitals. But being taken care ofin an We have become a nation ofstark that is only part ofthe picture. overcrowded shelter versus having a differences between the haves and Homelessness now includes those who home are poles apart. the have-nots. are desperately seeking to find work There is no right articulated in the One ofthe more visible tragedies of and some financial stability so they can Constitution tl1at guarantees housing, this boom period is the rise in the move out ofthe shelter. but in this great country it seems so sad homeless population. Shelters, which At the heart ofthe homeless problem tl1at hundreds ofthousands ofpeople house and feed those who have no place is the lack ofaffordable housing in the spend time each day trying to find a to go, are experiencing a sad boom of United States. In 1980 the U.S. place to sleep. Most eventually do, their own. The price ofhousing stock in Department ofHousing and Urban thanks to the shelters, butwouldn't it manycities in this country has risen to Development produced more tl1an be far better ifthe public sector and the 260,000 units ofaffordable housing. In private sector made more ofan effort 1997, however, that number had to build homes for all Americans? dropped to less than 77,000 units. While this country was concentrat­ Michael Kryzanek is Editor ofthe ing on building the dream homes ofthe Bridgewater Review and Chairman of middle and upper classes, the poor have the Board ofthe Brockton Coalition for found that there are less opportunities the Homeless. for them to experience that same dream. Moreover, with budget cuts in Washington and states and local com­ munities fixed on high rise office space, convention centers, sports arenas and transportation projects, there has been little left in the public coffers to address the housing needs ofthose at the bot­ tom ofthe economic ladder.

BRlDGEWATER REVlEW 2 USAP MINE POLICY: PRELUDE TO OTTAWA Much effort to restrict AP mines, albeit sporadic and less than fully successful, had been spent bythe inter­ national community- including the United States - prior to the onset ofthe Ottawa Process. The 10 October 1980 Convention on Conventional Weapons (CCW) represented the first major breakthrough in an attempt to address the humanitarian horrors inflicted by AP mines. Protocol II ofthe CCW­ Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use ofMines, Booby-traps and Other THE GL·OBAL Devices - was by no means, however, a definitive solution. Public and private observers throughout the 1980s and ELIMINATION OF early 1990s - in the face ofongoing and increased use ofAP mines and AP mine accidents/deaths-found the 1980 LANDMINES: Protocol to be increasingly ineffective. The CCW, it was recognized, failed on WHERE IS several counts including: the absence ofadequate verification methods to ensure state compliance and enforce WASHINGTON? implementation; the absence ofany meaningful political, economic, or BY CHRISTOPHER KIRKEY military penalties to punish violators; the inapplicability toward domestic n a much celebrated September 1994 This essay will chronicle the evolving or intrastate conflict; the restrictive address to the United Nations General AP mine position ofthe United States­ focus on land mine use (as opposed D Assembly, American President Bill prior to, and particularly during the to production, stockpiling, transfer, Clinton challenged the international Ottawa Process ofOctober 1996 to etc.); and the lack ofan effective mech­ communityto concentrate its efforts December 1997. The essay will review anism to guarantee ratification and and move towards securing the global the reluctance ofWashington to fully implementation. elimination ofanti-personnel (AP) participate in the Ottawa Process, the Convinced thattougher measures mines. Just over three years later, in decision to utilize the Conference on were required to combat the myriad of December 1997, 122 countries Disarmament (CD) as the most appro­ problems stemming from AP mine use, gathered in Canada to sign the Ottawa priate forum for AP mine elimination the international community recon­ Convention- formally titled the negotiations, and the announcement vened in 1995 at the Review Conference Convention on the Prohibition ofthe that America would commit to ofthe CCw. These meetings, held in Use, Stockpiling, Production and Convention negotiations in September Vienna and Geneva from 25 Septem­ Transfer ofAnti-Personnel Mines and on 1997. Scrutinywill be paid to examin­ ber-13 October and also in January their Destruction. Despite widespread ing why the U.S. could not endorse the 1996 and 22 April-3 May 1996, culmi­ international support from a variety of final text oftlle negotiated Convention. nated in a revamped Protocol II - yet states, international organizations and one that still failed to fully satisfY many nongovernmental organizations, the states, international organizations, and United States opted not to sign the non-governmental organizations alike. most significant agreement negotiated This sense offrustration led eight like­ to date to eliminate AP mines. Why? minded states (Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Ireland, Mexico, Norway and Switzerland), the

BRIDGEWATER REVlEW 3 The summer of 1996 witnessed no substantive changes to the newly enunciated US. AP mine policy. Washington's focus shifted to the ques­ tion ofwhether or not to participate at the upcoming Canadian sponsored international forum on eliminatingAP mines, scheduled to be convened in Ottawa. US. government officials met with Canadian representatives on several occasions to discuss the format, scope, purpose and intended outcomes ofthe Ottawa Conference. As one Department ofState participant involved in the talks put it We were well aware that a number of states - Canada, Austria, Norway and the like - were dissatisfied with the CCW Review outcome. The NGO community was even more frustrated by the May result. They viewed the upcoming Shown above: PMA-2 Soviet-designed anti-personnel blast landmine. Photograph by Ottawa meetings in a redemptive light... John Rodsted. as an opportunity to create afresh start to rid mines from the world. Our concern International Committee ofthe Red instead engaged in an internal policy at this time was ensuring that any Cross (ICRC) and the International review to determine the military use declaration to emerge from Ottawa be Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) of, and need for, AP mines. This review, non-binding on parties... A deadline to examine and develop a new diplo­ announced on 16 March 1996 and to eliminate mines by say 2000 was matic path for the elimination ofAP ordered by the Chairman ofthe from our perspective wholly artificial mines. These discussions, which began Joint Chiefs ofStaff, General John and inconsistent with past international on 19 January 1996, were ironically Shalikashvili, culminated two months negotiations and with our security attempting to identify an alternative AP later. The AP mine position ofthe commitments. mine ban course ofaction, even as the United States, as outlined by the The US. ultimately agreed to attend CCW Review Conference continued. President, would include the following the 3-5 October Ottawa Conference, By the conclusion ofthe CCW Confer­ components: titled "Towards a Global Ban on Anti­ ence on 3 May 1996, Canada - arguably 1) a renewed commitment to seeking Personnel Mines," as a full participant. the most determined state leading the an international agreement to initiative for a more meaningful AP eventually eliminate all AP mines; mine ban agreement- declared its 2) a commitment to eliminate all THE OTTAWA PROCESS & intention to convene a multilateral non self-detonatinglself-deacti­ THE POSITION OF THE forum in the latter part of1996. The vating (i.e., "dumb") AP mines UNITED STATES meeting would be designed to identify from the US. arsenal by 1999­ A. October 1996-August 1997: A and implement a plan ofaction to with the exception ofmore than Different Road Taken meet this desired end. one million AP mines used to pro­ The position taken by the US. at the For its part, the United States - which tectAmerican and South Korean Ottawa Conference was to underscore had played an active role in crafting the defense forces against a potential the central features ofits May 1996 AP CCW Protocol revisions - was not yet military attack from North Korea; mine policy, while simultaneously prepared to participate in, let alone 3) a decision to continue the use of insisting that despite an ongoing com­ endorse, what would soon come to be self-detonatinglself-deactivating mitment to international negotiations known as the Ottawa Process. In the (i.e., "smart") AP mines until such to eliminate AP mines, it was unwilling Spring of 1996, Washington was time as effective alternatives were to agree to any formal deadline. At the designed to replace them or an international AP mine elimination accord was reached.

BRIDGEWATER REVlEW 4 conclusion ofthe conference, some fifty Clearly all ofus attending this conference Process. The second and arguably more states, including the US., agreed to feel strongly about the subject, and this compelling lure ofthe CD for the support the Ottawa Declaration. The initiative puton the table by the Cana­ United States was the belief that no declaration, essentially a statement dian Foreign Minister is one that we will matter the time required, a final accord pledging political cooperation, notably look at... We're notprepared to set a date, would capture the political realities and underscored the pressing need to but we are prepared to start work imme­ military necessities ofAmerica's AP undertake "urgent action on the part of diately on an international agreement to mine policy set forth in May 1996. the international community to ban ban land mines. Ifthis can take place Washington's preferred option for and eliminate [AP mines]," by commit­ within that timeframe and ifour con­ negotiating an international AP mine ting states "to ensure the earliest possible cerns can be met, we'll be very supportive. ban was announced on 17 January conclusion ofa legaUy-bincling interna­ Clearly disappointed and somewhat 1997. Much to the consternation of tional agreement to ban anti-personnel frustrated by Canada's actions, Wash­ pro-Ottawa Process forces - which mines." The terms and conditions out­ ington reviewed its options in the Fall included various states, international lined in the Ottawa Declaration were, of 1996 for pursuing an international organizations, nongovernmental orga­ for all intents and purposes, consistent AP mine ban. A commitment to full nizations, and Congressional support­ with US. AP mine policy. participation in the newly launched ers, most notably Senator Patrick Leahy Canada's Minister ofForeign Affairs, Ottawa Process option was dominated ofYermont- President Clinton stated Lloyd Axworthy, surprised the world, by one overwhelming consideration: that the US. would commit its focus however, when he announced on 5 could an international agreement be and energies to the UN. Conference October that it was Canada's intention negotiated that would effectively recog­ on Disarmament. to convene an international AP mine nize, incorporate, and reconcile itself to The Conference on Disarmament, elimination treaty signing conference America's existingAP mine platform? however, proved to be an exercise in in December 1997. This unilateral Most observers in Washington believed futility for the US. Despite repeated decision was not greeted with raw this unlikely, particularly given the attempts by American officials from enthusiasm by the US. Karl Inderfurth, December 1997 deadline, but were not January-June 1997 to include the AP Deputy US. ambassador to the UN. yet prepared to completely abandon the mine elimination issue on the official and a member ofthe American delega­ politically attractive Ottawa Process. An agenda proceedings at the CD, success tion offered the US. official response: alternate possibility available to the US. remained unattainable. Several con­ was to seek international agreement tributing factors effectively created through the UN. sponsored Confer­ procedural roadblocks for the US., ence on Disarmament. The immediate including continued support for the drawback to the CD process was obvi­ use ofAP mines by some states, a ous to all concerned - as an interna­ distinct preference, by certain states, to tional forum designed to address arms address the AP mine issue through the control, disarmament, and elimination Ottawa Process, and an insistence by issues, the CD utilized a consensual (as other members that the CD needed to opposed to a majority type) decision first and foremost address the need for making model. The probable net effect international nuclear disarmament. ofthis institutional mechanism would By June 1997 it was clear to Washing­ be to prolong the possibility ofachiev­ ton that the CD process would not bear ing an AP mine ban international fruit. From early July to mid-August, agreement. On the other hand, the CD and in accordance with American AP venue offered two attractive features mine negotiation policy guidelines not contained in the Ottawa Process. established the previous January, the First, the Geneva-based Conference on US. policy community engaged in an Disarmament included several states interagency review. The review was whose signature and subsequent par­ structured to address two issues: the ticipation would be required ifan AP lack ofimmediate progress and con­ mine ban were, from Washington's per­ comitant prospects for future success spective, to be truly effective. Several of at the CD; and, the status ofthe Ottawa these actors, including Russia, China, Process and whether, most importantly, Iraq, North Korea, Syria and Israel were to commit to join negotiations in the Shown above: POMZ Soviet-designed fragmentation anti­ not participants in, and indeed publicly personnellandmine. Photograph by John Rodsted. and privately dismissive of, the Ottawa

