Titre Du Document Technique

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Titre Du Document Technique TECHNICAL REPORT CEA/DEN LMTE Page 1/67 Nuclear Energy Sector Cadarache Center Department of Nuclear Technology Division of Measurements and modeling of Transfers and severe Accidents Laboratory of Environmental Transfer Modeling KASCADE 2013 Instruments Calibration Campaign DUINE Gert-Jan Reference CEA/DEN/CAD/DTN/SMTA/LMTE/NT 2014-11 This document issued by CEA falls within the scope of agreement CEA V4013.001 and V4001.001 CEA (French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission) Cadarache Center – Department of Nuclear Technology - Division of Measurements and modeling of Transfers and severe Accidents Laboratory of Environmental Transfer Modeling Ph. : +334 42 25 70 10 – Fax : +334 42 25 62 62 – [email protected] Public establishments of an industrial and commercial nature R.C.S. PARIS B 775 685 019 All reproduction and distribution rights are subject to the terms of the agreement TECHNICAL REPORT CEA/DEN Page 2/67 Agreement : CEA V4013.001 and V4001.001 Ref. : CEA/DEN/CAD/DTN/SMTA/LMTE/NT/2014-11 Date : 05/02/2014 Version : A KASCADE 2013: Instruments Calibration Campaign LEVEL OF CONFIDENTIALITY DO DR CCEA CD SD X PARTNERS/CUSTOMERS AGREEMENT TYPE OF ACTION CEA INTERNAL REFERENCES MANAGEMENT BY FIELD PROJECT EOTP OBJECTIVES DISN MCIS MRISQ A-MRISQ-01-02 TIME LIMIT OF LABORATORY MILESTONE MILESTONE TITLE CONFIDENTIALITY SPECIFICATIONS AMENDMENT RECORD SHEET PAGES, CHAPTERS, VERSION DATE DESCRIPTION APPENDICES A 05/02/2014 FIRST EDITION NAME POSITION DATE SIGNATURE WRITTEN BY G. DUINE PHD-STUDENT 5/2/2014 CHECKED BY T. HEDDE ENGINEER 5/2/2014 APPROVED BY F. JOURDAIN HEAD OF THE LAB ISSUED BY D. PECHEUR HEAD OF THE DIVISION All reproduction and distribution rights are subject to the terms of the agreement TECHNICAL REPORT CEA/DEN Page 3/67 Agreement : CEA V4013.001 and V4001.001 Ref. : CEA/DEN/CAD/DTN/SMTA/LMTE/NT/2014-11 Date : 05/02/2014 Version : A KASCADE 2013: Instruments Calibration Campaign KEY WORDS KASCADE, meteorological field experiment, sensor calibration, sensor corrections, longwave & shortwave radiation, relative humidity, temperature, pressure, wind speed, radiation divergence ABSTRACT/CONCLUSION (subject to the same level of confidentiality as the rest of the document) The sensors used at the meteorological field experiment KASCADE, conducted during the winter of 2013 in Cadarache, are checked for inconsistencies and corrected where necessary. In order to achieve, two complementary intercomparison experiments have been conducted at Centre de Recherche Atmosphérique (Lannemezan) and Laboratoire d’Aérologie (LA) in Toulouse in spring 2013. Also the data collected during KASCADE itself has been used to be able to calibrate the tethered balloon sondes. A resolution issue for the net radiometer CNR1 has been solved. It appears that the WMO-agreement of 10-minute averaging for meteorological measurements is sufficient to suppress the spikes detected. The longwave components of the net radiometer CNR4 has been checked on inconsistencies for the calibration coefficients k supplied by the manufacturer. For this check, a CG4-pyrgeometer was used. The supplied k’s were approved to be correct and so the CNR4 can be used as a reference for relative calibration against the net radiometer CNR1. The relative calibration of CNR1 for LW has been done in 2 steps: The classical correction for k which is supplied by the manufacturer and in a second step, a body temperature Tbody correction has been applied. For the lower -2 -2 sensor k=11.238 µV/(W.m ) and Tbody =0.6196K. For the upper sensor: k=10.032 µV/(W.m ) and Tbody =0.5324K. The improvements after corrections are clearly seen by the mean differences, which are stepwise decreasing from -2 -4.53 (no correction applied) to -3.22 (k-corrected) to 0.03 W.m (both k- and Tbody -corrections applied) for the calibration of the lower sensor. A similar improvement is shown for the upper sensor (-4.17 to -2.80 to -0.07 W.m-2). Uncertainties for LW-divergence and LHR are estimated at 0.93 W.m-2 and 0.15 °C.h-1, respectively. Considering only incoming and outgoing LW, these quantities can be calculated at 1.36 and 0.69 W.m-2 and 0.21 and 0.11 °C.h- 1, respectively. Also SW-radiation for CNR1 has been calibrated for both incoming and outgoing components and both are estimated by a 2nd order polynomial fit, see Equations 11 and 12 for correction coefficients. The thermohygrometers have been calibrated relatively against their average for relative humidity only (17 to 19), for temperature no correction was needed. The tethered balloon sondes needed no correction for wind speed and temperature, for relative humidity (Table 14) and pressure (Table 15) a correction has been performed for all sondes. For relative humidity it concerns a relative correction against the corrected thermohygrometers and for pressure this was a relative correction against their average. In order to achieve the latter corrections, the KASCADE-dataset has been used. This report will feed the quality of the dataset collected at the field experiment KASCADE. ABSTRACT/CONCLUSION (if the DEN technical document is of a higher level of confidentiality) All reproduction and distribution rights are subject to the terms of the agreement TECHNICAL REPORT CEA/DEN Page 4/67 Agreement : CEA V4013.001 and V4001.001 Ref. : CEA/DEN/CAD/DTN/SMTA/LMTE/NT/2014-11 Date : 05/02/2014 Version : A KASCADE 2013: Instruments Calibration Campaign DISTRIBUTION (BY E-MAIL) Full document: CEA/DEN/CAD/DTN/STMA/DIR D. PECHEUR CEA/DEN/CAD/DTN/STMA/LMTE GJ. DUINE P. ROUBIN T. HEDDE Y. MARGERIT F. JOURDAIN E. COHENNY S. BONTEMPS LA TOULOUSE P. DURAND C. JARNOT LA LANNEMEZAN S. DERRIEN F. LOHOU M. LOTHON LPCA DUNKERQUE P. AUGUSTIN P. FOURMENTIN First page and abstract : CEA/DEN/CAD/DTN/Dir CEA/DEN/CAD/DTN/STCP/Dir CEA/DEN/CAD/DTN/SMTA/Dir CEA/DEN/CAD/DTN/SMTA/LMN/Dir CEA/DEN/CAD/DTN/SMTA/LMTR/Dir CEA/DEN/CAD/DTN/SMTA/LIPC/Dir CEA/DEN/CAD/DTN/SMTA/LPMA/Dir CEA/DEN/CAD/DTN/SMTA/LMTE Tout le personnel CEA/DEN/DQE T. DE BRUYNE H. CHERIN CEA/DEN/DISN/MCIS C. DELLIS F. LEFEVRE All reproduction and distribution rights are subject to the terms of the agreement TECHNICAL REPORT CEA/DEN Page 5/67 Agreement : CEA V4013.001 and V4001.001 Ref. : CEA/DEN/CAD/DTN/SMTA/LMTE/NT/2014-11 Date : 05/02/2014 Version : A KASCADE 2013: Instruments Calibration Campaign TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 10 1.1 Set-up Lannemezan ............................................................................................................................... 10 1.2 Intercomparison experiments during KASCADE ................................................................................... 13 Chapter 2. Radiation ................................................................................................................................................ 15 2.1 Atmospheric radiation budget ................................................................................................................ 15 2.1.1 Measuring longwave radiation and radiation divergence ................................................................ 16 -3 -1 -1 where ρ is the air density in kg.m and Cp the specific heat of dry air (=1005 J.kg .K ). ....................... 16 2.1.2 Measuring shortwave radiation ....................................................................................................... 16 2.2 General remarks concerning CNR1 and CNR4 ..................................................................................... 16 2.2.1 Offsets radiation .............................................................................................................................. 16 .................................................................................................................................................................. 18 2.2.2 Resolution issue .............................................................................................................................. 18 2.3 Calibration longwave radiation CNR4 vs. CG4 ...................................................................................... 