Copyright © 1980 Ohio Acad. Sci. 0030-0950/80/0005-0195 $2.00/0

HIGHLIGHTS OF A CAREER IN MEDICAL SCIENCE1- 2

LIBERATO JOHN A. DiDIO, Dean of Graduate School, Medical College of Ohio at Toledo, Caller Service 10008, Toledo, OH 43699 OHIO J. SCI. 80(5): 195, 1980

In thinking about this presentation, I anatomist and to devote my life to dis- decided to share with you the highlights assembling, studying, and analyzing one of my career as a scientist, which on this of Nature's masterpieces. My lifelong ceremonious occasion may be considered learning has led me to an appreciation, the confessions of an Academy President, highlighted by a continuing sense of and to dedicate the presentation espe- wonder, of the miracle of life and the cially to the young scientists of Ohio. human body. From the practical stand- I should alert you, however, that as a point, my decision to be an anatomist physician who is concerned with pre- was to serve mankind through my work ventive medicine, I will not deliver a as a scientist and educator. I later purely serious speech. Science is serious, came to realize that I recreated in my but not necessarily sad—as you shall own life the same situation that existed see, I have thoroughly enjoyed my life at the creation of the world. When it as a scientist. was asserted that God must have been a Trained as a surgeon, early in my surgeon, as only through surgery could career I made the decision to become an He first perform the costectomy in Adam to create Eve, an anatomist pro- Manuscript received 28 June 1980 and in re- tested, saying that God first had to know vised form 8 July 1980 (#80-36). anatomy in order to find the proper rib. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS—Presented at the 89th Annual Meeting of the Ohio Acad- At that point, an educator intervened, emy of Science held at The University of To- exclaiming: Everyone knows that in the ledo, Toledo, OH on 20 April 1980. Dr. beginning there was chaos and who knows Liberato J. A. DiDio, Dean of the Graduate better than educators how to create School and Chairman and Professor of Anatomy at the Medical College of Ohio, served as Presi- chaos? So, while creating chaos, I have dent of The Ohio Academy of Science 1979- had an opportunity to do some research, 1980. He received his B.S., M.S., M.D. and to teach, and ultimately to help my fel- Ph.D. degrees, all summa cum laude, from the low humans during our sojourn on this University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. After 21 years in academic medicine at Brazilian uni- lovely planet. versities, he became a research Fellow at New I became a scientist because I felt that York City's Rockefeller University and later I could reach many more human beings moved to Northwestern University as Professor of Anatomy. He was appointed Chairman of if, instead of treating patients individ- the Department of Anatomy at the Medical ually, I could, as a result of my investi- College of Ohio in 1966 and Dean of the Gradu- gations, make a discovery that would uate School in 1972. The University of Toledo benefit untold numbers of people. I chapter of Phi Kappa Phi cited him as a dis- tinguished member and the International In- recognized that in this respect I was on stitute of Greater Toledo presented him with very thin, idealistic, ground; but an in- the Golden Key Award. Proficient in 5 lan- nate optimism sustained my hope that I guages, Dr. DiDio has published well over one could succeed. Early in life, I believed hundred scientific papers. His many inter- national honors include Honorary President of that instead of looking at things and ask- the Pan American Association of Anatomy, the ing why, one should aim for impossible Order of Merit in Medicine of the Republic of dreams, asking why not? As psychi- Brazil, the Andreas Vesalius Award from the atrists have attempted to explain such Mexican Society of Anatomists, the Medal for Cultural Merit of the Republic of Italy, and illusions of grandeur, they state that it the Rorer Award from the American Society of is normal to be an arsonist at age 18 and Gastroenterology. a fireman at 25. With the naivete and 195 196 LIBERATO JOHN A. DiDIO Vol. 80 determination characteristic of youth, I ing a broad view of the subject. While promised myself that I would be the top some of my colleagues were devoting student in my class, and would devote their efforts to becoming experts in the myself to mastering everything that my subspecialties of anatomy, as a young instructors taught. Knowing how ca- Don Quixote, I tried to master all of them pricious grading systems and individual —an almost impossible dream. teacher's judgments can be, not to men- The next problem was to select a tion personal preferences and