BR.IDGEWATER. REVIEW 5 Ottawa Process forum. The lack of B. September 1997: considerations, thereby weakening the results at the CD, interagency review The Oslo Negotiations overall impact ofthe treaty. Many also officials noted, stood in sharp contrast Immediately prior to the commence­ believed that there was little to no mili­ to the positive momentum ofthe ment ofnegotiations on 1 September tary utility for AP mines in the case of Ottawa Process. States, international atthe Oslo Diplomatic Conference on Korea, and that suitable technological organizations, and nongovernmental an International Total Ban on Anti­ and strategic alternatives were available organizations were increasingly sup­ Personnel Mines, the United States dis­ to the U.S .. Attempts to classify smart portive ofthis effort, and had success­ patched a delegation to Geneva to meet mjnes and anti-handling devices fully engaged in a series ofconstructive with the Ottawa Process core group of attached to anti-tank and anti-vehicle AP mine elimination treaty-building states. The purpose ofthe meeting, mines as submunitions and not as AP conferences throughout 1997. With the requested by Washington, was to allow mines were equally fruitless. A subse­ completion ofan initial draft treaty by U.S. officials the opportunity to outline quent decision by U.S. negotiators to Austria, actors involved in the Ottawa the negotiation positions that would re-categorize these forces as anti-han­ process met Ul Vienna (the 12-14 be pursued by the U.S. at Oslo, as well dling devices as opposed to submuni­ February Expert Meeting on the Text as to express reservations about existing tions met with the same negative result. ofa Total Ban Convention), Bonn draft treaty conditions and language. A nine year transitional delay ofentry­ (the 24-25 April Expert Meeting on Five issues were ofcentral concern into-force for the treaty was likewise Compliance) and Brussels (the 24-27 to Washington: rejected by the overwhelming majority June International Conference for a 1) the need for stronger verification ofstates. American claulls that an ade­ Global Ban on Anti-Personnel MUles), procedures; quate transition period was necessary to examine the necessary conditions 2) an exemption for continued AP to develop, test, and integrate new mili­ and provisions to be contained in a mine use in Korea; tary instruments to replace AP nlines final treaty. The Brussels Conference, 3) the right to continue to use anti­ fell on deafears. Finally, the U.S posi­ ironically coinciding with the conclu­ tank mines; tion on treaty withdrawal- a 90 day sion ofthe CD, produced a political 4) a suitable transition period for notification period and the right of declaration committing states - 97, treaty compliance; withdrawal ifa state should be engaged not including the U.S., signed the dec­ 5) conditions governing the rights of in war - was not widely supported. laration - to final negotiations in Oslo states to withdraw from the treaty. Confronted with the uncomforting in September and a subsequent treaty The first two weeks ofthe Oslo realities ofOslo, the United States next signing conference scheduled for Conference witnessed repeated efforts opted to pursue two related avenues: it December Ul Ottawa. by the U.S., in plenary sessions and decided to reformulate its negotiation The key decision ofthe interagency smaller working group venues, to enlist platform; and, to seek international process - i.e., whether to participate in support for its negotiation platform. support- spearheaded through tlle the September negotiations - was Apart from the limited support offered direct diplomatic intervention and announced by President Clinton on by the United Kingdom, Australia, efforts ofPresident Clinton - for the August 18. While still committed to the Japan, Poland, Spain and Ecuador for new U.S. position. The re-configured CD as the forum ofchoice for seeking a specific U.S. proposals, no progress was American platform, which would be comprehensive international AP mine immediately discernible - except on the presented on 16 September at the Oslo ban treaty, the President acknowledged issue ofverification. On this latter issue, Conference, no longer contained an that the U.S. would participate in the the United States was able to generate exemption for Korea and instead Oslo negotiations. "The United States," broad-based support for a revised focused on three issues: Mr. Clinton observed, "will work with verification and compliance measure 1) a redefinition ofanti-handling the other participating nations to regitne. Concerns abounded, however, devices so as to permit the use of secure an agreement that achieves our on the American request for a Korean such weapons not physically humanitarian goals while protectulg exemption. Most states, international attached but near anti-tank mines; our national security interests." Despite organizations and non-governmental 2) tlle right, for nine years, to defer committing to Oslo, the position ofthe organizations rejected this demand compliance with specific treaty United States entering negotiations was outright, convinced that the granting conditions; and, clear: the U.S. would not be prepared to ofan exemption would lead other 3) the right to withdraw from the sign the Ottawa Process treaty unless states to possibly demand similar treaty ifa state determined that significant modifications were made to itwas, in keeping with the stan­ the existing text to accommodate its AP dards set forth in the United mine national interests. Nations Charter, a victim of armed aggression.

BRIDGEWATER REVIEW 6 To win support for this package of proposals, President Clinton personally spoke with several political leaders, including Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chretien, SouthAfrican President Nelson Mandela and British Prime Minister Tony Blair. In an attempt to gain converts for the revised U.S. platform, the American delegation at Oslo - upon presenting its new negotiation positions on 16 September - requested, and was given, a twenty-four hour extension. The reconsideration - i.e., international accommodation ofAmerican AP mine interests - thatWashington sought Angolan women maimed by landmines. United Nations Photo never materialized, and on 17 September the United States officially C: September 1997 and Beyond . thing in trying to get the countries withdrew from the negotiations. The The final months of 1997 witnessed no ofthe world to agree not to produce, following day, the plenary session of fundamental shift in U.S. AP mine pol­ deploy or sell landmines," but none­ the Oslo Conference formally voted to icy. Determined to once again proceed theless reminded conference attendees adopt the treaty. with AP mine elimination efforts at the that, the United States did not sign this In disclosing that the U.S. would not Conference on Disarmament, the treaty. This is because ofPresident sign the Ottawa Treaty, President United States did not move - as some Clinton's concern for the safety and secu­ Clinton announced a series ofacceler­ observers wishfully anticipated - to rity ofour men and women in uniform ated national AP mine elimination and endorse the Ottawa Convention. The and the unique responsibilities the global demining initiatives. First, the most notable development in U.S United States has around the world for President established a target date for policy during this period was in the the security offriends and allies, notfor eliminating the use ofAP mines bythe area ofdemining. On 31 October, lack ofdedication to our common goal of United States. The Department of Secretary ofState Albright announced eliminating anti-personnel mines from Defense was instructed to "develop the "Demining 2010" proposal, billed as the face ofthe earth. alternatives to antipersonnel mines" "a major new United States initiative on As we approach July 2000, some 137 by2003, and in the case ofKorea, by the a subject ofwidespread concern." nations have signed the Convention, year 2006. Additional research funding Highlighted by the appointmentof with 94 signatories also having ratified would be made available to accomplish Karl Inderfurth to the new positions of the text. Official American policy is this objective. Second, David Jones, Special Representative ofthe President to be AP mine free by the year 2006, former Chairman ofthe Joint Chiefs and Secretary ofState for Global thereby allowing the U.S. to sign the ofStaff, was appointed as special advi­ Humanitarian Demining, this program Convention. Much work remains, sor on AP mine issues to the President was established to rapidly facilitate however, ifthis target date is to be met. and Secretary ofDefense William global demining efforts, with an aim of Cohen. Third, a significant increase in achieving complete AP deployed mine U.S. funded and operated demining elimination by 2010. Christopher Kirkey is Associate Professor programs was set into motion. The Ottawa Convention signatory ofPolitical Science and Canadian Mine conference of2-4 December 1997­ Action Scholar-in-Residence at the formally titled ''A Global Ban on Canadian Consulate General in Boston. Landmines: Treaty Signing Conference and Mine Action Forum"- was attended by an American observer dele­ gation headed by Secretary Inderfurth. Amid the effusively celebratory atmos­ phere, Inderfurth noted that"Canada had done a remarkable and important

BRIDGEWATER REVIEW 7 1992. While the caprice ofwomen's fashion over this time period proved to be a source ofdelight and wonder, and sometimes puzzling to re-create, the men's fashions followed a stately path ofevolution in technique and tailoring. The present day culminates in the triumph ofthe tailor's art, the man's suit, and it is this evolution, based on my recent experience, that I intend to trace. The first important change in men's garments occurred around 1200 AD. Men shifted away from the traditional draped and semi-fitted garments worn by both sexes in favor of more fitted clothing which revealed the leg. The length ofmen's gowns underwent an evolution similar to what occurred with women's hemlines in the 20th century: once the ankle was revealed, it was only a matter oftime before the entire leg became fair game for display. Men began to experi­ DRESSING FOR ment with cutting and shaping fabrics, designing garments that conformed to the body. Women's fashions concentrated on what became three traditional feminine garments: a skirt SUCCESS: THE which covered the legs, some sort ofbodice, and veils or hats. The mini-skirt revolution in women's fashion ofthe 1960's SUIT ON STAGE occurred in men's fashions approximately 700 years earlier. Knit hose did not appear until the tin1e ofElizabeth 1. Prior to that time, hose or stockings were cut in a number of AND OFF different pieces contoured to the leg. A symbiotic relation­ ship between technology and fashion came into existence. By HENRY SHAFFER As tailors developed new ways ofcutting, the fashions ofthe times reflected these advances. In retrospect, developments "Fashion is gentility running awayfrom vulgarity and afraid of in men's clothing at the end ofthe 17th century were crucial being overtaken." William Hazlitt to the origin ofthe suit, and what came to be the "modern" look in men's clothing. hen we dress, we are transmitting signals about our state of By 1675, Paris had become the fashion capital ofthe Euro­ mind: how we need to be perceived by others; how we express pean world and the year is significant in the development of a personal desire,and if we are lucky, how we fulfill our most Western fashion. Until that time, men were responsible for secret dreams. For better or for worse, it is this public display the design and construction ofboth men's and women's ofthe daily, private reckoning with our bodies, that is a clothes. The measuring, cutting, sewing and fitting ofgar­ source ofintense anxiety. We never, ever want to look silly, ments were dominated by the tailor's guilds, which had as stupid or foolish. With this in mind, it must be said that we much importance as other artisan and professional guilds, generally dress to express affinity with a certain group. There and were as male-dominated. Although professional seam­ is comfort in being accepted by others, and clothing is a tool stresses were hired to do the necessary handwork on seams, ofmutual positive reinforcement. Very few individuals have trims and finishing, and women were responsible primarily the ego necessary to flaunt all the accepted varieties ofdress for shirts, underwear, household linens and children's and fashion available to us today: what is perceived by the clothes, theywere never permitted, much less trained, to majority as rebelliousness in dress places the wearer in the participate in the more complex technology ofpatterning, ranks ofan identifiable minority. This herd mentality is what cutting and fitting garments. In 1675, a group ofFrench gives any era its recognizable look. seamstresses successfully petitioned Louis XlV for permis­ During the past six months I costumed five different sion to form a guild offemale tailors for the making of theatrical productions ranging in period from 1660 to the women's clothes, thus becoming the first professional present. The Scarlet Letter takes place in the latter halfofthe dressmakers. This split was to have profound consequences seventeenth century, The Magic Flute was composed and first as women dressed women and men dressed men. performed in 1791, The Importance ofBeing Eamestand The Voysey Inheritance were written and produced in 1895 and 1905 respectively, and Six Degrees ofSeparation premiered in

BRIDGEWATER REVIEW 8 There is continual debate about an individual's impact on and the English woolen industries come into play. Charles fashion and the development ofa definite style over a period spent his exile during the Commonwealth as the guest of oftime. Some scholars are loathe to attribute any serious Louis XlV (Charles' mother, Henrietta Maria, was Louis' trends in style to one person. Others contend that these aunt.) After the Restoration, Charles returned to London, trends can be attributed to a specific person precisely because having adopted the French mode ofdress known as petti­ fashion depends so much on individual taste. At the center of coat-breeches, which ranks high in the more outlandish this debate, not surprisingly, stands Louis XlV (in red high developments ofmen's fashion. The chroniclers ofthat era, heels, I might add). Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn, recorded the dress and man­ The design for The Scarlet Letter illustrated the debate. ners ofthe Stuart court in great detail and were particularly Both Dimmesdale and Bellingham wore similarly tailored fascinated by the rivalry between Charles and Louis in styles garments. The costume consists ofa shirt, breeches, waistcoat ofclothing. Daily reports from the ambassadors in London and frock coat and represents approximately fifty years of and Versailles included among other thi ngs, precisely how evolution and experimentation in men's tailored garments. the monarchs dressed throughout the day (this was a period However, the frock coat itselfwas a fairly recent innovation when every moment had its function and every function for the period and is based on the kaftan. TheWest's fascina­ required the appropriate attire). At one point, Charles tion for Eastern art and culture, or Orientalism, has a long appeared at court attired in an ensemble radically different history, and as colonial expansion by the European powers from anything seen until then, essentially a three piece suit. extended into Africa and the Near East, this fascination The sensation was chronicled by both Pepys and Evelyn. found expression in modes ofdress. European men during From Pepys we have "This day the King begins to put on his the 17th century adopted the kaftan as a domestic garment, vest ... being a long cassocke close to the body ofblack cloth much like the modern bathrobe, but, for whatever reason, the ... and a coat over it, and the legs ruffled with black riband ... cut and style ofthe garment found its way into formal, public and, upon the whole, I wish the King may keep it, for it is a dress. What differentiates Dimmesdale and Bellingham is the very fine and handsome garment." Evelyn remarks, "To fabric, and this is where Louis XlV, Charles II, the French silk Court, it being the first time his Majesty put himselfsolemnly into the eastern fashion ofvest ... resolving never to alter it, and to leave the French mode, which had hitherto obtained to our great expense and reproach. Upon which divers courtiers and gentlemen gave his majesty gold byway of wager that he would not persist in this resolution." Charles, obviously one not to pass on a bet and to make good on a dare, did persist. Louis was outraged at this lese majeste and retaliated (Pepys again) "... in defiance to the King ofEngland caused all his footmen to be put into vests, and the the noble­ men ofFrance will do the like: which, iftrue, is the greatest indignity ever done by one prince to another." Upon such slights do empires rise and fall. For the next hlmdred years, the French and English battled it out. British colonial expansion into the Near and Far East was to have profound effects on the world's textile industries. Closer to home, while the Bourbons patronized the silk and lace industries in France, the English aristocracy promoted the wool industry and, by wearing wool, elevated it to the sta­ tus it holds even today as the preferred fabric for men's suits. One designer put it best: "Wool is so forgiving." Wool is flexi­ ble and elastic. With the proper pattern, good cutting and stitching, wool can be steamed and carefully manipulated to fit the shape and movements ofthe wearer's body without permanentlybuckling and rippling. Silk, on the other hand, has little or no elasticity and will wrinkle with every move­ Sevanne Martin as Gwendolen and Jan Merrill Peakes as ment. The French styles, made in silk, dominated the fashion Jack in The Importance ofBeing Earnest. The Peterborough Players, August 1999. ofcourt attire throughout Europe. The silk frock coats, waist­ coats and breeches, with rows ofbuttons and buttonholes and applied embroideries created a lustrous, rippling surface