19 2.3.1 Materials & Methods ........................................................................................................................ 20 2.3.1.1 Instruments ................................................................................................................................ 20 2.3.1.2 Time frame & remarks ............................................................................................................... 22 2.3.1.3 Weather during calibration set-up .............................................................................................. 23 2.3.1.4 Data selection ............................................................................................................................ 23 2.3.2 Results ............................................................................................................................................. 23 2.3.2.1 Testing the hypothesis ............................................................................................................... 23 2.4 Calibration longwave radiation CNR1 .................................................................................................... 27 2.4.1 Upper sensor ..................................................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Urban Air Quality – a Signifi Cant Threat to Human Health?
    Hannu Talvitie Research Manager Vaisala Helsinki, Finland Urban air quality – A signifi cant threat to human health? Urban air pollution poses a signifi cant the risks that air pollution poses to their diseases. According to the World Bank, threat to human health, the environment citizens. every year an estimated 800,000 people and the quality of life of millions of people On the other hand, such countries die prematurely from lung cancer, in some of the world’s largest cities. (e.g., still face the problem of polluted air even cardiovascular and respiratory diseases New Delhi, Hong Kong, Beijing, Jakarta, though air quality has been improving caused by outdoor air pollution. In Hong Los Angeles and Mexico City). Urbaniza- gradually over the last two decades. For Kong, for example, it is estimated that tion and the associated growth in indus- example, many large cities in Europe still by improving the air quality from the trialization and traffi c have resulted in exceed the specifi c air quality standards existing “average” level to “good” level, the increase of air pollution in densely for ambient pollutants. Th e Helsinki 64,000 hospital days would be saved. populated areas, causing deterioration metropolitan area in Finland, for example, Th ese severe health eff ects are the in air quality. Many cities will need to is one of the cleanest cities in Europe but reason that most countries have already take action to enhance their institutional still the daily limits are exceeded every taken preventative measures to limit and technical capabilities to monitor year. emissions and set limits (called standards) and control air quality and implement for urban air pollutants.
    [Show full text]
  • Physical Process Cruise 2018 020720
    Physical Process Cruise 2018 Cruise Report The Nansen Legacy Report Series 2/2020 Physical Process Cruise 2018 Cruise 2018709 R.V. Kronprins Haakon Longyearbyen-Longyearbyen September 14 -September 24, 2018 Authors: Ilker Fer – cruise leader Frank Nilsen- cruise co-leader Anthony Bosse Eva Falck Trygve Fossum Lars R Hole Zoe Koenig Eivind Kolås Aleksander Dürr Libæk Ben Lincoln Martin Ludvigsen Marika Marnela Malte Müller Petter Norgren Inger Lise Næss Jean Rabault Andrew Siedl Ragnheid Skogseth Inga Breisnes Utkilen To be cited as: Ilker Fer, Frank Nilsen, Anthony Bosse, Eva Falck, Trygve Fossum, Lars R Hole, Zoe Koenig, Eivind Kolås, Aleksander Dürr Libæk, Ben Lincoln, Martin Ludvigsen, Marika Marnela, Malte Müller, Petter Norgren, Inger Lise Næss, Jean Rabault, Andrew Siedl, Ragnheid Skogseth and Inga Breisnes Utkilen (2020). Physical Process Cruise 2018: Cruise Report. The Nansen Legacy Report Series, 2/2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7557/nlrs.5503 © The authors. This report is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license ISSN 2703-7525 Publisher: Septentrio Academic Publishing, Tromsø, Norway 1 Contents 1. Background ......................................................................................................................................... 4 2. Survey area ......................................................................................................................................... 5 3. Activity reports .................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Meteorological Monitoring Guidance for Regulatory Modeling Applications
