070410 COPS Instrumentation

COPS Instrumentation Version 10 April 2007

Table of Contents

1 Airborne Platforms and Instruments ...... 3 1.1 DLR Falcon with Water-Vapour DIAL, Wind Lidar, and Dropsondes ...... 3 1.2 SAFIRE Falcon ...... 6 1.3 Research Aircraft DO 128 (IBUF) ...... 6 1.4 BAe146 ...... 10 1.5 Learjet 35A...... 10 1.6 Zeppelin NT with AirLIF ...... 10 1.7 UltraLight ...... 13 1.8 Dimona ...... 13 1.9 Parternavia...... 13 1.10 ATR ...... 13 2 Sondes ...... 13 2.1 Graw Radiosondes of IMK ...... 13 2.2 NERC Radiosondes ...... 15 2.3 AMF Radiosondes ...... 15 2.4 Radiosonde Sounding System of Météo France/CNRS ...... 15 2.5 Radiosondes of University of Vienna ...... 19 2.6 Drop-up Sondes of IMK ...... 19 2.7 AIR Tethersonde System of University of Freiburg ...... 22 2.8 Tethersonde of University of Vienna ...... 24 3 Lidars ...... 25 3.1 Scanning Water Vapor DIAL of University of Hohenheim ...... 25 3.2 Multi-Wavelength Lidar (MWL) of IfT ...... 27 3.3 RR Lidar of University of Hohenheim ...... 30 3.4 Raman Lidar BASIL ...... 33 3.5 IfT Wind Lidar (WiLi) ...... 37 3.6 Doppler Lidar Wind Tracer of IMK ...... 39 3.7 NERC 1.5-micron Doppler Lidar of University of Salford ...... 41 3.8 TReSS ...... 44 3.9 Ceilometer of Météo France/CNRS ...... 44 3.10 AMF Ceilometer and Micro-Pulse Lidar ...... 47 4 Radars ...... 47 4.1 POLDIRAD...... 47 4.2 C-Band Radar of IMK ...... 50 4.3 Transportable Atmospheric Research Radar (TARA) ...... 52 4.4 UHOH X-Band Radar ...... 55 4.5 Wind-Temperatur-Radar of IMK ...... 57 4.6 UHF Wind Profiler of Météo France/CNRS ...... 60 4.7 Wind Profiler of University of Manchester ...... 63 4.8 Cloud Radar MIRA-36 of University of Hamburg ...... 63 4.9 Cloud Radar MIRA36-S of IMK ...... 66 4.10 Radar of University of Vienna ...... 69 4.11 X-Band Radar of CNRS ...... 69 4.12 K-Band Radar of CNRS ...... 69 4.13 AMF Wind Profiler ...... 69 4.14 AMF Cloud Radar ...... 69 5 GPS Receivers ...... 69 5.1 GPS Receivers of GFZ Potsdam ...... 69 5.2 GPS Receivers of CNRS ...... 72 6 Radiometers ...... 72 6.1 Microwave Radiometer HATPRO ...... 72 6.2 NERC 14 Channel Microwave Radiometer of University of Salford ...... 75 6.3 ADvanced MIcrowave RAdiometer for Rain Identification (ADMIRARI) ...... 78 6.4 Microwave Radiometer of CNR...... 81

1 6.5 AMF Radiometers ...... 81 7 Sodars...... 81 7.1 Sodars of IMK ...... 81 7.2 Sodar of Météo France/CNRS ...... 84 7.3 Flat Array SODAR of University of Freiburg ...... 87 7.4 Sodar-RASS of University of Bayreuth ...... 90 7.5 NERC Sodars ...... 90 8 Networks ...... 90 8.1 Radiation and Turbulence Cluster of University of Bayreuth ...... 90 8.2 Energy balance station of Météo France/CNRS ...... 94 8.3 FZK Energy Balance Stations ...... 96 8.4 Surface Station Mesonet of University of München ...... 99 8.5 Surface Station Mesonet of University of Vienna ...... 102 8.6 Surface Station Mesonet of NERC ...... 102 8.7 Simple Soil Moisture Probes (SISOMOP) ...... 102 8.8 Soil-Moisture Sensors of CNRS...... 104 8.9 Mikro-Meteorologie-Masts of IMK ...... 104 8.10 Turbulence Towers of IMK ...... 107 8.11 Meteorological Towers of University of Leeds ...... 110 8.12 AMF Instrumentation (not yet mentioned above) ...... 110 8.13 Forestmeteorological Research Site Hartheim ...... 110 8.14 Forestmeteorological research sites Tuttlingen ...... 114 8.15 Micro Rain Radars of Univeryits of Hamburg ...... 118 8.16 Micro Rain Radar of University of Vienna ...... 118 8.17 High-Precision Precipitation Measurement Systems of University of Frankfurt ...... 118 8.18 Network of DWD ...... 118 8.19 Network of Meteo France ...... 118 8.20 Routine Observations of Landesamt für Umweltschutz Baden–Württemberg (LUBW) ...... 119 9 Satellite Data Products ...... 119