BRIDGEWATER REVIEW 9 part ofa man's wardrobe during the French Revolution. The sans culottes, or literally"without underwear:' represented by the laboring classes ofFrench society, wore long, loose-fitting trousers facilitating ease ofmovement. A recognizable, and vocal, segment ofsociety can influence fashion despite its sta­ tus, and the fusion ofthe comfortable pantalon (which is basically what the sans culottes wore) with the frock coat and waistcoat ofthe English gentry became the model for men's fashion to the present day. Where some mightsee a great levelling ofsociety and men's fashion with the rise ofthe suit, others see an oppor­ tunity for greater variation and competition. Where some see the monotony ofequality, others see the capacity for individual expression oftaste and detail. The technological innovations ofthe textile industryincluded not only the cotton gin and the flying shuttle, but the development ofthe standard tape measure. Before 1820, tailors measured the various dimensions ofthe their clients' bodies and marked them on a long tape for easy reference. Along the bottom of the pattern pages from Diderot's Encyclopedia is a key to matching up the crucial points ofthe garment for construc­ Karen Krastel as Cecily and Kraig Swartz as tion, similar to the distance scale on a map. All the consumer Algernon in The Importance ofBeing Earnest. needed to do was match the individual's measurements to The Peterborough Players, August 1999. the key. One ofthe unsung heroes ofconsumerism is the anonymous tailor who realized that there was a striking with each movement ofthe wearer. But English aristocracy similarity in some ofhis clients' measurements - and thus spent little time at court, preferring to reside at their country the ready-to-wear suit was born. It goes without saying that estates, where more utilitarian clothing was de rigueur. Coats, it was American tailors who seized on the capability for a vests and breeches made ofwool or leather were better suited mass market, and by the mid-nineteenth century it became to country life. The more subdued matte surface ofwool increasingly difficult to distinguish the American gentleman stood in contrast to the shimmer ofsilk. Where silk began to from the American laborer. One element offashion that has be associated with intrigue and artificiality, wool was valued for its connotations ofsobriety and righteousness. By the time ofthe philosophe, the emphasis in men's fashion reflected the respect and admiration for the natural man. The simple brown wool ensemble ofBenjamin Franklin elicited the admiration ofthe entire French court. With the Neo-c1as­ sical revival in the late 18th century, the emphasis on basic form rather than on surface illusion and the "rediscovery" of the male body, men's fashion adopted as its model the simple clothes ofEnglish country life. However, the French, even in the bloodiest days ofthe Terror, were still able to profoundly influence men's attire. For approximately four centuries, men wore hose and breeches, effectively wearing two different, form-fitting nether garments. The dreaded sans culottes liber­ ated men from tight, constrictive hose and the accompanying breeches. Any woman can tell you about the discomfort associated with panythose, and while hose and breeches continued to be worn into the second decade ofthe nine­ teenth century, they were effectively killed offas an integral

Mary Beth Hurt as Ouisa and Richard Cox as Flan in Six Degrees ofSeparation. The Peterborough Players, July 1999.

BRIDGEWATER REVlEW 10 not changed over the centuries is dressing for an event or a comment on another man's attire. Men are able to assess specific moment in the calendar- especially on a daily basis. other men by their attire through a variety ofsubtle signs and The upper classes have always distinguished themselves not signifiers, an unspoken, but recognized, code. onlyin the quality ofthe fabrics or embellishments, but in Consider the fact that Flan and Larkin in Six Degrees of their ability to change clothes throughout the day. What is Separation are wearing the same suit. Two women wearing worn in the morning at home is not appropriate for an after­ identical dresses is potentially disastrous. Two men wearing noon social call which is definitely out ofplace at a formal the same suit reinforce each other. The men are able to indi­ dinner party. While the American shopkeeper may be able to vidualize their attire by the choice ofshirt and tie, ofwhich emulate his betters in a ready-to-wear suit on a Sunday at there is considerable variety: Will the shirt be a solid or church, that is the most he will be able to do. (It should be stripe? French cuffs or plain? How wide a tie is fashionable? remarked that rented formal attire is a very recent phenome­ Paisley or stripe? What remains constant is the shared lan­ non - and rented clothing is fraught with all sorts ofperils.) guage, the supported vanity, the sense ofrelief. That Flan The variety in men's attire in The Voysey Inheritance and The and Larkin wear identical suits occurred more by accident Importance ofBeing Earnest is indicative ofdressing for the and was not a conscious choice, due to the exigencies of occasion. The banker and his clerk are dressed similarly f9r designing for swnmer stock. Despite having the cachet of business -later in the play, the banker returns home to dress recognizable stars and professional actors, most summer for dinner in white tie and stock theatres operate under very tight budgets. Fortunately, tails which, it is assumed, The Peterborough Players has a large stock ofdonated his clerk would never do. contemporary clothes from which to pull a show. That the By contrast, Algernon and costume stock would have two grey double-breasted suits to Jack are dressed for the fit two wildly different bodytypes (Flan is a 41 Long, Larkin same task - to make love is a 46 Short) attests to the universality ofthe suit, and that to a beautiful woman. grey suit in particular, as part ofa man's wardrobe. Flan and Jack, however, is dressed Larkin happily occupy the same space wearing the garment. for town. Algernon is The unspoken agreement telegraphs shared taste, shared dressed for the country. values while maintaining a respect for individual choice. All are wearing variations What could be better? on a theme and have The future? Some fashion critics say that we may be the ability to look amaz­ moving towards an era of"Informality" due to the influence inglyalike (Voysey) or ofathletic and children's wear on adult fashion. I am more extremely different interested in what Ray Kurzweil, the chronicler ofartificial (Earnest) as the occasion, intelligence, has to say. By 2030, computers will have matched and personal taste, all the functions ofthe human brain, and by 2060 computers demands. One ofmy will be endowed with the capacity to feel emotion. The ques­ favorite lines from tion that presents itself is not how will men and women dress The Importance ofBeing in the future, but how will all members ofthe brave new Jane Houdyshell as Kitty and Buck Shimer Earnest is Algernon's cyberworld dress? as Larkin in Six Degrees ofSeparation. retort to Jack when he, The Peterborough Players, July 1999. Jack, says that he has to change his clothes­ Henry Shaffer is Assistant Professor ofTheatre Arts. "Please don't be too long about it. I have never known a man who took so long to dress with such little result." To which Jack replies that, unlike some people, he is never over­ dressed. Algernon's response: "Ifl am occasionally over­ dressed, I make up for itby being immensely overeducated." All ofthis could be a designer's nightmare: is Jack poorly dressed? Doubtful. Is Algernon over-dressed? Possibly. Can lapses in judgement be attributed to a surfeit ofknowledge, as Wilde would have us beEeve? It all depends on one's taste, which, ofcourse, is always open to debate and illustrates an interesting phenomenon. Clothes or fashion rarely form the topic ofmale conversation. It is unusual to hear a man

BRIDGEWATER REVIEW 11 MASTERPIECE OR RACIST TRASH? BRIDGEWATER STUDENTS ENTER THE DEBATE OVER Huckleberry Finn BY BARBARA ApSTEIN

espite its status as one ofthe classic In fact, the portrayal of]im was to American novels, Huckleberry Finn has become a subject ofintense controversy always been a controversial book. a century later. Not one ofthe late nine­ Shortly after it was published in 1885, teenth century critics mentions the the Concord, Massachusetts, Public issue that has become most bitterly Library Committee decided to exclude debated in our own time - the issue Twain's novel from its shelves, dismiss­ ofwhether or not Huckleberry Finn is ing it as "trash... more suited to the a racist book. slums than to intelligent, respectable Although Twain had prefaced his people." Warmly approving the library's novel with a directive that it not be decision, contemporary newspapers taken seriously, threatening to banish denounced Huck Finn as a "trashy and anyone finding a moral in Huckleberry vicious" novel, whose characters and Finn, readers continued to analyze it. action were ofa low moral level. Yet In the late 1940's and 1950's two highly some early readers had words ofpraise: influential literary critics, T. S. Eliot and Willian1 Ernest Henley was delighted Lionel Trilling, pronounced Huckle­ with the story, with its "adventures of berry Finn a masterpiece. For Trilling, it the most surprising and delightful kind was "one ofthe world's great books imaginable."Another early reviewer, and one ofthe central documents of Brander Matthews, admired Twain's American culture." A major compo­ scene, Huck decides to "do the right technique, especially the "marvelous nent ofthis greatness, for Trilling, is the thing" and write to Jim's owner, Miss skill with which the character ofHuck moral testing and development Huck Watson, telling her where she can is maintained" throughout the novel; undergoes. As they float down the reclaim her missing slave. Then, remi­ we see all the action through the eyes Mississippi River on their raft, sharing niscing about their companionship on ofa 14-year old country boy. Matthews adventures and narrow escapes, a bond the raft, remembering Jim's generosity, also found Huckleberry Finn "fresh and develops between Huck and Jim. Yet "how good he always was," Huck original" and praised Twain's fertility while Huck comes to love and respect changes his mind. Following his ofinvention, humor and vividness. Jim, he is occasionally nagged by his "heart;' he tears up the letter, implicitly He also praised the depiction ofJim, "conscience;' which tells him that he rejecting the moral code he has grown declaring that"the essential simplicity ought to turn Jim in. As a slave in the up with. Convinced that he is a hope­ and kindliness and generosity of pre Civil War south, Jim is someone's less sinner, Huck concludes,"All right, the Southern negro have never been property, and Huck firmly believes that better shown." he is morally obligated to report him. In the famous "crisis ofconscience"

