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Urban Air Quality – a Signifi Cant Threat to Human Health?
Hannu Talvitie Research Manager Vaisala Helsinki, Finland Urban air quality – A signifi cant threat to human health? Urban air pollution poses a signifi cant the risks that air pollution poses to their diseases. According to the World Bank, threat to human health, the environment citizens. every year an estimated 800,000 people and the quality of life of millions of people On the other hand, such countries die prematurely from lung cancer, in some of the world’s largest cities. (e.g., still face the problem of polluted air even cardiovascular and respiratory diseases New Delhi, Hong Kong, Beijing, Jakarta, though air quality has been improving caused by outdoor air pollution. In Hong Los Angeles and Mexico City). Urbaniza- gradually over the last two decades. For Kong, for example, it is estimated that tion and the associated growth in indus- example, many large cities in Europe still by improving the air quality from the trialization and traffi c have resulted in exceed the specifi c air quality standards existing “average” level to “good” level, the increase of air pollution in densely for ambient pollutants. Th e Helsinki 64,000 hospital days would be saved. populated areas, causing deterioration metropolitan area in Finland, for example, Th ese severe health eff ects are the in air quality. Many cities will need to is one of the cleanest cities in Europe but reason that most countries have already take action to enhance their institutional still the daily limits are exceeded every taken preventative measures to limit and technical capabilities to monitor year. emissions and set limits (called standards) and control air quality and implement for urban air pollutants. -
Physical Process Cruise 2018 020720
Physical Process Cruise 2018 Cruise Report The Nansen Legacy Report Series 2/2020 Physical Process Cruise 2018 Cruise 2018709 R.V. Kronprins Haakon Longyearbyen-Longyearbyen September 14 -September 24, 2018 Authors: Ilker Fer – cruise leader Frank Nilsen- cruise co-leader Anthony Bosse Eva Falck Trygve Fossum Lars R Hole Zoe Koenig Eivind Kolås Aleksander Dürr Libæk Ben Lincoln Martin Ludvigsen Marika Marnela Malte Müller Petter Norgren Inger Lise Næss Jean Rabault Andrew Siedl Ragnheid Skogseth Inga Breisnes Utkilen To be cited as: Ilker Fer, Frank Nilsen, Anthony Bosse, Eva Falck, Trygve Fossum, Lars R Hole, Zoe Koenig, Eivind Kolås, Aleksander Dürr Libæk, Ben Lincoln, Martin Ludvigsen, Marika Marnela, Malte Müller, Petter Norgren, Inger Lise Næss, Jean Rabault, Andrew Siedl, Ragnheid Skogseth and Inga Breisnes Utkilen (2020). Physical Process Cruise 2018: Cruise Report. The Nansen Legacy Report Series, 2/2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7557/nlrs.5503 © The authors. This report is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license ISSN 2703-7525 Publisher: Septentrio Academic Publishing, Tromsø, Norway 1 Contents 1. Background ......................................................................................................................................... 4 2. Survey area ......................................................................................................................................... 5 3. Activity reports ................................................................................................................................. -
Meteorological Monitoring Guidance for Regulatory Modeling Applications
United States Office of Air Quality EPA-454/R-99-005 Environmental Protection Planning and Standards Agency Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 February 2000 Air EPA Meteorological Monitoring Guidance for Regulatory Modeling Applications Air Q of ua ice li ff ty O Clean Air Pla s nn ard in nd g and Sta EPA-454/R-99-005 Meteorological Monitoring Guidance for Regulatory Modeling Applications U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Office of Air and Radiation Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 February 2000 DISCLAIMER This report has been reviewed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and has been approved for publication as an EPA document. Any mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. ii PREFACE This document updates the June 1987 EPA document, "On-Site Meteorological Program Guidance for Regulatory Modeling Applications", EPA-450/4-87-013. The most significant change is the replacement of Section 9 with more comprehensive guidance on remote sensing and conventional radiosonde technologies for use in upper-air meteorological monitoring; previously this section provided guidance on the use of sodar technology. The other significant change is the addition to Section 8 (Quality Assurance) of material covering data validation for upper-air meteorological measurements. These changes incorporate guidance developed during the workshop on upper-air meteorological monitoring in July 1998. Editorial changes include the deletion of the “on-site” qualifier from the title and its selective replacement in the text with “site specific”; this provides consistency with recent changes in Appendix W to 40 CFR Part 51. -
The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Progress Report