1 Airborne Platforms and Instruments

1.1 DLR Falcon with Water-Vapour DIAL, Wind Lidar, and Dropsondes

1) Instrument's name Airborne lidar for water vapour and wind, with Falcon in-situ instrumentation and dropsondes

2) Principal investigator (Name, Email) Dr. Gerhard Ehret [email protected]

3) Scientific team (Name, Email) Christoph Kiemle, Dr. Stephan Rahm, Dr. Martin Wirth, Dr. Andreas Dörnbrack, Dr. George Craig, Dr. Reinhold Busen [email protected], [email protected] , [email protected] , [email protected]

4) Institute Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre DLR Oberpfaffenhofen

5) Intended measurement period (Jun – Aug 2007 or only part of this? GOP?) Four consecutive weeks within the IOP, preferably in June/July (August is holiday season)

6) Funding source (DFG and/or internal and/or other) DFG and DLR

7) Description of the instrument Type of instrument: Water vapour differential absorption lidar 2µm Doppler wind lidar with heterodyne detection Falcon in-situ instruments for position, pressure, wind, temperature, humidity Radiosondes dropped from aircraft (dropsondes)

Type of platform (ground-based or airborne?): Airborne; both lidars co-located in the DLR Falcon 20 research aircraft, installed nadir-viewing.

Sensor manufacturer: built in-house laser from CTI (USA), rest built in-house Rosemount Vaisala

Measured parameters: water vapour molecule number density vertical wind velocity or 3D wind field in scanning mode position, pressure, wind, temperature, humidity pressure, wind, temperature, humidity

Information about calibration: Use of HITRAN data base for absorption line parameters; high spectral resolution code for correction of spectral impurity and Rayleigh-Doppler effect; cross-check with Falcon dropsondes’ humidity measurements and overflown profiling stations. Vertical wind velocity: use of ground return for zero reference. 3D wind field: cross-check with Falcon dropsondes and overflown profiling stations. Calibration on ground with special equipment. Sondes are individually calibrated. Manufacturer guarantees accuracy within specified limits.

Safety considerations (e.g., non-eye-safe laser) Water vapour differential absorption lidar: eye-safe after 2 km range. 2µm Doppler wind lidar: eye-safe. None.

3 Dropsondes have a parachute. Minimum flight altitude for safe operation: 1 km.

Automatic/manual operation? Water vapour differential absorption lidar: manual operation by 1 person on-board. 2µm Doppler wind lidar: manual operation by 1 person on-board. Automatic operation. Sondes can be dropped by lidar operator, if there are no more than 5 per flight. If there are more, 1 additional person on-board is required.

Continuous 24-hour operation or operation during certain periods intended? No

Real-time or near-real-time data available for assimilation? (specify delay) Water vapour differential absorption lidar: data available 1 - 2 hours after landing. 2µm Doppler wind lidar: data available eight hours after landing. Falcon in-situ measurements: available 1 - 2 hours after landing. Dropsonde measurements: available immediately after landing.

Limitations for performing measurements (e.g., certain atmospheric or meteorological conditions) Lidars: no data in and under clouds, during aircraft ascents, descents or turns. Recommendation: limit aircraft turns and altitude changes to the strict necessary minimum.

Synergy/co-location/coordination with other instruments: Over-flights of own Falcon dropsondes and of profiling stations. Profiles of latent heat flux by eddy-correlation from both Falcon lidars.

8) Short description of technique (optional)

Water vapour differential absorption lidar, NIR region, 100 Hz reprate. 2µm Doppler wind lidar with heterodyne detection, 500 Hz reprate. GPS positions, nose boom for wind, chilled mirror for dewpoint, Lyman-alpha humidity sensor. Radiosondes dropped from aircraft (dropsondes).

Instrument's web page: http://www.dlr.de/ipa/institut/abteilungen/Lidar

Reference for description of the instrument: G. Poberaj, A. Fix, A. Assion, M. Wirth, C. Kiemle, and G. Ehret, "Airborne All-Solid-State DIAL for Water Vapour Measurements in the Tropopause Region: System Description and Assessment of Accuracy", Appl. Phys. B 75 (doi:10.1007/s00340-002-0965-x), 165-172, 2002 Weissmann, M., R. Busen, A. Dörnbrack, S. Rahm, O. Reitebuch: “Targeted Observations with an Airborne Wind Lidar“, JTech, in press. http://www.dlr.de/fb/Desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-334/ http://www.vaisala.com/businessareas/measurementsystems/soundings/products/dropsonde/vaisala%2 0dropsonde%20rd93%20brochure.pdf.pdf 9) For remote sensing instruments:

Range (start, end): Water vapour DIAL: 200m below flight altitude to 100m above ground. Doppler wind lidar: 500m below flight altitude to 100m above ground.

Scanning/fixed (e.g., vertical) Water vapour DIAL: fixed nadir viewing for water vapour profiles. Doppler wind lidar: fixed nadir viewing for vertical wind velocity or scanning mode for 3D wind fields.