biases, it mentor who could serve as a paradigm in can readily be seen that much juvenile my idealistic quest. I selected Professor boldness was involved in the goals I had Renato Locchi (1896-1978), who ulti- set for myself. mately became my spiritual father. Another goal was to acquire broad Under this inspiring teacher, physician, knowledge of the medical sciences and, pharmacist, anatomist, and philosopher, at the same time, to perform investiga- I began to study the incidence of Whit- tions into different areas and levels of nall's orbital tubercle (DiDio 1942) in structure of the human body utilizing a the human zygomatic bone (fig. 1), variety of techniques, striving to be both which was rarely mentioned in anatomy eclectic in medical biology and profound textbooks. I wondered then whether in each field at the vanguard of science. the absence of description was due to the If successful, I would be able to grasp the lack of confirmation in finding the promi- means of attack for each scientific prob- nence or due to the negligence of anato- lem from different angles without losing mists toward the relatively recent dis- the general view of the main field and pos- covery by Whitnall in 1911. While sibly of adjacent fields as well. Ulti- searching the literature on the subject, I mately, my aim was to acquire a deep in- studied 285 skulls and found, among sight into each problem while maintain- many other data, that the prominence

FIGURE 1. Anterior view of a human male, adult skull showing the eminentia orbitalis (arrows) of the zygomatic bone in each orbit. Ohio J. Sci. A CAREER IN MEDICAL SCIENCE 197 occurred in 89% of the cases—91% in structure—Oddi's sphincter—and even to males and 82% in females. Surrounded one of its diseases—Odditis. It has be- by numerous skeletons in an enormous come one of the most widespread eponyms osteology museum, where the deep silence in the world's medical literature. As an was broken only by my pen as it com- investigator studying the orbit, I felt that mitted my observations to paper, I can- I had already become a doctor of phi- not describe the awe of that moment. losophy in the eminentia orbitalis—a Suffice it to say that what started as a minuscule prominence on the skull, but a seemingly macabre investigation, work- gigantic structure for a neophyte medical ing in solitude among a multitude of student and incipient young anatomist. human skulls, became an exciting ex- Life would later teach that dimensions perience. Those lifeless skulls were trans- shrink in relation to the scientist's age— formed through intense and devoted another aspect of one's relativity. study from objective research material In retrospect, the eminentia orbitalis to sensible, although inert, individuals. project was the first highlight of a sci- They became my new, quiet, docile entific career and a honeymoon with friends, and I became their admirer. science that is still going on. In fact, By the time the investigation was com- while perusing an issue of the Folia pleted, I had developed from a naive, Anatomica Japonica, in which I was idealistic student into an embryonic searching for an article on the orbital scientist who had found life in death, for eminence, I happened to open to page through those dead skulls I had found 105—a lucky accident—where I found a my life as a scientist. The same friend- most unusual paper by Okamoto (1922) ship later developed with 100 patients describing a narrowing of the left common who volunteered to participate in a study iliac vein. I will refer to this research to observe and detect the orbital emi- project later, as it eventually became my nence in vivo. I came to know each of thesis topic for the doctor of science them by name and I am still grateful to degree. each and every one. Having decided to begin work in the In the realm of science, the study noted chemistry laboratory of the physiology above confirmed that the bony projection department, I had to give up promising was found in almost all cases and demon- careers in baseball, basketball, fencing, strated it with x-rays for the first time and soccer, forgetting about "mens sana in living individuals. The morphology in cor pore sano ..." This new activity studies justified a change in its name to would familiarize me with and, if possible, eminentia orbitalis. My paper received lead me to master the basic techniques recognition when Terry and Trotter commonly utilized in experimental re- (1953) quoted it in their chapter on search at the molecular level of biological osteology in Morris' Human Anatomy. structure. Following the directions of Twenty years later I repeated this my advisors in physiology, I studied the study in a unique series of skulls from importance of traces of manganese