The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Progress Report Joanne Simpson Christian D. Kummerow Robert Meneghini Arthur Hou Robert F. Adler NASA Goddard Space Flight Center George Huffman Science Systems & Applications Inc. Bruce Barkstrom Bruce Wielicki NASA Langley Research Center Steven J. Goodman Hugh Christian NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Toshi Kozu Shimane University Shimane, Japan T. N. Krishnamurti Song Yang Florida State University Brad Ferrier Joint Center for Environmental Technology, University of Maryland at Baltimore ii Abstract Recognizing the importance of rain in the tropics and the accompanying latent heat release, NASA for the U.S. and NASDA for Japan have partnered in the design, construction and flight of an Earth Probe satellite to measure tropical rainfall and calculate the associated heal_g. Primary mission goals are 1) the understanding of crucial links in climate variability by the hydrological cycle, 2) improvement in the large-scale models of weather and climate 3) Improvement in understanding cloud ensembles and their impacts on larger scale circulations. The linkage with the tropical oceans and landmasses are also emphasized. The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite was launched in November 1997 with fuel enough to Obtain a four to five year data set of rainfall over the global tropics from 37°N to 37°S. This paper reports progress from launch date through the spring of 1999. The data system and its products and their access is described, as are the algorithms used to obtain the data. Some exciting early results from TRMM are described. Some important algorithm improvements are shown. These will be used in the first total data reprocessing, scheduled to be complete in early 2000. -
A Lysimetric Snow Pillow Station at Kùhtai/Tyrol R. KIRNBAUER & G. BLÔSCHL Institut Fur Hydraulik, Gewâsserkunde U. Wasse
Hydrology in Mountainous Regions. J - Hydrological Measurements; the Water Cycle (Proceedings of two Lausanne Symposia, August 1990). IAHS Publ. no. 193, 1990. A lysimetric snow pillow station at Kùhtai/Tyrol R. KIRNBAUER & G. BLÔSCHL Institut fur Hydraulik, Gewâsserkunde u. Wasserwirtschaft, Technische Universitât Wien, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria ABSTRACT For properly forecasting snowmeIt-runoff the understanding of processes associated with a melting snow cover may be of primary importance. For this purpose a snow monitoring station was installed at Kuhtai/Tyrol at an elevation of 1930 m a.s.l. In order to study individual physical processes typical snow cover situations are examined. These situations include cold and wet snow under varying weather conditions. Based on a few examples the diversity of phenomena occuring at the snow surface and within the snow cover is demonstrated. INTRODUCTION Within a short-term flood-forecasting system a snowmelt model should be capable of representing extreme conditions. As Leavesley (1989) points out, a more physically based understanding of the processes involved will improve forecast capabilities. Subjective watching of phenomena together with measuring adequate data of sufficient accuracy and time resolution may form the foundations of process understanding. Most field studies performed so far concentrated on investigating the energy input to snow, particularly under melting conditions (see e.g. Kuusisto, 1986). Differences in the relative importance of processes during contrasting weather conditions have been reported by numerous authors (e.g. Lang, 1986). Considering these differences some of the authors (e.g. Anderson, 1973) distinguished between advection and radiation melt situations in their models. In this study meteorological data and snowpack observations from an alpine experimental plot are presented. -
An Overview of the Integrated Meteorological Observations in Complex Terrain Region at Dali National Climate Observatory, China
atmosphere Review An Overview of the Integrated Meteorological Observations in Complex Terrain Region at Dali National Climate Observatory, China Anlun Xu 1,2 and Jian Li 3,* 1 Dali National Climate Observatory, Dali 671003, China; [email protected] 2 Dali Mountain Meteorological Field Experiment Base, China Meteorological Administration, Dali 671003, China 3 State Key Laboratory Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 14 February 2020; Accepted: 9 March 2020; Published: 12 March 2020 Abstract: Systematically observing components of the climate system as well as their processes and interactions are crucial to understand the weather, climate, climate change, etc. In order to launch long-term, continuous, stereoscopic, and integrated meteorological observations for key regions of the climate system in southwestern China where it is sensitive to interactions among multiple layers and exchanges of mass and energy, the Dali National Climate Observatory (DNCO) was established in May 2006. To date, the DNCO has gradually performed an integrated meteorological observation network in a complex terrain region over the southeastern Tibetan Plateau including the conventional observations of weather and climate, and the special observations of radiation, lightning, soil moisture, wind profile, water vapor, water quality, water level, water temperature profile, turbulent fluxes of momentum, sensible heat, latent heat, carbon dioxide, and methane, etc. Furthermore, the DNCO mainly focuses on the field observation experiments and scientific research activities for mountain meteorology. This paper presents an overview of the DNCO including its location, climatology, scientific objectives, research tasks, and existing observation projects. The progresses in observation and associated research including data quality controls and assessments, recent observation results, and regional numerical model tests are summarized. -