BRIDGEWATER R.EVIEW 12 then, I'll go to hell." This is a wonder­ removed Huckleberry Finn from enemies as possible. Thoughtful exami­ fully ironic scene: at the very moment required reading lists. nation ofTwain's use ofthe word when Huck is fully convinced ofhis The protests have continued for "nigger" can help teach students the wickedness, the reader knows that his halfa century, and the controversy importance ofunderstanding the con­ good impulses have prevailed. From shows no signs ofabating. Last year text in which a word is used. They will this climactic episode, as Trilling the NationalAssociation for the discover that, although clearly a deroga­ observes, the reader takes away a pow­ Advancement ofColored People again tory term,"nigger" was not in Twain's erfullesson: that what appear to be"the filed grievances to remove Twain's time the powerful taboo word that it is clear dictates ofmoral reason" may in novel from mandatory reading lists in today. Judge Stephen Reinhardt, reject­ fact be"merely the engrained custom­ public schools, arguing that"tax dollars ing a lawsuit byan African-American ary beliefs of [one's] time and place." should not be used to perpetuate a parent, addressed this issue, writing Neither Trilling nor Eliot objected to stereotype that has psychologically that"Words can hurt, particularly racist the portrayal ofJim or to the use ofthe damaging effects on the self-esteem epithets, but a necessary component word "nigger." In fact, Eliot found Huck ofAfrican-American children." ofany education is learning to think and Jim to be"equal in dignity" and Supporters ofHuckleberry Finn critically about offensive ideas." observed thatJim is "almost as notable argue that anyone who reads the book Where do Bridgewater students a creation as Huck himself." carefully can see thatTwain is in fact stand in this debate? My"Writing Having been anointed as a master­ anti-slavery and anti-racist. Jim is, About Literature" class read Huckle­ piece, Huckleberry Finn soon made its in fact, the best person in the novel: berry Finn and examined the contro­ way into the classroom. Unlike more honest, perceptive and fair-minded, a versy surrounding it. The class of20 linguistically formidable American loving father and loyal friend. In con­ included only one black student, classics like The Scarlet Letter and trast, the white characters include, Colleen Roberts, who was placed in Moby-Dick, Twain's novel proved among others, Huck's father, a chjJd­ the potentially uncomfortable position accessible to students at all levels. abusing drunkard; the Duke and King, ofbeing spokesperson for her race. They responded to its humor and to its who are frauds and swindlers, and the The issue surfaced early in our discus­ appeal as an adventure story. Teachers Grangerfords and Shepherdsons, two sions; as the class considered the found that they could build on this feuding clans whose main purpose in impact ofthe word"nigger," a student positive response to draw attention life is the murder ofas many oftheir posed the obvious question: "Shouldn't to Twain's social satire and Huck's moral development. Entertaining and instructive, Huck Finn appeared to be an eminently"teachable" novel. By the late 1950's, however, a new kind ofcriticism began to surface. Black parents and public school offi­ cials objected to classroom use of Huckleberry Finn on the grounds that the book was insulting and even humil­ iating to black students. Specifically, they objected to the inflammatory word "nigger," which appears on almost every page, and to the portrayal of Jim and other black characters. They argued that Jim embodies the stereo­ type ofthe"darky": he is superstitious ',... 1'1" and gullible, and often appears more chjJdlike than Huck himself. As a result ofthese protests, some school districts 'I... / ,

Jim, believing thatHuck is dead, thinks he is seeing aghost. These illustrations by E. W Kemble appeared in the first edition ofHuckleberry Finn.

BRIDGEWATER REVIEW 13 One thing all the members ofthe class could agree on: Huckleberry Finn could be a difficult text to teach. As future teachers themselves, they weren't sure they could pull it off. Learning to think critically about offensive ideas, they agreed, is a noble goal, but teachers need to make careful judgments about which offensive ideas should be pre­ sented to classes ofteen-agers. They could imagine a tense and emotionally volatile classroom, one that might be difficult to control. The consensus was that it might be wise to reserve Huckleberry Finn for mature high school seniors or college students. In fact, some teachers appear to have reached the same conclusion. Shawn Oakley, a member ofour class who had been working with a sixth Huck and Jim find shelter in acave. f grade teacher, reported that he had come across 30 copies ofHuckleberry Finn in a closet at the back ofthe we ask Colleen what she thinks?" Colleen, however, decided otherwise. classroom. The books were covered Fortunately, Colleen poised and She enjoyed and appreciated the novel; with dust. articulate, gracefully accepted the role she saw that Jim was the book's most which had been thrust upon her. She admirable character. She considered all expressed her own bewilderment at the arguments. What it finally came Barbara Apstein is Associate Editor ofthe hearing rap musicians and black down to, however, was that she found Bridgewater Review. teenagers use "nigger" among them­ the book painful to read. She was selves as a synonym for "friend." Was angered by the fact that Jim was a mere this an effort to take away the power sidekick to Huck and that"he didn't ofthis historically degrading word? seem to mind having no vote, no say, Clearly, although "nigger" may be during their adventures, in what to do acceptable for at least some blacks next." She resented his being reduced to to use among themselves, the word a clown, and, in the final chapters, a becomes deeply offensive when plaything for the amusement ofHuck uttered by a white person. and Tom Sawyer. She felt disappointed In their papers about the controversy, that the relationship between Jim and the white students in the class con­ Huck cannot continue. In addition to cluded that Huckleberry Finn does not reaching a different conclusion from encourage racist attitudes. "We have the white students', Colleen's paper was to look beyond the word 'nigger," they different in tone. For her, this essay was wrote. "This is a literary masterpiece." not an academic exercise; it was the "In Twain's time, 'nigger' was a syn­ outcome ofan intellectual quest. onym for 'slave'." "The language "While I cherish my friends who is appropriate to the setting and time." happen to be white:' she wrote in her "The portrayal ofJinl proves that conclusion, "I realize the burning race the racial stereotype ofTwain's day issues ofHuck's day have not gone was wrong." away; they are just dressed in different clothes. Facing them and not lighting out to another territory is what I must do without bitterness."

BRIDGEWATER REVIEW 14 RECENT WORK BY DOROTHY PULSIFER

Hadrian's Sun Bees Photos taken on a warm day in Italy in the spring of'98 were used to produce this composite ofimages at the excavation site ofthe ruins ofHadrian's Villa, the largest and richest Imperial villa in the Roman Empire. The honeybee suggests the warmth ofa spring day and the sweet honey colored lushness ofthe past.

BR.lDGEWATER. REVIEW 15 Sarah'sGirls This image began approximately 14 years ago as a small pencil drawing done by my daughter. The charm and spontaneity ofthe shapes caught my imagination and I further developed it into a watercolor painting. The painting was scanned and manipulated to produce the print exhibited here.

hese linages brlilg together the computer as a tool for image Each ofthese images has evolved through a multi-layered making with the traditional artist's mediums ofclay, glass, transformation process using a variety ofmedia to achieve D collage, photography and paint. The scanner offers the the finished product. possibility ofusing artworks or objects completed in other PhotoShop is the software used for all the prints shown. mediums as part ofthe computer constructed image. Work is done with a mouse or on a Wacom drawing tablet All ofthese images represent an effort to fuse personal and and printed 011 a noe HP Desk Jet printer. The resolution universalmeanillg, content, design, and expressive color varies from 150 dpi to 400 dpi depending the illtended size into a unified whole. The process is at tinles playful, at ofthe finished product. other times difficult and sometimes downright frustrating.

BRlDGEWATER REVIEW 16 Color Quartet The color manipuJation capabilities ofthe computer permit the artist to test out many possibilities. These flower forms were first done in Prismacolor pencils as an unfinished sketch. Computer manipuJation aUows each part ofthe quartet to now sing with its own color harmony.

BR.IDGEWATER. REVIEW 17 "

Swaddled Infants The fal?de ofthe Ospedale degli Innocenti in Florence, opened in 1445 as a fowldJing hospital, is decorated with a series ofmedallions, each with a baby in swaddling-clothes, completed in 1487 by Andrea della Robbia. A photo ofone medallion is the basis for this print.

Dorothy Pulsifer is Associate Professor ofArt.

BR.IDGEWATER. R.EVlEW 18 letting the provider know where he's come through and where he's not quite up to snuff." Even faculty critical ofthis component ofthe evaluation process report adjusting their teaching styles in response to the customer orientation oftoday's college students. In an essay that sharply critiques this form of market driven campus culture, Glenn Altschuler, ofCornell University, concedes that he "like(s) the applause" and is "notabove a song and dance to keep 'em in their seats." Student consumerism, an attitude that treats the university as a place to SERVICE·WITH meet preestablished needs, has become a concern for college faculty across the A SMILE: CUSTOMER nation. However, much ofwhat has been written on student consumerism in higher education relies on anecdotes SOVEREIGNTY AND THE and personal observations. In an effort to make an empirical contribution to this discussion, mycolleague (Dr. COMMODIFICATION OF Kathleen Korgen atWilliam Paterson University) and I conducted a pilot studyon student consumerism at a HIGHER EDUCATION mid-size public university. In this pro­ ject, we administered a questionnaire to BY MICHAEL DELUCCHI assess the extent to which students approach college with a customer ser­ o college students view higher educa­ authorityin students as customers. vice orientation. We included questions tion as an academic convenience store This "undermines the concept ofmerit that asked students: 1) ifthey believe where a degree is received in exchange bycontributing to paying for their education entitles them for tuition checks? In a recent essay for the pernicious idea that students are to a degree; 2) how likely they would be Academe, sociologist Robert Bellah customers, to be served only in ways to take an "easy J\' course; 3) ifthey portrays students who approach their they find pleasing." believe an instructor should take into education with the attitude that college Scholars representing a variety of account the grade they"need" in a is just another consumer marketplace. disciplines and academic institutions course; 4) who is responsible for their He describes "undergraduates who, in have written articles lamenting the attentiveness in class; and 5) how much arguing about a grade, said to their prevalence ofstudent consumerism on time they devote to course work. instructors, 'I'm paying for this course; college campuses. This academic milieu as though they felt theyweren't getting is described as one in which students WHERE AND How THE STUDY WAS CONDUCTED the value paid for." Bellah's piece is just do not expect a higher education to Our sample was obtained from a mid­ one in a series ofrecent critiques by involve effort, challenge, or construc­ size (approximately 9,000 undergradu­ faculty ofcontemporary student tive criticism. Rather, students expect ates) public university in the Northeast. culture. According to these faculty, to be amused, to feel comfortable and The studentpopulation is ethnically consumer sovereignty in higher to put forth little effort, to be rewarded diverse, and comprised predominantly education conflicts with the goals of liberally for self-disclosure, whatever its oftraditional-age students. Data was effective pedagogy. An undue emphasis quality or form, and to be given high derived from student responses to a on customer service inverts the profes­ grades in return for paying tuition and 41-item questionnaire administered sor-student relationship byvesting showing up. during the spring semester of 1999 in Mark Edmundson, ofthe University several undergraduate social science ofVirginia, describes students writing courses. The survey asked students to their evaluations ofhis teaching as rate their behavior and attitudes toward "playing the informed consumer,

BRIDGEWATER .REVIEW 19 learning, faculty, grades, and several Do students expect to receive grades (37.7%) ofthe students reported study­ other aspects oftheir college experi­ commensurate with their financial and ing five or fewer hours a week. In addi­ ence. We used data from 195 question­ personal needs rather than their acade­ tion, more than two-tllirds (69.6%) naires, representing student responses mic performance? We asked students to ofthe respondents spend 10 or fewer in required and elective courses. respond to the following statement: hours per week on tlleir academic Descriptive statistics for the sample "An instructor should take into account work. Interestingly, when we asked appear in Table l. the grade I need in a particular course our respondents ifthere was a type of (for graduate school, financial aid, student(s) they wished they were more STUDENT ENTITLEMENT etc)." The results revealed that 23.6% like, 59.7% (ofthose who responded Do students approach higher educa­ oftlle sample agreed with the state­ "yes" to the item) expressed a desire tion as an academic retail outlet in ment, 28% were "unsure" and 48.2% to be more like the students "who are which they believe payment oftuition ofthe students disagreed. most concerned about studying" and entitles them to a degree? We explored "keeping up Witll course work ..." This this issue by asking students to respond RESPONSIBILITY IN finding is an indication tllat, at least on TH E CLASSROOM to the following questionnaire item some level, students wish they had a To what extent do students take (scored on a 5-point Likert scale with greater commitment to their studies. 1 =strongly disagree to 5 =strongly responsibility for their attentiveness agree): "IfI'm paying for my college in the classroom? To assess this area THE CUSTOMER-STUDENT education, I'm entitled to a degree." we asked students to respond to the Our findings from a survey ofunder­ Our results revealed that 42.5% ofthe following statement: "It is an instruc­ graduates at a public university, not students agreed with the statement, tor's responsibility to keep me attentive unlike Bridgewater State College, but­ 22.8% were "unsure" and only 35.8% in class." Fifty-three percent ofstudents tress arguments concerning student ofthe sample disagreed. hold faculty responsible for their consumerism in higher education. attentiveness. Another 14% reported The results support the characteriza­ GRADE ORIENTATION being"unsure." tion ofan undergraduate student cul­ Are students more concerned with ture that subscribes to the idea that ACADEMIC WORK ETHIC obtaining high grades than learning? higher education is a consumer driven Traditionally, it is expected that Many students reported more interest market place. This may be most vividly students devote two hours ofstudy in courses that result in high grades demonstrated from the finding that time per week for each credit hour. rather than learning. When asked "How over 42% ofour sample believe that Therefore, a student enrolled in twelve likely would you be to take a course in their payment oftuition "entitles" them credit hours would be expected to which you would learn little or nothing to a degree. While one might argue that devote twenty-four hours per week but would receive an A?:' 45.1% nearly as many (35.8%) do not feel outside ofclass to reading, homework, responded theywould definitely or "entitled:'the fact that four out often and preparation. Despite being likely enroll in such a course. An addi­ respondents do feel "entitled" is indica­ en rolled (on average) for nearly 13 tionaI28.2% said they would be some­ tive ofa marketplace ethos that fosters credit hours per semester, over a tllird what likely to choose such a course. a demanding, consumerist attitude.