in India in the Department of Anatomy at nutrition and in human biology from the the University of Washington School of biochemical and functional standpoints Medicine. The results confirmed that (DiDio 1943 and 1944). The project the orbital eminence is present in 96% originated from Orent and McCollum's of the cases (DiDio 1962). (1931) interesting observation that a I was reminded of the contribution of manganese-free diet prevented rats from another young student, Ruggero Oddi, nursing their young in 58 out of 59 who in 1887 discovered the sphincter at pregnant animals. Knowing that an the termination of the bile duct in the increasing number of women were not duodenum. Although my statistical study able to secrete sufficient milk to breast- cannot be compared to Oddi's discovery feed their infants, I raised the question while he was a student, I do wish to em- of whether the absence in foods of man- phasize that young investigators should ganese, one of the oligodynamic elements be proud to know that the name of a that acts as a catalyst, might be respon- student was given to an anatomical sible for the deficiency. An interesting 198 LIBERATO JOHN A. DiDIO Vol. 80 study performed in the city of Sao Paulo vein (DiDio 1949) against the vertebral indicated that while most of the wealthy column (figs. 2, 3). The adhesions were women could not provide milk to nurse their infants, most poor women had abundant milk to feed usually numerous infants as well as to nurse the infants of others. Perhaps the poorer people, eat- ing the less expensive, unpolished grains, ate some of the seed coat (or cuticle) through which needed minute amounts of manganese were obtained. To make a long story short, it was determined that manganese is found in the lupine seed and is more concentrated in the cuticle of rice, soybeans, black beans, corn, mango, and lupine seeds than in the pulp. With modern food processing and FIGURE 2. Diagram of the common iliac elaborate cooking, it was likely that these veins and the beginning of the inferior vena traces of manganese—so essential for cava and their anterior relationship with nutrition—were lost. The paper was the aorta and the common iliac arteries (female, adult, Caucasian). The cross- published and was widely quoted, but it hatches indicate an adhesion between the marked the end of my scientific activities anterior and posterior walls of the ter- in the field of physiology. minal segment of the left common iliac vein, corresponding to the area related As World War II raged, I was trained to the right common iliac artery. Inset to become an infantry officer while going A shows a cross section of the posterior through medical school. Lack of time wall of the right common iliac artery in and my curiosity about the unusual nar- front (v) of the obliterated left common iliac vein (d) at the level of the arrow A rowing of the left common iliac vein (from DiDio 1949). made me give up the continuation of the work on manganese and to concentrate on research in anatomy. The first au- unrelated to developmental inhibition, thor to describe adhesions that reduced and their location in the left vein pro- the lumen of the common iliac veins was jected posteriorly on the most prominent McMurrich (1906, 1907, 1908), who dis- portion of the anterior aspect of the disc covered adhesions in the venous walls between the 4th and 5th lumbar verte- while searching for valves in the veins. brae. This coincidence suggested that He attributed the adhesions to the pres- the upright posture of man was, at least sure exerted by the right common iliac in part, responsible for the occurrence of artery and to defective embryological de- adhesions as well as for the appearance velopment. Having observed a much of varicose veins, a disease found only in higher incidence of adhesions in the left humans. The posterior aspect of the than in the right iliac vein, McMurrich terminal segment of the left common iliac correlated the finding with the most fre- vein was actually pinched by an arterial quent cases of thrombosis in the left in- forceps, formed by the right common ferior member. Several authors investi- iliac artery (anterior to the vein) and the gated this question, but, with few ex- middle sacral artery (posterior to the ceptions, the literature on the subject vein), at the level of the above men- was enlarged but not enriched. tioned intervertebral disc. This rinding The confusion that then existed chal- —a vein squeezed between arteries—• lenged further study on the problem. It caused a chain reaction, as is common in turned out that the adhesions had a rela- scientific research, leading me to extend tively high incidence (approximately the study to the renal vein (DiDio 1956), 40%), predominantly