Iowa (SMAPVEX16-IA) Experiment Plan
Soil Moisture Active Passive Validation Experiment 2016- Iowa (SMAPVEX16-IA) Experiment Plan Iowa Landscape July 2014 Ver. 5/20/16 Table of Contents 1. Introduction .........................................................................................................................8 1.1. Role of Field Campaigns in SMAP Cal/Val...................................................................8 1.2. Science Objectives for a Post-Launch SMAP Aircraft-Based Field Campaign ...............9 1.2.1. Investigate and resolve anomalous observations and products ...............................9 1.2.2. Improving up-scaling functions for CVS .............................................................. 10 1.2.3. Contribution to a broader scientific/application objective.................................... 10 1.2.4. Validate the L2SMAP algorithm process: pending new directions ....................... 13 2. SMAPVEX16 Aircraft Experiment Concept ...................................................................... 13 3. South Fork (SF), Iowa Study Area ..................................................................................... 13 3.1. General Description .................................................................................................... 13 3.2. Land Cover/Vegetation ............................................................................................... 14 3.3. Soils ............................................................................................................................ 15 3.4. Climate ...................................................................................................................... -
Evaluation of ARM Tethered Balloon System Instrumentation For
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2019-117 Manuscript under review for journal Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discussion started: 7 May 2019 c Author(s) 2019. CC BY 4.0 License. Evaluation of ARM Tethered Balloon System instrumentation for supercooled liquid water and distributed temperature sensing in mixed-phase Arctic clouds Darielle Dexheimer1, Martin Airey2, Erika Roesler1, Casey Longbottom1, Keri Nicoll2,5, Stefan Kneifel3, Fan Mei4, R. Giles Harrison2, Graeme Marlton2, Paul D. Williams2 5 1Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA 2University of Reading, Dept. of Meteorology, Reading, UK 3University of Cologne, Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, Cologne, Germany 4Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA 5University of Bath, Dept. of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Bath, UK 10 Correspondence to: Darielle Dexheimer ([email protected]) Abstract. A tethered balloon system (TBS) has been developed and is being operated by Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) on behalf of the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) User Facility in order to collect in situ atmospheric measurements within mixed-phase Arctic clouds. Periodic tethered balloon flights have been 15 conducted since 2015 within restricted airspace at ARM’s Advanced Mobile Facility 3 (AMF3) in Oliktok Point, Alaska, as part of the AALCO (Aerial Assessment of Liquid in Clouds at Oliktok), ERASMUS (Evaluation of Routine Atmospheric Sounding Measurements using Unmanned Systems), and POPEYE (Profiling at Oliktok Point to Enhance YOPP Experiments) field campaigns. The tethered balloon system uses helium-filled 34 m3 helikites and 79 and 104 m3 aerostats to suspend instrumentation that is used to measure aerosol particle size distributions, temperature, horizontal wind, pressure, relative 20 humidity, turbulence, and cloud particle properties and to calibrate ground-based remote sensing instruments. -
Snow Data Intercomparison on Remote and Glacierized High Elevation Areas
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2017-124 Manuscript under review for journal The Cryosphere Discussion started: 18 July 2017 c Author(s) 2017. CC BY 4.0 License. 1 Snow data intercomparison on remote and glacierized high elevation 2 areas (Forni Glacier, Italy) 3 4 Senese Antonella1, Maugeri Maurizio1, Meraldi Eraldo2, Verza Giampietro3, Azzoni Roberto Sergio1, 5 Compostella Chiara4, Diolaiuti Guglielmina1 6 1 Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. 7 2 ARPA Lombardia, Centro Nivometeorologico di Bormio, Bormio, Italy. 8 3 Ev-K2-CNR - Pakistan, Italian K2 Museum Skardu Gilgit Baltistan, Islamabad, Pakistan. 9 4 Department of Earth Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. 10 11 Correspondence to: Antonella Senese ([email protected]) 12 13 Abstract. 14 We present and compare 11 years of snow data (snowfall, snow depth and snow water equivalent (SWE)) measured by an 15 Automatic Weather Station and by some field campaigns on the Forni Glacier. The data have been acquired by means of i) a 16 Campbell SR50 sonic ranger from October 2005 (snow depth data), ii) manual snow pits from January 2006 (snow depth and 17 SWE data), iii) a Sommer USH8 sonic ranger from May 2014 (snow depth data), iv) a Park Mechanical SS-6048 snow pillow 18 from May 2014 (SWE data), v) a manual snow weighting tube (Enel-Valtecne ©) from May 2014 (snow depth and SWE data). 19 The aim of the analyses is to assess the mean value of fresh snow density and the most appropriate method to evaluate SWE 20 for this measuring site. -