TABLEl TABLE 2 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS PERCENTAGE OF STUDENTS REPORTING OF THE SAMPLE (N = 195) AGREEMENT WITH THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONNAIRE STATEMENTS: CHARAOERISTIC Age (Mean) 23.8 years QUESTIONNAIRE ITEM PERCENT Percent Female 66.2% If I'm paying for my college education. Percent Nonwhite 29.9% I'm entitled to a degree.....••••...•...... 42.5 Median Parental Income 75,000 Credit Hours (Mean) 12.9 I would take a course in which I would be required Most Common Course Grade C+/8- to do very little work but would receive an A. . 73.3 Percent Study <=10 Hours perweek 69.6 An instructor should take into account the grade I need in a particular course (for graduate school, financial aid, etc.). . 23.6

It is the instructor's responsibility to keep me attentive in class...... ••.•••••.••...... 52.6

BR.IDGEWATER REVIEW 20 with the price oftuition. Bellah relates a ilieir academic work. When we asked storyofa student in the Stanford respondents iftllere was a type ofstu­ Business School who "shouted at an dentes) they wished theywere more able young sociology instructor, 'I did­ like, a majority expressed a desire to be n,t pay $40,000 to listen to this bullshit; more like peers "who are most con­ and then walked out ofthe class." From cerned about studying" and "keeping a consumerist perspective, the student's up with course work .. ." This result is an action is logical. As Bellah describes it, indication iliat, atleast on some level, the student believed that, for $40,000, many ofour students wished iliey took he deserved an instructor who would their studies more seriously. keep him entertained with information High faculty expectations ofstudents he found pleasing. In this environment, and student accountability to reason­ students balk at accepting the authority able standards will do much to improve ofeither their instructors or the institu­ the work habits and desire for knowl­ "Grade grubbing;' in which students tion they attend. edge ofmany students. In order to seek high grades for minimum effort, The responses to our survey item on strive toward iliis seemingly obvious is often cited as a symptom ofthe student study time are consistent with consumer orientation ofcontemporary figures reported by tlle Higher college students. Our respondents Education Research Institute that appear to embrace this attitude. Nearly found only 32% offirst-year college three-quarters (73.3%) ofthe sample students nationally spent at least six indicated that they would ("definitely;' hours per week studying or doing "likely;' or"somewhat likely") enroll homework, down from 44% in 1987. in a course that resulted in little or no Our respondents reveal a lack ofcom­ learning ifthey were assured ofan mitment to learning for its own sake. "i\'grade. Moreover, students' preoccupation Our second item on grades revealed with grades and minimal investment that almost a quarter (23.6%) of in studying, together with their self­ respondents expect faculty to consider reported most common course grade nonacademic criteria (e.g., financial (C+\B-), suggest that many students and personal needs) in the assignment are able to attain a college degree while ofgrades. Consequently, when students putting forili minimal effort. do not receive the grade they are look­ ing for, tlley are apt to simply demand INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSE it. Bellah's anecdote ofstudents arguing TO CUSTOMER-STUDENTS with faculty over grades with the refrain Clearly, any conclusions based upon the findings ofthis study must be quali­ ''I'm paying for this course;' character­ goal, faculty must be protected (by fied by the limitations ofthe data. izes this attitude. colleagues and administrators) from This project was conducted at a single A majority (53%) ofrespondents student consumerbacklash in the form institution, which may preclude hold faculty responsible for their atten­ oflow teaching evaluations for rebuff­ generalizations to other undergraduate tiveness in class. Why? Critics ofcon­ iIlg "grade grubbers" and demancling colleges and universities. Nevertheless, sumerism contend that students expect high quality work. Anthony Greenwald the results highlight some ofthe chal­ to be entertained and protected in the and Gerald Gillmore's research on lenges facing higher education faculty classroom, rather than challenged. At student evaluations ofteaching led and administrators in the 21 st century. home, ifstudents do not appreciate the them to conclude that"Ifan instructor Colleges and universities can do little information they view on television, varied nothing between two course to lessen tlle impact ofcustomer driven they can change tlle channel. While offerings other than grading policy, culture on students prior to their entry many college students (or their parents) higher ratings would be expected in into higher education. However, insti­ pay a monthly fee for cable television, the more leniently graded course." tutions can do much to instill motiva­ most pay considerably more for college Greenwald and Gillmore suggest insti­ tion and intellectual curiosity once tuition. Therefore, one would expect tutions that use student evaluations to students arrive on campus. While our students to demand a level of"enter­ judge teaching ability take grading data reveal much about students' con­ taiImlent" from faculty commensurate leniency into consideration when sumerist approach to higher education, determining the effectiveness offaculty. one finding suggests that students want to dedicate themselves more fully to

BR.IDGEWATER. REVIEW 21 Ironically, manycolleges and uni­ today, and we can't jolly dance along Learning inevitably induces an ambiva­ versities use evaluation forms that and not pay attention to them. One lent mix ofemotions, in which frustra­ read more like customerlstudent­ hears constantly from parents and tion is as prominent as pleasure. A "folk satisfaction surveys than assessments students: 'We are the consumer. We pay wisdom" ofthe market-that the cus­ ofteaching ability. Paul Trout has sug­ the tuition'." tomer is always right-is often peda­ gested that instead of"asking students In terms ofstrict market logic, the gogically irresponsible. Equating good to rate the professor's 'stimulation of desire (by administrators such as those teaching with a widespread feeling interest,' 'concern for students,' and at the University ofChicago) to please among students thatyou have met their 'impartiality in grading'-categories the student-customer is rational. The consumerist expectations ignores the that allow disgruntled students to make model ofan economic transaction dynamics ofteaching and prevents pinatas oftheir professors-evaluation starts from a fixed preference in the significant learning. As Samuel HalO forms should ask whether the course mind ofthe conswner, who simply describes the situation, "educators in was demanding, whether performance shops for the best way to fulfill that such circumstances do not educate but standards were high, whether the work­ preference. Therefore, ifcolleges and serve the students." load was challenging, whether the grad­ universities are simply supplying a Higher education cannot ignore ing was tough, whether the students product, shouldn't the consumer be our increasingly consumer oriented learned a lot". Indeed, howcan college sovereign? No! While material objects culture. Itmust not, however, succumb educators expect students to respect such as dormitories and student centers to all that traditionally comes with this both learning and the professors who may be made more "customer friendly" culture in the world ofbusiness and teach them when they are asked to rate the classroom should not be judged by marketing. Ifcolleges are to retain their their instructors as one would evaluate such standards. The teacher-student raison d'etre, institutions ofhigher the staffofa resort hotel? relationship is not intrinsically an learning must grant degrees based Colleges and universities today must economic one. There can be no fixed primarilyon learning rather than actively create and re-create cultures preference in advance, because learning tuition checks. In order to do this, col­ that reflect the value ofhigher educa­ is an essentially creative and unpre­ leges and universities have to make it tion. In order to do this, the expecta­ dictable process. Teachers are not mere clear that students, today's so-called tions for students and evaluations of transmitters ofpredigested informa­ "customers"ofhigher learning, are faculty must reflect a beliefsystem that tion. There are no algorithims for not always correct. This will only be honors and supports both learning and teaching how to think about and act possible iffaculty at these schools have teaching. Whatbetter way to encourage with information. Professors must have the power and respect to withstand students to become more like their the freedom and authority necessary to the potential hostility ofdispleased learning-oriented peers than to provide motivate students to learn rather than students who go to college Witll the them with high performance standards, merely focus on being entertained and primary intention ofbuying a good a workload that is challenging, and a receiving what they consider to be an time and a degree. grading system that holds them acceptable grade. Grade inflation, poor accountable for their own learning? study habits, and consumer-oriented The New York Times recently faculty evaluation forms all work Michael Delucchi is AssistantProfessor reported that market forces had begun against this goal. ofSociology. to influence the academic standards of Colleges and universities cannot one ofthe nation's more prestigious escape our increasingly consumer ori­ institutions: the undergraduate ented culture. They can, however, make program at the University ofChicago. it clear that students, the"customers" of Long a bastion ofacademic rigor, the higher learning, are not always "right" university, in response to students' and and actually mustlearn from their pro­ parents' expectations, plans to reduce fessors in order to receive their college its core curriculum and expand its degrees. In order to do so, faculty recreation and service areas. Hugo must have the power and respect to F. Sonnenschein, the University's withstand the potential hostility of president is quoted as saying: "The displeased students who are merely commodification and marketing of out for entertainment and an easy A. higher education are unmistakable While the idea ofmeeting our students' needs is consistent with a customer-service approach to higher education, it is pedagogically suspect.

BRIDGEWATER REVIEW 22 gone out ofthe classrooms. Perhaps they needed some sort of"renewal," to use a currently popular term in education. Kevin Clancy, chairman and CEO ofCopernicus, the com­ pany that did the study, reported on its findings in the Boston Globe. Here is whatthey found. Ifyou take all the MCAS scores produced in a given testing session, the variation in the scores between schools does, indeed, change with the wealth oftlle town in which the scores were produced. Consistently Weston, Medfield, Harvard and Wellesley outscored Brockton, Lowell and Chelsea. In fact, the research combined scores for five social economic factors and tested how they were related to MCAS scores. The five factors were: MCAS MORASS 1) Rate ofwelfare dependency- in this case, researchers used the percent offamilies receiving Aid to Families By WILLIAM C. LEVIN with Dependent Children, orAFDC; 2) Family structure - measured bythe percent offamilies that had two parents; omplaints about MCAS have come from manysources and 3) Family income - measured by the percent offamilies have focused on a range ofissues. Students, teachers, parents, below the official, government poverty line which is school administrators, legislators and interested bystanders currentlyset at less than $18,500 for a family offour; have all chimed in on the debate. Howgood are these 4) Race - measured as the percent offamilies that are objective tests at measuring what students have learned? white; Do MCAS tests actually measure the skills they claim to 5) Educational level- measured as the percent offamilies measure? Aren't there other things we want our schools to in which a member holds a college bachelor's degree accomplish beyond the specific forms ofinformation and or higher. reasoning that MCAS tests? Should we be trying to measure The researchers added these five factors together into a these things as well? Ifwe make changes in our schools on the statistical lump and correlated them with the MCAS scores. basis ofthese scores, will those actions improve things? Will What they found was that over 90% ofthe variation in such actions be fair? That is, will they reward and punish the MCAS scores ofstudents was explained by the combination appropriate people and programs? The stakes are high, and ofthese five factors. The statistical procedure they used to the potential consequences great. arrive at this conclusion is not as complicated as some people Consider just one ofthe issues raised in the debate about MCAS. Do the scores on these tests really reflect differences in the quality ofthe schooling throughout the state? That is a Sample MCAS questions critical question given the way the issue has been framed by The following are some of the questions and answers for the math sections new Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment System. the policy makers who would make changes on the basis of The answers (listed at the bottom of this page) to the questions ranged from MCAS scores. Theyspeak of"schools that fail," and propose multiple-choice, short answers and essays. The tests were given for the fIrSt time that schools with low MCAS scores be subjected to a range of last spring to all pUblic school students in grades four, eight and ten. Each grade took three sections of tests: English language arts; math; and science remedies which might include reductions in salaries for their and technology. teachers, provision ofvouchers for students to leave such

schools, and even closing"failing schools." The underlying ENGLISHIlANGUAGE ARTS:

premise is that schools that produce low MCAS scores do so Many of the English questions were based on reading passages, including prose. because the teaching is bad. poems and plays for the three grades. In the 10th grade, for example, students were asked to read the opening This spring a private research firm conducted a study of paragraph from a short story by Flannery O'Connor and write an essay explaining MCAS scores in Massachusetts and found what so many what might come next in the story. critics ofthe testing sensed from the scores, buthad not Eighth graders were asked to read a Sojourner Truth speech from the 1850s, and were asked to describe the main point of her argument. pinned down with hard numbers. The fact that MCAS scores Fourth-graders had several passages to read and also were given have been high in wealthier school districts and low in poorer multiple-choice questions based on a page from the dictionary. ones was a consistent and worrisome fact since the inception MATH: ofthe program oftesting. Itseemed reasonable to conclude Grade Four: Question: This shape has no flat faces and no corners. It looks the same from all that in our poorest cities and towns the schooling was directions. What shape is it? A. sphere inferior. The teaching staffs were overloaded with entrenched B. cone C. cylinder and incompetentteachers, and the life and creativity had D. pyramid