in the left common which is also under the same stress. One iliac vein, and were not congenital but can imagine the thin walls of a vein suf- acquired formations caused by the ar- fering the continuous hammering of two terial compression and pounding of the arteries at the average rate of 72 beats Ohio J. Sci A CAREER IN MEDICAL SCIENCE I'M) per minute throughout an entire lifetime. ject to me for continued investigation. Ultimately, in the case of the left com- I accepted his gift with pride and fear: mon iliac vein, this beating caused ad- pride because he safeguarded his favorite hesion of its walls, leading to a reduction project by placing it in my hands and of the lumen and manifesting itself as fear because I might not live up to his unilateral varicose veins, edema, and expectations. The bibliography on the thombosis. For example, the appear- subject was enormous, and the study ance of temporary edema is common at culminated in the presentation of my the beginning of pregnancy in the left Ph.D. dissertation in anatomy (DiDio inferior member or, when bilateral, is 1952), which was approved summa cum more pronounced on the left side. This laude. The results of the investigation is caused by an enlarged uterus that in- revolutionized the historical, anatomical, creases the arterial compression against histological, physiological, radiological, the vein. The completed work was pre- clinical, and surgical aspects of the ter-

FIGURE 3. Cross section of the left common iliac vein at the level of an adhesion (male, adult, Caucasian), a = adhesion between the anterior and posterior venous walls; b and c = medial and lateral extremities of the adhesion, respectively. Weigert-Van Gieson staining. X8.3 (from DiDio 1949). sented as my thesis for the doctor of minal ileum. I was even able to make a science degree, and it was unanimously cinematographic film of the opening of approved summa cum laude. The thesis the ileum into the large intestine in a received significant recognition 8 years living patient with a cecostomy—a pro- later when Peck (1957) used my find- ject that had been unsuccessfully at- ings to explain the clinical signs of vas- tempted by others. This work was cular insufficiency and subsequent slower selected by the organizing committee of growth of the affected inferior member. the International Congress of Anatomy The venous obstruction and stasis caused in Paris (1955) to be presented at the growth insufficiency by slowing circula- opening plenary session and is one of very tion and consequent oxygen deprivation few cases (40 in the world literature) of to the tissues. Peck concluded that the direct in vivo observation recorded, il- association in many of dependent cyano- lustrated, and published. My eleventh sis or mottling, shortening of the bones case of in vivo observation of the terminal of a member, and a decrease in circum- ileum was published in collaboration ference of the extremity, may represent a with Rosenberg (1969) and received the clinical syndrome, possibly related to an W. H. Rorer Award in Gastroenterology. iliac venous obstruction, causing a par- Our bibliographical data, the investi- tial block of the venous blood drainage. gations in cadavers and in the living in- dividuals, furnished several interesting My advisor, Professor Locchi, was data, some of which put me in the posi- searching in 1943 for references to the tion of an iconoclast. For example, so-called "Bauhin's ileocecal valve" (at from the anatomical, historical, and that time the luxury of a computerized terminological standpoints, the "ileocecal library was not available) and pressed by valve of Bauhin" is not ileocecal, is not a administrative duties, presented the pro- valve, and is not Bauhin's! I was 200 LIBERATO JOHN A. DiDIO Vol. 80 shocked to read Sappey's (1879) state- vice were actually causing a change in ments about Bauhin's plagiarism: "The the wrong direction: they were creating ileocecal valve was discovered in 1573 by a poorer structure, to replace what was C. Varolius, who in pointing out its considered a faulty living one. The existence, also very clearly defined its evidence obtained caused the surgical functions. He gave it the name of techniques to be abandoned because operculum of the ileum. ... By super- they resulted in irreversible damage to imposing the two texts, their identity the terminal ileum. becomes evident. In order to conceal I began to learn electron microscopy this somewhat, Bauhin took care to inter- at the University of Washington in 1960, polate in his paragraphs an incidental where I had the opportunity to work with phrase. . . . This author, then, is guilty the internationally renowned Dr. E. A. of an act of scientific piracy which his- Boyden, on the