Estimating Snow Water Equivalent on Glacierized High Elevation Areas (Forni Glacier, Italy)
1 Estimating the snow water equivalent on glacierized high elevation 2 areas (Forni Glacier, Italy) 3 4 Senese Antonella1, Maugeri Maurizio1, Meraldi Eraldo2, Verza Gian Pietro3, Azzoni Roberto Sergio1, 5 Compostella Chiara4, Diolaiuti Guglielmina1 6 7 1 Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. 8 2 ARPA Lombardia, Centro Nivometeorologico di Bormio, Bormio, Italy. 9 3 Ev-K2-CNR - Pakistan, Italian K2 Museum Skardu Gilgit Baltistan, Islamabad, Pakistan. 10 4 Department of Earth Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. 11 12 Correspondence to: Antonella Senese ([email protected]) 13 14 Abstract. 15 We present and compare 11 years of snow data (snow depth and snow water equivalent, SWE) measured by an Automatic 16 Weather Station corroborated by data resulting from field campaigns on the Forni Glacier in Italy. The aim of the analyses is 17 to estimate the SWE of new snowfall and the annual peak of SWE based on the average density of the new snow at the site 18 (corresponding to the snowfall during the standard observation period of 24 hours) and automated depth measurements, as 19 well as to find the most appropriate method for evaluating SWE at this measuring site. 20 The results indicate that the daily SR50 sonic ranger measures allow a rather good estimation of the SWE (RMSE of 45 mm 21 w.e. if compared with snow pillow measurements), and the available snow pit data can be used to define the mean new snow 22 density value at the site. For the Forni Glacier measuring site, this value was found to be 149 ± 6 kg m-3. -
Article in Press
ARTICLE IN PRESS Atmospheric Environment xxx (2009) 1–10 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Atmospheric Environment journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/atmosenv Nocturnal boundary layer characteristics and land breeze development in Houston, Texas during TexAQS II Bridget M. Day a, Bernhard Rappenglu¨ ck a,*, Craig B. Clements a,1, Sara C. Tucker b,c, W. Alan Brewer c a Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd, Houston, TX 77204-5007, USA b Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA c NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA article info abstract Article history: The nocturnal boundary layer in Houston, Texas was studied using a high temporal and vertical reso- Received 4 September 2008 lution tethersonde system on four nights during the Texas Air Quality Study II (TexAQS II) in August and Received in revised form September 2006. The launch site was on the University of Houston campus located approximately 4 km 14 January 2009 from downtown Houston. Of particular interest was the evolution of the nocturnal surface inversion and Accepted 25 January 2009 the wind flows within the boundary layer. The land–sea breeze oscillation in Houston has important implications for air quality as the cycle can impact ozone concentrations through pollutant advection and Keywords: recirculation. The results showed that a weakly stable surface inversion averaging in depth between 145 TexAQS II Tethersonde and 200 m AGL formed on each of the experiment nights, typically within 2–3 h after sunset. -
Chapter-1 Meaning and Scope of Agricultural
CHAPTER-1 MEANING AND SCOPE OF AGRICULTURAL METEOROLOGY Meaning of Agro meteorology Meteorology, climatology, hydrology and physics are the Physical sciences related to agro meteorology. Meteorology: A study in meteorology is mainly concerned with the formation of rain, dew, snow, and water vapour and processes of evaporation, condensation, precipitation etc. Greek word “Meteors” means ‘above the earth’s surface’ (atmosphere) “logos” means ‘indicating science’. Branch of science dealing with that of atmosphere is known as meteorology. Lower atmosphere extending up to 20km from earth’s surface is where frequent physical process takes place. Climatology: It involves the studies of climatic elements such as rainfall temperature and evapotranspiration which are important for farm operations and agricultural production. Meteorology is the study of physical processes in the atmosphere that produce weather, whereas climatology is the study of the totality of weather. Hydrology: It deals with the process of run-off, percolation, storage of ground water and soil water, irrigation and drainage of agricultural lands etc. Physics of the air and soil forms the foundation of agro meteorology. An agricultural scientist whose applies all relevant meteorological skill to help the farmers and agricultural workers to make the most efficient use of physical environment for improving agricultural production both in quality and quantity is known as Agro meteorologist. Agro-meteorology is the applied branch of meteorology. Definitions of Agro meteorology: A branch of applied meteorology which investigates the physical conditions of the environment of growing plants or animal organisms An applied science which deals with the relationship between weather/climatic conditions and agricultural production.