BR.IDGEWATER. REVIEW 23 identified by the research. How, then, should we use such Brockton Public Schools findings? To begin with, it makes no sense to punish teachers I Percentage of Students at each Performance Level for the fact that they teach in poorer towns. Their students Number come to class with a range ofburdens imposed by social IAII Students Average of Needs Failing Failing Scaled Students economic clisadvantages and these harm their ability to learn. I IAdvanced Proficient Improvement (Tested) (Absent) Score Tested In addition, these poorer towns cannot afford the salaries IGrade 4 and budgets that support the most effective educational English IDistricl~~1 65 J29~[224~ Language Arts IState ~J191 66 [i"5~12301 74,452 programs, making the rate oflearning worse yet for the Mathematics IDistrict~~1 44 139~1225~ students. In wealthier towns the children carry no such IState ~~I 44 J23~f234"[75,2J5 burdens when they arrive at school, and are given all the Science & IDistrict~~1 54 J23~I2z9~ Teclmology advantages ofhigher spending on their schools and greater IState ~~I 40 1"i"2~12J81 75,230 emphasis on learning at home. But MCAS is not worthless. It is merely misused. Rather Marblehead Public Schools than use MCAS scores to punish poorer towns for being Also see: [Marblehead Community ] poorer, this research proposed a realistic way to find the under-performing schools we may wish to either assist or I Percentage of Students at each Performance Level punish. Ifadvantages like those identified in this research so All Students Average of C] J Needs JFailingJFailingJScaled rumberStudents directly lead to higher scores on tests like MCAS, then we can Advanced Prolicient Improvement (Tested) (Absent) Score Tested expect that students in wealthier towns should score higher IGrade 4 nglish ID1StnCtr-o--~1 61 r-z-r-o-f23I~ and those in poorer towns score lower. We should then set Language Arts rstate~~I 66 ~r-o-["2301'1'f.452 our expectations for the performance ofstudents on a scale IMathematlcs ID1StnCt~~1 44 ~r-o-f238~ taking these advantages into account. So, in a wealthy town rstater-n-~I 44 ~r-o-lTI4~ clence & ID1StnCt~rsr-1 35 ~r-o-["242~ like Weston, their advantages might translate into an Technology rstate~~1 40 ~r-o-f238~ expected average MCAS score in the 95th percentile of schools while students in Chelsea might be predicted to score make it sound. When we try to explain problems like the in only the 20th percentile. Simply plugging values for a given extreme variation in MCAS scores, we should never, ever town into Kevin Clancy's model would yield predictors like begin with the assumption that one factor is THE CAUSE. this. An under-performing school then would be identified Personal experience and a great deal ofresearch have taught as one in which the MCAS scores are below those predicted us that in human behavior a number offactors are extremely by the level ofadvantage or disadvantage ofliving in the likely to be contributing to a specific outcome. For example, town. The Copernicus research discovered that by this for­ consider how successful a person is in his or her career. Do mula, relatively wealthy Marblehead under performed while not take seriously the person who claims his success is due to relatively poor Chelsea over-performed. a single factor ("Work hard, my boy."), since lots ofpeople Before we decide to punish teachers in poor schools for work hard with no results. Other factors must be present for the low MCAS scores oftheir students, we ought to identify success to occur. Among them are intelligence, knowledge, the factors underlying student performance. Ifwe paid educational level, educational prestige, social skills, contacts, doctors only iftheir patients stayed well they'd scream bloody health, luck, capacity for ruthlessness, honesty, luck and so injustice. They can't control tl1eir patients' genetic propensi­ on. So, when these researchers combined five factors and set ties for disease, or whether they take their medications, or them against the MCAS scores, theywere trying to account whether they eat decently, can afford to live in safe and for variation in the scores with more than one variable. To healthy homes, can read the labels on the bottles or are afraid find these factors theysifted through a large number ofvari­ ofhospitals. Teachers should be held responsible only for ables before they settled on these five. Theywere chosen the portion ofstudents' educations over which they have because theywere the most efficient in explaining why influence. Now we know what percent ofan education that MCAS scores were higher in some towns and lower in others. normally is. Notice that if90% ofthe variation in MCAS scores could be accounted for by these variables, that leaves just 10% due to other factors. You can speculate what such factors might William C. Levin is Associate Editor ofthe Bridgewater Review be, but even ifall ofthe remaining ten percent were due to cli£ferences in quality ofteaching, it would be small in com­ parison with the 90% due to the social-economic variables

BRIDGEWATER REVIEW 24 duodenal neurons sending nerve fibers to the sphincter ofOddi. We deter­ CENTER FOR mined that these neurons synthesize excitatory neurotransmitters, which cause the sphincter muscle to contract. THE ADVANCEMENT We performed additional electro­ physiological studies to further exam­ OF RESEARCH ine this mechanism. These studies involved recording electrical activity from target neurons located within the AND TEACHING sphincter ofOddi while stimulating axons passing into the sphincter from CART grants enable faculty and results in over 600,000 cholecystec­ the duodenum. We demonstrated that librarians to pursue research projects. tomies (surgical removals ofthe the duodenal neurons sending projec­ "Neural Interactions Between the Small gallbladder) each year. tions to the sphincter ofOddi are capa­ Intestine and the Sphincter ofOddi" How does the sphincter ofOddi ble ofelectrically activating neurons and "Sustainable Development: The know when to open and when to close? located within the sphincter. Activation Search for Economic, Social, and Although we know that the nervous ofneurons in the sphincter ofOddi by Environmental Health" are among the system is involved, the exact mecha­ neurons in the duodenum is likely to projects which were recently awarded nisms ofits regulation are not entirely increase the contraction ofthis muscle, CART grants. clear. As part ofmy doctoral disserta­ thus closing the bile duct pathway lead­ tion research, completed in 1999 under ing into the duodenum. Ultimately, it is NEURAL INTERACTIONS BETWEEN Dr. Gary Mawe ofthe Department of likely to be demonstrated that the path­ THE SMAlL INTESTINE AND THE Anatomy and Neurobiology at the way we have identified is directly SPHINCTER OF ODDI Audra Kennedy, Assistant Professor of University ofVermont CoJJege of involved in the sphincter ofOddi's BioLogicaL Sciences Medicine, I examined the neural mech­ function. The reflex circuit is likely to anisms by which the sphincter ofOddi play several roles in digestion, including is regulated. Working with guinea pigs, (1) generating waves ofsphincter of Dr. Mawe and I identified a neural con­ Oddi contraction and relaxation that nection linking a section ofthe small aJJow bile to enter the duodenum, intestine called the duodenum Witll the (2) notifying the sphincter ofOddi that sphincter ofOddi. Using a fluorescent food has entered the duodenum and dye that is transported along nerve that bile should be delivered to aid in fibers (caJJed axons), we demonstrated digestion, and (3) limiting the entry of that neurons located in the duodenum digested food from the intestine into send axons to the sphincter ofOddi. the bile duct during periods ofgut peri­ Neurons work by releasing chemicals stalsis or vomiting. My research involves a body partyou called neurotransmitters from their The CART grant I have received may never have heard of, a sma11 but nerve endings. We expanded our will enable me to return to Dr. Mawe's inlportant part ofthe digestive system studies oftlle neurons going to the laboratory as a visiting researcher this called the sphincter ofOddi. The sphincter ofOddi by determining what summer to continue to explore the role sphincter ofOddi is a sma11 muscular neurotransmitters they synthesize. that the nervous system plays in the cuff named after the 19t1l century Neurons in the enteric nervous system functioning ofthe sphincter ofOddi. Italian scientist, Ruggero Oddi, who (the nervous system which controls the Having established the working first studied it. Located at the junction gastrointestinal tract) can be divided hypotllesis that extensive communica­ ofthe common bile duct and tlle intes­ into separate groups on the basis of tion between neurons in the duode­ tine, it regulates the flow ofbile from their chemical content. The technique num and neurons in the sphincter of the gallbladder into the intestine. Bile ofimmunohistochemistryexamines Oddi is important for efficient upper helps us to digest fats; inflammation of the neurons based on their coding pat­ gastrointestinal tract function, I hope the sphincter ofOddi can lead to terns for different chemicals. As a result, to further elucidate the roles these cir­ formation ofgallstones and prevent scientists can determine the function of cuits play in gastrointestinal physiology. proper digestion. Improper function­ a given population ofneurons based on Beginning in the faJJ, I also hope to ing ofthe sphincter ofOddi has been the presence or absence ofparticular establish a related research projectat shown to be a major contributor to chemicals within the cell. Using the College, providing research biliary disease, which affects approxi­ immunohistochemical technique, we opportunities for undergraduate mately 20 miJJion Americans and were able to determine the types of biology majors.

BRIDGEWATER REVIEW 25 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: THE What these measures fail to do, how­ Efforts to judge the sustainability of SEARCH fOR ECONOMIC, SOCLAl, ever, is factor in issues ofsocial justice, individual organizations have also AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH economic equity, or environmental blossomed in the past year. Europeans, Helene S. Fine, Associate Professor of sensitivity. Increased spending on pris­ alarmed at the degradation oftheir Management ons or on oil spill clean-ups contributes environment, are demanding"green" as much to the GDP as spending on products in tlle marketplace. Although education and healthcare, the develop­ a meaningfuJ "green label" has yet to ment ofwind-based energy technolo­ arrive, the ISO 14,000 series certifica­ gies, or food relief to the victims of tion might serve that need temporarily. famine. The GNP is indifferent to the ISO 14,000 is a set ofinternational nature ofgoods and services sold. standards for environmental sensitivity While productivity figures could tell and social accountability that goes us how much non-renewable energy is beyond the bottom line. Few in this consumed in the production ofgoods region know ofits existence or the and services, they generally don't. More inlpact that it will have on the market­ often than notthe figures we get are for place. Before long, many consumers labor productivity. As a result, they in Europe will refuse to buy products The subject ofmy research is sustain­ often signal the displacement ofwork­ from companies that do not have able development, recently defined by ers to lower levels ofemployment. this certification. the World Commission on Environ­ The quality ofemployment and the In order to further our ability both to ment and Development as develop­ equitable distribution ofwealth are not gauge the performances ofindividual ment that"meets the needs ofthe issues in standard economic measures. organizations and to compare them present without compromising the Serving burgers at McDonalds is as with one another, I have created a sus­ ability offuture generations to meet good as semi-skilled work in a metal tainability scale. Using the scale, an their own needs." In recent years, fabricating shop. One hundred thou­ organization would receive a score activists on behalfofenvironmental sand people earning $40,000 each is based on a number offactors, including preservation, economic justice, and the same as 100,000 people earning economic viability, environmental democratic control ofcorporations $30,000 each and one person earning soundness in products and processes have found common cause in the move $1 billion! and commitment to the employees' toward sustainability. A sustainable Realizing tllat growth alone does not education and training. Each factor society must be economically viable, guarantee a healthy society, activists in would be weighted to reflect its impor­ environmentally sound, socially just, communities tlle world over have tance. The same scale could be used to and locally controlled. begun to create alternative indicators. rate sustainability at the regional, The search for indicators ofsustain­ These are relevant either to tlle econ­ national and global levels. ability stems from the beliefthat exist­ omy as a whole, to specific regions, or I have been invited to present my ing measures do not capture the true to individual organizations. One such work at the World Congress on Human state ofsocial, economic, and environ­ alternative is the Genuine Progress Coexistence in a Responsible World at mental health. For example, the most Indicator (GPI). In tlle beliefthat the Dawn ofthe Third Millennium, to common ofthe measures currently household and volunteer work con­ be held in Montreal this July. used, the Gross Domestic Product tribute to the quality oflife, tlle GPI (GDP), is a measure ofall goods and assigns positive values to these but sub­ services sold within a country. Another tracts for factors that diminish that measure, productivity, compares goods quality. Some ofthe latter include and services sold to resources used to resource depletion and habitat degra­ produce them (i.e., outputslinputs). dation, loss ofleisure time, tlle costs of Other measures include median house­ crime, and any growing inequities in hold income and, finally, levels of the distribution ofwealtll. Regional employment. When each is increasing, Sustainability IJ1dicators factor in such we pronounce the economy robust negative values as water consumption and, therefore, the society healthy! and traffic congestion, while positive indicators are generated byvolunteer activity and voter turnout.