termination of the bile tory, in its impartial and inflexible duct in the horse. A surprise was in rigour, would hardly know how to store for us! The corresponding struc- stigmatize enough" (DiDio 1952, DiDio ture of the sphincter of Oddi, which we and Anderson 1968). I learned, for the first time, that even in science, in the search for truth, where honesty at any price is the basic ingredient, there may be corruption. The next problem was to find a proper name for the "valve that was not." Based on the morphological, microscopic, functional, and radiological aspects, I proposed the name ileo-ceco-colic papilla, containing a biological device, the ileo- ceco-colic pylorus, to open and to close the orifice between the small and large in- testine. Because the adjective form was too long, the present proposed names are ileal papilla for the structure and ileal pylorus for the muscular device (con- taining two components, a circular sphinc- ter muscle and a longitudinal dilator mus- cle) similar to the gastroduodenal pylorus (%• 4). FIGURE 4. Diagram of the human terminal ileum and its papilla protruding into the large A remarkable fact was the major dif- intestine. The circular muscle fibers form the ference between the morphology of the sphincter muscle and the longitudinal muscle terminal ileum in the cadaver and in the fibers form the dilator muscle, and both con- living individual. Post-mortem aspects stitute the ileal pylorus (from DiDio 1952). of organs bear some resemblance to those normally seen in vivo, but the longer it expected to be comparable to the size of takes after death to observe the structure the animal, was in fact extremely small the more it changes. Considering the dif- and its components very difficult to dis- ficulty in studying a fresh cadaver 4 cen- sect. The explanation became obvious turies ago, early anatomists saw a mor- when we correlated the findings with the phological aspect of the structure that fact that the horse does not possess a did not resemble the structure as it gallbladder and that the flow of bile is exists in the living. It was then the continuous, thus not requiring a highly bilabial aspect that was taught as a developed musculature at the level of paradigm and that served as a basis to the choledochoduodenal junction (DiDio justify a valvular mechanism, which had and Boyden 1962). to be restored surgically when proven Later, the proper use of terminology faulty. The surgical techniques that for the correct concept originated a lucky were devised to restore the valvular de- result—another case of serendipity. I Ohio J. Sci. A CAREER IN MEDICAL SCIENCE 201 had been toying with the idea of remov- received, including a left-handed one by ing the longitudinal component of in- an outstanding surgeon: "The technique testinal musculature to cause a muscular is ingenious, simple, and excellent, but I imbalance and create an artificial or sur- wonder why it was not discovered earlier gical sphincter by letting the circular and why it was not a surgeon who had musculature prevail. I presented the the idea first?" No comments then . . . idea to Dr. M. C. Anderson, an associate and no comments now. professor of surgery at Northwestern I published a monograph on the left University, and he reluctantly agreed to renal vein (fig. 5), which is compressed watch me attempt to perform the inter- between the superior mesenteric artery vention in one of the dogs in his experi- and the aorta by the tip of the pancreatic mental surgery laboratory. As soon as uncinate process and the duodenum the thin longitudinal musculature of the (DiDio 1956). This arterial forceps re- intestine was removed, we both shared peats the same conditions encountered at the moment of witnessing the birth of an the level of the terminal segment of the artificial sphincter, the confirmation of a left common iliac vein. I was gratified prediction and the beginning of a new that my interpretation of the changes successful line of research. After the occurring in the left common iliac vein, presentation of the first results at a con- which had led me to the study of the left gress of surgery, many compliments were renal vein, was correct and that there