    United States Office of Air Quality EPA-454/R-99-005 Environmental Protection Planning and Standards Agency Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 February 2000 Air EPA Meteorological Monitoring Guidance for Regulatory Modeling Applications Air Q of ua ice li ff ty O Clean Air Pla s nn ard in nd g and Sta EPA-454/R-99-005 Meteorological Monitoring Guidance for Regulatory Modeling Applications U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Office of Air and Radiation Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 February 2000 DISCLAIMER This report has been reviewed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and has been approved for publication as an EPA document. Any mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. ii PREFACE This document updates the June 1987 EPA document, "On-Site Meteorological Program Guidance for Regulatory Modeling Applications", EPA-450/4-87-013. The most significant change is the replacement of Section 9 with more comprehensive guidance on remote sensing and conventional radiosonde technologies for use in upper-air meteorological monitoring; previously this section provided guidance on the use of sodar technology. The other significant change is the addition to Section 8 (Quality Assurance) of material covering data validation for upper-air meteorological measurements. These changes incorporate guidance developed during the workshop on upper-air meteorological monitoring in July 1998. Editorial changes include the deletion of the “on-site” qualifier from the title and its selective replacement in the text with “site specific”; this provides consistency with recent changes in Appendix W to 40 CFR Part 51.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Progress Report
    The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Progress Report Joanne Simpson Christian D. Kummerow Robert Meneghini Arthur Hou Robert F. Adler NASA Goddard Space Flight Center George Huffman Science Systems & Applications Inc. Bruce Barkstrom Bruce Wielicki NASA Langley Research Center Steven J. Goodman Hugh Christian NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Toshi Kozu Shimane University Shimane, Japan T. N. Krishnamurti Song Yang Florida State University Brad Ferrier Joint Center for Environmental Technology, University of Maryland at Baltimore ii Abstract Recognizing the importance of rain in the tropics and the accompanying latent heat release, NASA for the U.S. and NASDA for Japan have partnered in the design, construction and flight of an Earth Probe satellite to measure tropical rainfall and calculate the associated heal_g. Primary mission goals are 1) the understanding of crucial links in climate variability by the hydrological cycle, 2) improvement in the large-scale models of weather and climate 3) Improvement in understanding cloud ensembles and their impacts on larger scale circulations. The linkage with the tropical oceans and landmasses are also emphasized. The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite was launched in November 1997 with fuel enough to Obtain a four to five year data set of rainfall over the global tropics from 37°N to 37°S. This paper reports progress from launch date through the spring of 1999. The data system and its products and their access is described, as are the algorithms used to obtain the data. Some exciting early results from TRMM are described. Some important algorithm improvements are shown. These will be used in the first total data reprocessing, scheduled to be complete in early 2000.