BRIDGEWATER REVIEW 26 Suspicion ofthe presence ofheavy metal pollutants in these waters was especially interesting to Curry since the College, using money Curry obtained in a 1998 grant, had recently purchased an instrument capable ofmeasuring their levels. The instrument, called a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer (GFAAS), is housed in the RESEARCH NOTE Chemistry Department and is used in research and in sopho­ more and senior-level instrumental analysis courses taught By WILLIAM C. LEVIN by Dr. De Ramos. Collaboration between Curry and De Ramos (and tl1e involvement ofchemistry students in the Heavy Metals in the Taunton River Tributaries: collection and measurement ofsamples) was a natural fit for Research by Professors Tammy De Ramos (Department the studyoftl1ese pollutants. Recently their project received ofChemical Sciences) and Kevin Curry (Department of funding support from the Center for the Advancement of Biological Sciences) Research and Teaching. According to Dr. De Ramos, heavy metals such as cad­ rofessor Tammy De Ramos ofthe Department ofChemical mium, copper, lead and zinc have specific gravities greater Sciences is studying water quality in the Taunton river and than that ofwater and all have been found to be related to some ofits tributaries. The storyofthe origin and conduct of chironomid deformities in other studies. In addition these this work provides an excellent illustration ofthe normal metals are especially good research tools for the study of operation ofthe scientific enterprise and the way research pollution since they are toxic at very low levels or concentra­ can suit the needs ofa college like Bridgewater and its com­ tions. (Measurements sensitive to concentrations ofonlya munity. It features a mix ofcuriosity, collaboration, teaching, discovery and civic need. It's also a story that begins in the jaws ofa wee beast. In the spring of 1998 Dr. Kevin Curry was conducting some sampling in local rivers with ofhis undergraduate stu­ dents. His research group was focusing on a tiny insect called a chironomid that lives its larval stage in the sediments at the bottoms of rivers. They found high rates ofphysical deformi­ ties in the mouth parts ofthe insects, such as missing teeth and gaps between teeth. These deformities have been shown in other studies to be related to pollutants such as heavy few parts per billion are termed"trace" amounts.) To study metals, pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). the levels ofpollutants in the water, samples are taken from (The deformities Curryand his students found are shown area river sites within a one mile radius in the Taunton River in the series ofpictures below.) Because the larval stage tributary system. The first sites were chosen because they chironomids thrive in the sediments, they are exposed to the were suspected to be likely places where pollutants would be environments in both the water and the solids in the stream found. Samples taken from upstream and downstream ofa bottom. In addition the insects do not move any distance sewage treatment facility (Town River) and a car junkyard .during the larval stage. Thus, they are good indicators of (South Brook) provided the prelinllnary indications oftl1e a range ofpollutants and serve as reliable sampling units. presence ofchironomid deformities. Another site several miles away and not close to any obvious source ofpollution was sampled to provide a baseline for comparison oflevels of chironomid deformities. This site yielded results that puzzled the researchers since it showed levels ofdeformity compara­ ble to the earlier samples. This raised the possibility ofmore generalized findings ofpollution, a problem to be addressed in the research. In a follow up study, Dr. De Ramos' research group, comprised ofundergraduate students, will begin sampling this spring after the water levels drop and continue sampling until October. Both water and sediment samples Pictured above left: deformed mouth and teeth ofa chironomid. On will be taken this time and treated to preserve them for the right are a normal chironomid mouth and teeth. analysis in the graphite furnace.

BRIDGEWATER REVIEW 27 Measurement ofthe levels ofheavy metals is accomplished Research like this requires the combination ofa number of by introducing very small, carefully controlled volumes of elements to be successful. First, there must be people who are samples from the water and acid-dissolved sediment materi­ aware ofthe environmental and research issues. In this case, als (typically 20 microliters, well less than a drop in each Kevin Curry is experienced in issues ofenvironmental qual­ sample) into a miniature graphite tube called a furnace. ity, especially as they relate to fresh water systems. He has The furnace is then set in a cradle in the spectrophotometer already conducted a number ofstudies ofwater quality in where it is electrically heated to temperatures between 1900 local rivers and ponds. Tammy De Ramos has a background and 2500 degrees centigrade. The heat to be achieved is in the field ofanalytical chemistry, with an emphasis on selected to match the level at which the specific metal being the use ofspectroscopic techniques in chemical analysis. tested is known to vaporize. As the metals vaporize, they She has used and taught with the college's graphite furnace enter a shaft oflight passed through the furnace and absorb spectrophotometer for years and has received additional some portion ofthe light. Comparison ofthe level oflight training in atomic spectroscopy in a 1997 workshop. entering the furnace with the level oflight leaving it yields It is also necessary that resources be available. For this a measure ofthe level ofmetal in the small sample in the study the recent acquisition ofthe graphite furnace with furnace. The greater the amount ofmetal in the sample, . funds obtained from the college's Bridgewater Foundation the more vaporized metal will be detected by the machine was critical. While we often think ofresources in terms of and indicated as a digital readout. laboratoryequipment, the more important resource is human. The time ofProfessors De Ramos and Curry must be made available among all their responsibilities as teachers and department members. In addition, the study depends on the availability ofthe students who collect the data, prepare and test samples ofwater and sediment, and contribute in dozens ofother ways to the completion ofthe research. This project is an excellent example ofhow academic research can serve a range ofinterests simultaneously. Not only does it advance knowledge in the purest sense ofscience, but it also serves as a learning laboratoryfor students and provides the larger community with information that is critical to its environmental and economic planning. While preliminary results do not show levels ofheavy metals that threaten the health ofthe people who live in the community around the College, these trace elements are, like the tiny insects whose deformities mark the potential for trouble, the"canaries in the mine" that these researchers are the first to examine. /

Top photo: Students sampling sediments from the Taunton River Watershed. Bottom photo: Testing samples in the graphite furnace.

BR.IDGEWATER. REVIEW 28 ofthe great composers like Johann Sebastian Bach and Felix Mendelssohn." During a walk through the Campus Center on any afternoon it is possible to hear Professor Young toiling away at the keyboard, giving his interpretation ofthe great organ masters such as Jean Guillou and Louis Vierne. His love oforgan music has influenced his academic research. He is at work on a project that began with a visit to Paris a few years ago. Using a grant from the Center for the Advancement ofResearch and Teaching (CART), Professor Young hopes to further his study oftwo French organ composers, Mailly and Guilmant, whose works have not been given proper attention. Professor Young is interested in not only writing on the work ofthese composers, but preparing a CD which will bring their work to a larger contemporaryaudience. FACULTY PROFILE While ProfessorYoung's research allows him to pursue his love oforgan music, his heart remains in teaching. He is STEVEN YOUNG responsible for the First Friday ConcertSeries that the Music Department puts on at the Horace Mann Auditorium. The f you have ever attended a Bridgewater State College convo­ concerts are designed to enhance interest in music on cam­ cation or other official ceremony it is likely that Professor pus. Professor Young also has become involved with chamber D Steven Young ofthe Music Department was the organist. groups in local area high schools. He sees his involvement not Although ProfessorYoung attained full time faculty status in only as a way ofincreasing interest in music, but also as a 1998, he has been a part time member ofthe Music recruiting tool for potential music majors at the College. Department since 1985. During his years at Bridgewater he His most formidable task, however, is taking a group ofcol­ has taken on a number ofteaching, choral and performance lege students who do not possess prior music training and roles along with giving occasional organ recitals, and of transforming them into a quality choir. Professor Young is course becoming a permanent fixture at College events. tlle first to admit tllat it is a challenge to keep rehearsals inter­ Currently, ProfessorYoung has a broad teaching schedule. esting and the students focused. He often gives tlle students He is responsible for the College Choir, which numbers forty background notes on the composers and the history ofthe students, and the Chamber Singers, a more select group of composition. He also selects a mix ofmusic from little students who form an a capella ensemble. Professor Young known American composers to pieces from other countries also teaches upper level courses in Music Theory and Form and other time periods. His experience with college students and Analysis, two courses which provide students with a has been rewarding, as is evidenced bythe smile that comes knowledge ofthe rules ofcomposition and the process of to his face when he discusses his work with the choral groups. developing a musical composition. Music is an important part ofa liberal arts experience. When he is not working with the choral groups or in the Professor Steven Young is hard at work providing a range of classroom, Professor Young is involved with pursuing his music opportunities for the students at the College. But if passion, organ music. He has been the featured soloist in you do not have an opportunity to benefit from his teaching concerts throughout tlle northeast, including a recent perfor­ and choral direction, then remember, whenever you attend a mance in New York City at the Church ofSt. Thomas on College function and hear the powerful music ofthe organ, it Fifth Avenue. He is also the choir director and organist at is likely that Professor Steven Young is at the keyboard. St. Catherine's Catholic Church in Norwood, where he leads a group ofthirtysingers. It is clear from conversations with Professor Young that he is deeply committed to the organ and to organ music. He stated that playing the organ provides him, "with the ability to mix and combine sounds and to play the works ofsome

BftlDGEWATER REVlEW 29 At the heart ofProfessor Price's teaching philosophy is a commitment to make mathematics a subject matter thatis not intimidating but rather a rewarding experience. She is also working with a CD program that will assist remedial math students in grasping essential concepts and procedures. This will be a self-paced program that the students can work with at home or at the computer lab on campus. During the summer Professor Price hopes to develop a pilot program for the CD and test it out on a group ofremedial math students. In many respects Professor Price's work as teacher and department chair come together in her work as contract negotiator. Professor Price is an active member ofthe Massachusetts State College Association (MSCA), which is the professional union representing the faculty and librari­ ans at the nine state colleges in Massachusetts. The center­ FACULTY PROFIL·E piece ofthe Association is the contract that determines the rules, procedures and responsibilities the faculty and the GAIL PRICE administration ofthe colleges must follow during the life ofthe agreement, which is normally three years. rofessor Gail Price ofthe Mathematics and Computer Professor Price is quick to comment that she is energized Science Department is a faculty member who wears many by her role as contract negotiator. As partofthe contract professional" hats." Professor ,Price is an engaging teacher process she is required to poll the faculty to elicit their con­ with a particular expertise in computer programming lan­ cerns related to the professional climate on campus and their guages. She is also the Chair ofthe Department with the vision ofwhat a future contract should include. The input of responsibility ofoverseeing the Math and Computer Science the faculty becomes the proposal that is presented to the curriculum and the nineteen faculty members who teach the Board ofHigher Education. As with any labor negotiation, courses. Finally, she is the lead negotiator representing the Board ofHigher Education has its own set ofconcerns Bridgewater in its contract talks with the Board ofHigher and vision, which quite often is at odds with that ofthe Education. Like many faculty members at Bridgewater, MSCA. This is where Professor Price has learned the art of Professor Price has learned the art ofbalancing many tasks. negotiation. She and her colleagues from the other state As an instructor, Professor Price teaches the introductory colleges participate in what has become a long and arduous course in computer science. Because ofthe heightened set ofmeetings in which both tl1e MSCA and the Board of demand for computer science proficiency, Professor Price Higher Education seek to fashion an agreement that is has turned her attention to the JAVA programming language, acceptable to botl1 sides. This process is difficult and time which has moved into the mainstream ofcomputer science consuming, but Professor Price is determined to represent programming. During her upcoming sabbatical, Professor the interests ofthe faculty. When completed, the contract is Price will enhance her knowledge ofJAVA and develop a huge document that addresses issues such as evaluation, courses that will be introduced to the students in the governance, workload, promotion procedures and ofcourse comingyears. pay schedules. In recent years, new issues such as distance Besides her work with advanced computer languages, learning, property rights and post-tenure review have Professor Price has developed an interest in working with complicated tl1e negotiating process. young mathematics teachers at the elementary level. As part While the negotiation process is often a frustrating experi­ ofa statewide math initiative called PALMS, Professor Price ence as botl1 sides seek to advance their cause, Professor has worked with teachers to alleviate their anxiety over math Price remains excited aboutthe process and privilege of instruction. She calls her approach Math By Discovery. Over representing the faculty in what is certainly a critical part of the years, Professor Price has developed a number oftech­ their professional life. Like most faculty, however, Professor niques to help teachers overcome their phobia toward math, Price remains focused on her teaching, but because ofher including hands-on experiments that have a math message. unique experience as a contract negotiator she is always Professor Price has recently worked with a group of45 stu­ thinking ofhow she can improve the instructional atmos­ dent teachers atWheelock College to sharpen their skills, and phere and rights ofher fellow teachers at Bridgewater she will travel to Bermuda during the summer to conduct State and indeed throughout the Massachusetts State additional workshops. College System.