FIGURE 5. Diagram of the relationship of the left renal vein (VRE) with the du- odenum (D) in the forceps made up by the superior meserteric artery (sectioned) and the aorta (A) in man. The left suprarenal vein (VSRE) is seen as a tributary of the left renal vein, which ends in the inferior vena cava (VCI) (from DiDio 1956). 202 LIBERATO JOHN A. DiDIO Vol. was a consistent response in similar Brazilian Academy of Medicine in 1956. structures. Much later, at the International Con- Impressed by the identification and gress of Anatomy in Wiesbaden (1956), surgical importance of the pulmonary the terminology I had proposed was segments and guided by the comprehen- adopted in its entirety (Internat. Anat. sive view of the human body that I was Nomenclature Comm. 1968). This line attempting to gain, I asked myself of research proved fruitful and reward- whether other parenchymatous organs ing. In the spleen, my former students would follow the same segmental mor- demonstrated the existence of venous phological pattern. I decided to con- segments (Neder 1958), of the arterial centrate on the segments of the kidney, segments (Zappala 1958), and successful and suggested to my graduate students application in humans (Campos-Christo that they undertake the same investiga- I960). In the liver, Nogueira (1958) tions on the spleen and liver. Nature provided the evidence of venous hepatic did not disappoint me since in all these segments, and I presented a comprehen- viscera the segmental arrangement, elu- sive view of the segmentations as the sive at first, was found and proved anatomical background for partial hepa- valuable for surgical purposes. tectomy (DiDio 1978, 1980). With one It is well known to those involved in of my former students, Professor H. scientific research that there is a history Rodrigues, presently chairman of the for each project and for each paper. It Department of Anatomy at the Medical is a personal, emotional history that is School in Vitoria (Brazil), I described never published but that, once told, the anatomicosurgical segments of the helps illuminate obscure issues, shows the heart (DiDio and Rodrigues 1978, 1980). origin of inspiration and the strength of With a fellowship from the Rockefeller motivation. In the case of the studies Foundation in 1960, I first went to the of renal segments, it will show how to University of Washington, a year later lose the race against time. I had started to Rockefeller University in New York, to work intensively on the anatomico- and then to Harvard Medical School to surgical segments of the kidney. By learn electron microscopy with leaders in 1953, there was no publication on the the new field: Dr. H. Stanley Bennett, subject and I had 28 specimens to docu- Dr. G. E. Palade (who was recently ment the findings. Having been ap- awarded the Nobel Prize) and Dr. Don pointed chairman of the Department of W. Fawcett, respectively. They joined Anatomy, the completion of the paper Professor Locchi in becoming the quad- was slowed down. In England, a year rumvirate to whom I owe my scientific later, Graves (1954) published an article career. Although excited and fascinated on the anatomy of the intrarenal arteries with the new and promising technique for and its application to segmental resection the study of subcellular particles, I kept of the kidney, thus rightly becoming the working at the macroscopic level. Noting discoverer of the renal segments. This the lack of clear systematization of the occurrence shows how detrimental chair- atrial arteries, I decided to study them in manships are to research. He had just a unique series of hearts obtained from beat me to the finish line. It was my individuals who had committed suicide. agony of defeat overwhelmingly com- As soon as I began to dissect the arteries, pensated for by the ecstasy of victory I was surprised to find recurrent vessels since our results were identical. From that did not follow the expected dis- the terminology he had used, I recognized tribution and I considered them ana- that he had been inspired by the seg- tomical variations. In a few days, the ments of ventilation of the lung, as I variations became the most frequent also had been. In fact, he went as far as pattern, which had been completely over- to call the "apical segment" the "supe- looked till then. I had discovered a set rior territory," as had been adopted for of vessels that probably had been seen the lung (DiDio 1961). by many anatomists who did not attri- bute any importance to them, perhaps I rewrote the monograph, included because of their size (fig. 6). They are Graves' data, and presented it to the Ohio J. Sci. A CAREER IN MEDICAL SCIENCE 203 the atrioventricular and ventriculo-atrial sloth (1968). Among the unexpected arteries (DiDio 1967a), which establish a results, the heart of one of the controls, vascular suture between atria and ven- which happened to be a pregnant sloth tricles. The abstract was selected from as seen at necroscopy, had alterations among all the gross anatomy papers and only in mitochondria—the single patho- shared the honor of being presented with logical finding in an otherwise normal 5 others from each of the anatomical myocardium (fig. 7). I called the de- disciplines at the plenary session of the generation of the mitochondria a mito- American Association of Anatomists chondrosis or mitochondritis (DiDio Meeting in Denver (1964). 