    [Show full text]
  • A Lysimetric Snow Pillow Station at Kùhtai/Tyrol R. KIRNBAUER & G. BLÔSCHL Institut Fur Hydraulik, Gewâsserkunde U. Wasse
    Hydrology in Mountainous Regions. J - Hydrological Measurements; the Water Cycle (Proceedings of two Lausanne Symposia, August 1990). IAHS Publ. no. 193, 1990. A lysimetric snow pillow station at Kùhtai/Tyrol R. KIRNBAUER & G. BLÔSCHL Institut fur Hydraulik, Gewâsserkunde u. Wasserwirtschaft, Technische Universitât Wien, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria ABSTRACT For properly forecasting snowmeIt-runoff the understanding of processes associated with a melting snow cover may be of primary importance. For this purpose a snow monitoring station was installed at Kuhtai/Tyrol at an elevation of 1930 m a.s.l. In order to study individual physical processes typical snow cover situations are examined. These situations include cold and wet snow under varying weather conditions. Based on a few examples the diversity of phenomena occuring at the snow surface and within the snow cover is demonstrated. INTRODUCTION Within a short-term flood-forecasting system a snowmelt model should be capable of representing extreme conditions. As Leavesley (1989) points out, a more physically based understanding of the processes involved will improve forecast capabilities. Subjective watching of phenomena together with measuring adequate data of sufficient accuracy and time resolution may form the foundations of process understanding. Most field studies performed so far concentrated on investigating the energy input to snow, particularly under melting conditions (see e.g. Kuusisto, 1986). Differences in the relative importance of processes during contrasting weather conditions have been reported by numerous authors (e.g. Lang, 1986). Considering these differences some of the authors (e.g. Anderson, 1973) distinguished between advection and radiation melt situations in their models. In this study meteorological data and snowpack observations from an alpine experimental plot are presented.
    [Show full text]
  • Data Requirements for Ceiling and Visibility Products Development 6
    DOT/FAA/RD-94/5 Project Report ATC-212 Data Requirements for Ceiling and Visibility Products Development J. L. Keller 13 April 1994 Lincoln Laboratory MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY LEXINGTON, MASSACHUSETTS Prepared for the Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, D.C. 20591 This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. TECHNICAL REPORT STANDARD TITLE PAGE 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. ATC-212 DOTfFAAJRD-94/5 4. TItle and Subtitle 5. Report Date 13 April 1994 Data Requirements for Ceiling and Visibility Products Development 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. John L. Keller ATC-212 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Lincoln Lahoratory, MIT P.O. Box 73 11. Contract or Grant No. Lexington, MA 02173-9108 DTFAO1-93-Z-02012 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered Department of Transportation Project Report Federal Aviation Administration Washington, DC 20591 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 15. Supplementary Notes This report is hased on studies performed at Lincoln Laboratory, a center for research operated hy Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The work was sponsored hy the Air Force under Contract Fl9628-90-C-0002. 16. Abstract The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Integrated Terminal Weather System (ITWS) is supporting the development of weather products important for air traffic control in the terminal area.
    [Show full text]
  • An Overview of the Integrated Meteorological Observations in Complex Terrain Region at Dali National Climate Observatory, China
    atmosphere Review An Overview of the Integrated Meteorological Observations in Complex Terrain Region at Dali National Climate Observatory, China Anlun Xu 1,2 and Jian Li 3,* 1 Dali National Climate Observatory, Dali 671003, China; [email protected] 2 Dali Mountain Meteorological Field Experiment Base, China Meteorological Administration, Dali 671003, China 3 State Key Laboratory Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 14 February 2020; Accepted: 9 March 2020; Published: 12 March 2020 Abstract: Systematically observing components of the climate system as well as their processes and interactions are crucial to understand the weather, climate, climate change, etc. In order to launch long-term, continuous, stereoscopic, and integrated meteorological observations for key regions of the climate system in southwestern China where it is sensitive to interactions among multiple layers and exchanges of mass and energy, the Dali National Climate Observatory (DNCO) was established in May 2006. To date, the DNCO has gradually performed an integrated meteorological observation network in a complex terrain region over the southeastern Tibetan Plateau including the conventional observations of weather and climate, and the special observations of radiation, lightning, soil moisture, wind profile, water vapor, water quality, water level, water temperature profile, turbulent fluxes of momentum, sensible heat, latent heat, carbon dioxide, and methane, etc. Furthermore, the DNCO mainly focuses on the field observation experiments and scientific research activities for mountain meteorology. This paper presents an overview of the DNCO including its location, climatology, scientific objectives, research tasks, and existing observation projects. The progresses in observation and associated research including data quality controls and assessments, recent observation results, and regional numerical model tests are summarized.