BRIDGEWATER REVIEW 30 Heaney, translating Beowulfproperly is Hrothgar's monster beset court: a matter oftone. The epic's virtually Gewiton him l>a foeran. Flota stille bad untranslatable opening word hwcet Seomode on sale sid-frel>med scip, ' offers a case in point. Charles On ancre frest. Eofor-lic scionon Kennedy's 1940 version, the verse trans­ ofer Weor-bergan: gehroden golde Fa ond fY-heard, ferh wearde heold: la~ion I used in college, opts to begin Gul>-m6d grummon. wIth Lo, a very literary equivalent to what sounds like a throat clearing or an Kennedy translates these lines as: after dinner belch. Heaney rejects the Then the Geats marched on; "conventional renderings of hwcetand behind at her mooring, observes that the"particle'so' came nat­ Fastened at anchor, their urally to the rescue, because in that broad-beamed boat idiom 'so' operates as an expression Safely rode on her swinging cable. which obliterates all previous discourse Boar heads glittered on and narrative. and at the same time glistening helmets ~unctio~s as an exclamation calling for Above their cheek guards, ImmedIate attention." Heaney, know­ gleaming with gold; ing the oral tradition ofthe epic, real­ Bright and fire-hardened izes the crucial need for attentiveness in the boar held watch the listener/reader. Over the column ofmarching men. Heaney's attentiveness to the speech Kennedy says ofhis method that he has he had heard throughout his childhood used "alliteration, both ofvowel and in Ireland, the direct talk and inflec­ consonant, flexibly and freely both tions ofmen he calls "big voiced within the line itselfand, ifit seemed Scullions," aids him in echoing"the desirable, as a device for binding lines sound and sense ofthe Anglo-Saxon." together." Nonetheless, the reader Anyone who has attempted to translate Seamus Heaney senses the heavy presence ofthe 'glit­ Beowulfknows that Beowulf's glory in Beowulf: A New Verse Translation tered, and 'glistening' and the some­ battle is not always equaled by any Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2000 what too prosaic "over the column of translator's glory in matching the marching men" with its reliance on poem's sound with its sense. I spent a prepositions to convey the beat. Heaney semes~er in graduate school translating organizes his translation by a different the epiC, a fun but fraught exercise, and BONE HOUSE principle, saying he has "been guided so speak with some experience about bythe fundamental pattern offour the challenges posed by the alliterative BY CHARLES F. ANGELL stresses to the line, but I allow myself and syllabic verse. The Farrar, Straus several transgressions. For example, and Giroux edition ofHeaney's transla­ few years ago editors ofthe Norton I don't always employ alliteration, and U tion reprints the full Anglo-Saxon text Antholog~ofEngl.ish Literature must sometimes I alliterate only in one half ra1 on the verso page and thus provides have realIzed the ll1adequacy oftheir ofthe line" to permit the"natural even the inexperienced reader with prose translation ofBeowulf. They 'sound ofsense' [to] prevail over the some notion ofthe original poetry. It's commissioned Seamus Heaney in the demands ofthe convention." Thus he easy to recognize that the alliteration early 1980s to rework the Anglo-Saxon evokes the original as: and syllabic beats ofthe original are dif­ epic, a project he admits he onlydallied ficult to reproduce in English without So they went their way. with until, finally, some ten years later, sounding artificially stilted and rhyth­ The ship rode the water, he felt confident enough to complete mically uneven. The original Anglo­ Broad-beamed, bound by its hawser the project. Heaney's translation suc­ Saxon which, as I noted, retains And anchored fast. ceeds in revitalizing Beowulfby shad­ remnants ofan earlier oral tradition Boar-shapes flashed ing the warrior's heroic thirst and quest relies upon formula phrases or Above their cheek guards, for glory into that elegaic "final day. .. kennings, mnemonic devices to aid the the brightlyforged when Beowulffought and fate denied bard's or scop's recall. I reproduce a Work ofgoldsmiths, watching over him glory in battle." briefpassage in the original where Those stern-faced men. I say elegaic because that is the Beowulfand his companions leave Here the positioning of'rode,''broad,' tone Heaney adopts for the epic. For their "ring-prowed ship" and journey to 'boar,' 'forged,' and 'work' show Heaney employing the alliterative convention to advantage, constrained not by the

BR.IDGEWATER REVIEW 31 single line but open to the sense and glorious action," Hrothgar tells He begins to keen movement ofthe whole passage. Beowulf; "may the God ofAges/ con­ and weep for his boy, Yet, the technical virtuosity ofthe tinue to keep and requite you well." watching the raven translation would be insufficient to Hrothgar leaves ambiguous whether gloat where he hangs: rekindle interest in Bemvulfwere it not the hero's "glorious action" or God's he can be no help. accompanied by Heaney's sensibility protection has conferred immortality; The wisdom ofage is about the ancient heroes moving across Beowulfsuffers from no such uncer­ worthless to him. a contested landscape. In his 1975 col­ tainty and, at his boasting best, claims Tempus edax rerum, or as Shakespeare lection North appears a set ofstanzas that Grendel "has done his worst but was to write: "Devouring Time, blunt from "VIking Dublin: Trial Pieces": the wound will end him.! He is hasped thou the lion's paws/ And make the Come fly with me, and hooped and hirpling [crawling, earth devour her own sweet brood." Come sniffthe wind dragging a limb] with pain, limping The elegaic shadow darkens the epic, With the expertise and looped in it," the hero refiguring for "Such was the feeling ofloss Ofthe Vikings- his physical prowess in verbal display. endured by the land ofthe Geats." Celebration and banquet, gifts of The dragon proves too powerful for neighbourly, scoretaking gold distributed to Beowulfand his Beowulf; his warriors retreat to safety; killers, haggers warriors, then "sorh is geniwod," and hagglers, gombeen-men, only Wiglafassists the hero and man­ sorrow returns in the form ofGrendel's ages to overcome the wyrm. Beowulf, hoarders ofgrudges and gain. mother seeking to avenge her mur­ knowing he has suffered a mortal With a butcher's aplomb dered son, for monsters too must wound, gives the gold collar ofhis they spread outyour lungs follow the blood feud's code. Again, this office to the young hero Wiglaf, telling and made you warm wings tinle in the murky depths ofthe wood­ him "'Fate swept us away,! sent my for your shoulders. land mere where even his sword fails whole brave high-born clan to their Old fathers, be with us. him, Beowulfmust confront a foe final doom. ow I must follow them.''' Old cunning assessors swollen with hatred. Beowulfprevails The epic closes amid dark forecasts of offeuds and ofsites in a struggle ofso long endurance that doom for the entire Geatish people for ambush or town. his waiting followers believe he has who now have only the flames of perished and have "abandoned the The reader senses in his lines Heaney's Beowulf's funeral pyre to push against cliff top [wishing] without hope, to affinity not just for the older poetrybut the darkness. behold their lord." The hero re-emerges for the"old fathers" who retain and Heaney, as I hope my synopsis from the mere, bearing for good revitalize the memories that keep alive implies, sees in Beowulfthe struggles of measure Grendel's severed head, and the grudges and fuel the revenges. As a proud but beleaguered race, invaded tells Hrothgar that now he "can sleep readers ofBeowulfknow, the narrative by strangers, betrayed by kin and secure with [his] company oftroops in ofthe hero's exploits pauses on a friends, heroically attempting to keep Heorot Hall." number ofoccasions to allow the scop their history alive through chronicle More celebration, more lavishing of to interpolate cautionary tales. After and song. "In the coffered/ riches of gifts, and after some well-meant advice Beowulf's defeat ofGrendel, the scop grammar/ and declensions," Heaney on the seductions ofpower, Hrothgar recalls how Sigemwld slew the dragon tells us in another ofhis poems, allows Beowulfand his warriors to and how from this deed came renown Ifoundban-hus, embark for their homeland where, after and then trouble. Later, the scop its fire, benches some years ofservice to his father rehearses the fight at Finn's Hall and wattle and rafters, Hygelac, Beowulfassumes the kingship the fraternal betrayals that consumed where the soul and for fifty years "grew old and wise/ the people in a blood feud. Heroic valor fluttered a while as warden ofthe land." But suddenly, and glory inevitably yield to renewed angered at the theft ofa goblet from his in the roofspace. care and darkness, to Grendel, to treasure hoard, a dragon begins to rav­ There was a small crock Cain's kin, outcast and prowling age the kingdom. Beowulfhears the for the brain, beyond the light. news and feels "unaccustomed anxiety and a cauldron Heaney seamlessly weaves the scop's and gloom/ [confuse] his brain."Again, interruptions into the epic and ofgeneration as the aged and careworn Beowulf smoothlymoves the narrative from swungat the centre: prepares to confront this newest enemy, Beowulf's arrival among the Danes at love-den, blood-holt, the scop interjects more stories of Heorot Hall, to his defeat ofGrendel, dream-bower. trouble and ill-fortune, this time ofa and the rejoicing that follows. "You Beowulf. father "who has lived to see his son's have made yourself immortal! by your body/ swing on the gallows." Charles F. Angell is Professor ofEnglish.

BR.IDGEWATER. REVlEW 32 home in Hyde Park, now part ofBoston. Enneking enjoyed the landscape ofthe Blue Hills so much that he was instrumental in establishing the Blue Hills as a protected reservation, and one ofits parkways is named for hin1. During his career, Enneking was weIJ­ known and successful in American art, exhibiting to critical acclain1, receiving numerous awards, and having his work acquired for collections in major U.S. muse­ ums. His obituary in American ArtNews (November 25, 1916) summed up the FROM THE BRIDGEWATER dominated by a flowering white apple tree reputation he had attained: STATE COLLEGE on the left, juxtaposed against a smaller pink For fifty years he has been a markedfigure PERMANENT COLLECTION flowering tree. They are the keynotes in a in the local art world, both by reason of composition ofLight colors, through which his forceful and unique personality, and the SpringScene,c.1901 the unifying elements ofpink and white are high ideals in painting he setfor himself John J. Enneking distributed. On the right, for example, the A splendidly honest, bluff, kindly man, (Minster, Ohio, 1841-Hyde Park progression into distant space is defined by engaged throughout his long life in an [Boston], Mass., 1916) a smaller white tree and a pink shoreline unending search for beauty and the Oil on canvas, 22" x 30" beyond. Lush greens and turquoise blues ultimate truth ofart-such was John John Joseph Enneking was among the complete the view ofgrass, trees, water ]. Enneking. earliest ofAmerican painters to adopt the and sky. This painting was given to the College by style ofthe French Impressionists. His con­ The subject, palette and technique are alumni not manyyears after the death ofthe tact with the work ofthese artists dates from most closely related to the work ofFrench artist, as a major gift ofart, and it remains 1873-76 and 1878 when he was studying in Impressionist Claude Monet, with whom one ofthe most in1portant works within the Paris, the years in which the first highly con­ Enneking had painted while in France. The Permanent Collection, housed in the Art troversial Impressionist exhibitions took line ofpoplar trees that separate the fore­ Building gallery. place. This was the period in which the style ground and background spaces in this found only a limited number ofsupporters, painting recall the series ofpoplar paintings Text by Roger Dunn, Professor ofArt even among artists. Yet Impressionism was by Monet done only a few years prior to Photo by Rob Lorenson, AssistantProfessor to remain Enneking's primary approach to Spring Scene. Enneking's thick in1pasto ofArt painting for the rest ofhis life. paint, applied in smalJ strokes ofthe brush, Spring Scene is one ofthe finest examples also reveals the closeness ofthis Impres­ ofEnneking's Impressionism, and comes sionist style to Monet's. This brushwork is from a series ofspring landscapes with particularly thick on the flowering white flowering trees done within the period tree, helping to establish its dominance in spanning the 1880s into the early 1900s. the composition. The blue shadows under The theme proved to be commercially the tree follow the Impressionists' rejection successful. Here the May landscape is ofblack and grey for shadows. The locale in which this was painted could have been near the artist's summer home in North Newry, Maine, or, more likely, within the Blue HIlls region near his

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