1971), an example of subcellular pathol- An electron microscopic study of the ogy. Faller (1977), working in Switzer- fast beating heart of the hummingbird land, recently confirmed this finding in (444/min at rest), among other interest- the pancreas and termed it a mito- chondriosis. At present, the study of the male offspring of that pregnant sloth is underway to see whether the mito- chondriosis was also present in the myocardium and whether some light can be shed on this challenging subject. I began to look at science from other perspectives, including the perspective of art. The study of medicine and its history led me to correlate them with art in an attempt to explore the biological laws to which painters and sculptors are subject. This intriguing relationship was presented under the title "Art, Anatomy, and Medicine" at the International Col- lege of Surgeons in Chicago, and was published soon after (DiDio 1971). The study was later extended to the more general relationship between art and sci- ence and, recently, to art, music, litera- ture, religion, including, among other topics, anatomy in Dante's Inferno,— proving that science can lead one to places other than paradise. These scientific activities have brought many honors and benefits; the most re- FIGURE 6. Diagram of the anterior view of an adult human heart to show the atrioventricular cent included presiding over the Pan (right) and the ventriculo-atrial (left) branches American Congress of Anatomy in New of the major branches of the coronary arteries. Orleans (1972), during which I became The arrows point to recurrent vessels originat- an honorary citizen of the City of New ing from an a trial artery (atrioventricular) and from a ventricular artery (ventriculo-atrial) Orleans, election as Honorary President (From DiDio 1967a). of the Pan American Association of Anatomy, heading the United States' delegation to the 3rd International Sym- ing results, showed one of the largest posium on the Morphological Sciences in mitochondria ever seen (DiDio 1967b) TelAviv (1977), having been President of and brought to Toledo its first electron the IV International Symposium on the microscope for the investigation of bio- Morphological Sciences in Toledo (1979), logical structure. and receiving the Anatomist of the Year Having investigated the myocardium Award (1979), having been President of of hummingbirds, I decided to study its the Ohio Academy of Science and having differences as compared to the myo- presided over this exciting annual meet- cardium of the slow beating heart of the ing. 204 LIBERATO JOHN A. DiDIO Vol. 80

FIGURE 7. Electron micrograph of the ventricular myocardium of a pregnant sloth displaying 4 onionoid bodies (corpora cepiformia), 3 of which are arranged in a longitudinal row similarly to mitochondria, the sites of which they appear to occupy. The periphery of the smaller, iso- lated onionoid body (corpus cepiforme) exhibits remnants of mitochondrial cristae, providing evidence in this case of the mitochondrial origin of these bodies. X22.750 (from DiDio 1970).

If by mentioning the highlights of my for scientific truth, whether or not you career, a single student in attendance de- discover anything, is forever important. cides to become a scientist, all the sins I have committed this evening, especially LITERATURE CITED Campos-Christo, M. C. 1960 Splenectomies pride, not to mention gluttony, were partielles reglees: a, propos de 3 cas operes. worth committing. I learned that no Presse Med. 68: 485-486. one should be reluctant to say he is DiDio, L. J. A. 1942 Observations on Whit- right, as I did this evening, disregarding nall's "orbital tubercle" on the malar bone true or false modesty. The reward for in man. Anais Fac. Med. Univ. Sao Paulo work well done is more work. Judging 18: 43-64. by the amount of work facing me, I can- not complain. In sharing with you some 1943 Manganese in Brazilian foods. behind-the-scences happenings, I was Hospital 24: 381-388. able to say when I was wrong. If you 1944 Manganese content in foods. find an old scientist who is afraid to say Rev. Medicina 28: 315-336. that he is wrong, then he still needs to 1949 Normal and pathological struc- grow up. tures on the inner surface of the left common iliac vein. Arq. Cir. Clin. Experim. 12: 507- In closing, it is a pleasure to state that, 616. with the wondrous help of serendipity, it 1952 Ileo-ceco-colic pylorus and pa- was worth spending almost half a century pilla. Rev. Hosp. N. S. Aparec, Sao Paulo studying medical sciences. The search 5: 191-442. Ohio J. Sci. A CAREER IN MEDICAL SCIENCE 205

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