    [Show full text]
  • Iowa (SMAPVEX16-IA) Experiment Plan
    Soil Moisture Active Passive Validation Experiment 2016- Iowa (SMAPVEX16-IA) Experiment Plan Iowa Landscape July 2014 Ver. 5/20/16 Table of Contents 1. Introduction .........................................................................................................................8 1.1. Role of Field Campaigns in SMAP Cal/Val...................................................................8 1.2. Science Objectives for a Post-Launch SMAP Aircraft-Based Field Campaign ...............9 1.2.1. Investigate and resolve anomalous observations and products ...............................9 1.2.2. Improving up-scaling functions for CVS .............................................................. 10 1.2.3. Contribution to a broader scientific/application objective.................................... 10 1.2.4. Validate the L2SMAP algorithm process: pending new directions ....................... 13 2. SMAPVEX16 Aircraft Experiment Concept ...................................................................... 13 3. South Fork (SF), Iowa Study Area ..................................................................................... 13 3.1. General Description .................................................................................................... 13 3.2. Land Cover/Vegetation ............................................................................................... 14 3.3. Soils ............................................................................................................................ 15 3.4. Climate ......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of ARM Tethered Balloon System Instrumentation For
    Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2019-117 Manuscript under review for journal Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discussion started: 7 May 2019 c Author(s) 2019. CC BY 4.0 License. Evaluation of ARM Tethered Balloon System instrumentation for supercooled liquid water and distributed temperature sensing in mixed-phase Arctic clouds Darielle Dexheimer1, Martin Airey2, Erika Roesler1, Casey Longbottom1, Keri Nicoll2,5, Stefan Kneifel3, Fan Mei4, R. Giles Harrison2, Graeme Marlton2, Paul D. Williams2 5 1Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA 2University of Reading, Dept. of Meteorology, Reading, UK 3University of Cologne, Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, Cologne, Germany 4Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA 5University of Bath, Dept. of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Bath, UK 10 Correspondence to: Darielle Dexheimer ([email protected]) Abstract. A tethered balloon system (TBS) has been developed and is being operated by Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) on behalf of the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) User Facility in order to collect in situ atmospheric measurements within mixed-phase Arctic clouds. Periodic tethered balloon flights have been 15 conducted since 2015 within restricted airspace at ARM’s Advanced Mobile Facility 3 (AMF3) in Oliktok Point, Alaska, as part of the AALCO (Aerial Assessment of Liquid in Clouds at Oliktok), ERASMUS (Evaluation of Routine Atmospheric Sounding Measurements using Unmanned Systems), and POPEYE (Profiling at Oliktok Point to Enhance YOPP Experiments) field campaigns. The tethered balloon system uses helium-filled 34 m3 helikites and 79 and 104 m3 aerostats to suspend instrumentation that is used to measure aerosol particle size distributions, temperature, horizontal wind, pressure, relative 20 humidity, turbulence, and cloud particle properties and to calibrate ground-based remote sensing instruments.
    [Show full text]
  • Snow Data Intercomparison on Remote and Glacierized High Elevation Areas
    The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2017-124 Manuscript under review for journal The Cryosphere Discussion started: 18 July 2017 c Author(s) 2017. CC BY 4.0 License. 1 Snow data intercomparison on remote and glacierized high elevation 2 areas (Forni Glacier, Italy) 3 4 Senese Antonella1, Maugeri Maurizio1, Meraldi Eraldo2, Verza Giampietro3, Azzoni Roberto Sergio1, 5 Compostella Chiara4, Diolaiuti Guglielmina1 6 1 Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. 7 2 ARPA Lombardia, Centro Nivometeorologico di Bormio, Bormio, Italy. 8 3 Ev-K2-CNR - Pakistan, Italian K2 Museum Skardu Gilgit Baltistan, Islamabad, Pakistan. 9 4 Department of Earth Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. 10 11 Correspondence to: Antonella Senese ([email protected]) 12 13 Abstract. 14 We present and compare 11 years of snow data (snowfall, snow depth and snow water equivalent (SWE)) measured by an 15 Automatic Weather Station and by some field campaigns on the Forni Glacier. The data have been acquired by means of i) a 16 Campbell SR50 sonic ranger from October 2005 (snow depth data), ii) manual snow pits from January 2006 (snow depth and 17 SWE data), iii) a Sommer USH8 sonic ranger from May 2014 (snow depth data), iv) a Park Mechanical SS-6048 snow pillow 18 from May 2014 (SWE data), v) a manual snow weighting tube (Enel-Valtecne ©) from May 2014 (snow depth and SWE data). 19 The aim of the analyses is to assess the mean value of fresh snow density and the most appropriate method to evaluate SWE 20 for this measuring site.
    [Show full text]
  • Estimating Snow Water Equivalent on Glacierized High Elevation Areas (Forni Glacier, Italy)
    1 Estimating the snow water equivalent on glacierized high elevation 2 areas (Forni Glacier, Italy) 3 4 Senese Antonella1, Maugeri Maurizio1, Meraldi Eraldo2, Verza Gian Pietro3, Azzoni Roberto Sergio1, 5 Compostella Chiara4, Diolaiuti Guglielmina1 6 7 1 Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. 8 2 ARPA Lombardia, Centro Nivometeorologico di Bormio, Bormio, Italy. 9 3 Ev-K2-CNR - Pakistan, Italian K2 Museum Skardu Gilgit Baltistan, Islamabad, Pakistan. 10 4 Department of Earth Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. 11 12 Correspondence to: Antonella Senese ([email protected]) 13 14 Abstract. 15 We present and compare 11 years of snow data (snow depth and snow water equivalent, SWE) measured by an Automatic 16 Weather Station corroborated by data resulting from field campaigns on the Forni Glacier in Italy. The aim of the analyses is 17 to estimate the SWE of new snowfall and the annual peak of SWE based on the average density of the new snow at the site 18 (corresponding to the snowfall during the standard observation period of 24 hours) and automated depth measurements, as 19 well as to find the most appropriate method for evaluating SWE at this measuring site. 20 The results indicate that the daily SR50 sonic ranger measures allow a rather good estimation of the SWE (RMSE of 45 mm 21 w.e. if compared with snow pillow measurements), and the available snow pit data can be used to define the mean new snow 22 density value at the site. For the Forni Glacier measuring site, this value was found to be 149 ± 6 kg m-3.
    [Show full text]
  • Article in Press
    ARTICLE IN PRESS Atmospheric Environment xxx (2009) 1–10 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Atmospheric Environment journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/atmosenv Nocturnal boundary layer characteristics and land breeze development in Houston, Texas during TexAQS II Bridget M. Day a, Bernhard Rappenglu¨ ck a,*, Craig B. Clements a,1, Sara C. Tucker b,c, W. Alan Brewer c a Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd, Houston, TX 77204-5007, USA b Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA c NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA article info abstract Article history: The nocturnal boundary layer in Houston, Texas was studied using a high temporal and vertical reso- Received 4 September 2008 lution tethersonde system on four nights during the Texas Air Quality Study II (TexAQS II) in August and Received in revised form September 2006. The launch site was on the University of Houston campus located approximately 4 km 14 January 2009 from downtown Houston. Of particular interest was the evolution of the nocturnal surface inversion and Accepted 25 January 2009 the wind flows within the boundary layer. The land–sea breeze oscillation in Houston has important implications for air quality as the cycle can impact ozone concentrations through pollutant advection and Keywords: recirculation. The results showed that a weakly stable surface inversion averaging in depth between 145 TexAQS II Tethersonde and 200 m AGL formed on each of the experiment nights, typically within 2–3 h after sunset.
    [Show full text]