4 10) Data provided to the COPS data base with typical resolution, accuracy (absolute error) and precision (statistical uncertainty)

Level0 (e.g., raw data): Water vapour DIAL: 15m vertical and 150m horizontal resolution of aerosol backscatter data.

Level1 (e.g., meteorological parameters): Water vapour mixing ratio: for 200 m vertical and horizontal resolution: accuracy 5%, precision 2…10% (depending on range, humidity, aerosol, etc.). Doppler wind lidar: line-of-sight wind speed with 100 m vertical and 15…150 m horizontal resolution, depending on range and aerosol concentration. Accuracy 0.4 m/s if ground return is not available, < 0.1 m/s else, precision 0.1 m/s. Falcon in-situ instruments: max. resolution 100Hz (~1.5m), profiles during ascent/descent, accuracy 3…5% for humidity. Dropsonde profiles of pressure, temperature, wind and humidity. See data sheet for details.

Level2 (e.g., synergetic data products): Profiles of latent heat flux with 200 m vertical and 50 km horizontal resolution: accuracy (sampling error) 20…50% (depending on eddy size), precision (statistical uncertainty) 20%

11) Observing Strategy (if preference exists)

Measurements of tropospheric wind and water vapour structures (PV and moisture streamers) that influence location and timing of convection. High spatial resolution measurements of vertical wind and water vapour in the convective boundary layer before the development of clouds, for the characterisation of the initial conditions of convection and for the provision of latent heat flux profiles. Targeted upstream measurements for the quantification of humidity advection to the COPS area.

12) Scientific Objectives, COPS Working Groups relying on the instrument

Investigate the connection between tropospheric wind and water vapour structures (PV and moisture streamers, d ry layers) and the location and timing of convection and precipitation. Detailed knowledge of the large-scale conditions is a prerequisite for improving QPF. Characterise the initial and boundary conditions of convection with high resolution wind and water vapour fields. Investigate the spatial variability of humidity, wind and latent heat fluxes. Contribute to improve parameterisations of subgrid-scale processes over complex terrain. Perform targeted upstream measurements for the quantification of humidity advection to the COPS area and for near real-time assimilation of humidity into a NWP model, which will significantly improve short range QPF.

5 13) Detailed logistical requirements for instrument deployment and operation:

Base for Falcon operations will be Oberpfaffenhofen/DLR.

Infrastructures/storage areas needed:

Power supply (freq., voltage, power) –autonomy – necessary infrastructure (water, oil, etc…):

Communication and data transmission needed: (data logger, data flow, rate etc...):

Data storage: Estimated amount of data for the COPS data base (including quicklook plots): Water vapour DIAL: 10 GB. Doppler wind lidar: 250 GB. Falcon insitu data: 10 GB. Dropsonde profiles: negligible.

Staff (number of people) Water vapour DIAL: 2 scientists. Doppler wind lidar: 2 scientists.

1.2 SAFIRE Falcon

Aircraft + WV DIAL + Dropsondes; 24 days in July/August 2007, 35 flight hours, 120 dropsondes Cyrille Flamant

1.3 Research Aircraft DO 128 (IBUF)

1) Instrument's name Research Aircraft DO 128

2) Principal investigator (Name, Email) Ulrich Corsmeier [email protected]

3) Scientific team (Name, Email) Working Group ‘Convective Systems’

4) Institute Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe/Universität Karlsruhe

5) Intended measurement period (Jun – Aug 2007 or only part of this? GOP?) 6-8 weeks within June - August 2007, no GOP

6 6) Funding source (DFG and/or internal and/or other) DFG and internal

7) Description of the instrument Type of instrument: Research aircraft

Type of platform (ground-based or airborne?): Aircraft

Sensor manufacturer: see attachment

Measured parameters: see attachment

Information about calibration: basic calibration will be done, intercomparison flights necessary, chemical sensors calibrated before and after each flight

Safety considerations (e.g., non-eye-safe laser): air traffic control regulations

Automatic/manual operation? manual

Continuous 24-hour operation or operation during certain periods intended? Operation during research flights

Real-time or near-real-time data available for assimilation? (specify delay): near real time availability for meteorological data; delay 2 hours after touch down.

Limitations for performing measurements (e.g., certain atmospheric or meteorological conditions): no in-situ measurements within ‘severe storms’ (rain, hail, turbulence) Synergy/co-location/coordination with other instruments: tbd

8) Short description of technique (optional)

Instrument's web page: http://www.tu-braunschweig.de/iff/forschung/forschungsflugzeug

Reference for description of the instrument: Airborne turbulence measurements in the lower troposphere onboard the research aircraft Dornier 128-6, D-IBUF ULRICH CORSMEIER , RUDOLF HANKERS and ANDREAS WIESER

9) For remote sensing instruments:

Range (start, end):

Scanning/fixed (e.g., vertical)

7 10) Data provided to the COPS data base with typical resolution, accuracy (absolute error) and precision (statistical uncertainty)

Level0 (e.g., raw data): no data

Level1 (e.g., meteorological parameters): meteorological and air chemical data (see attachment)

Level2 (e.g., synergetic data products): tbd

11) Observing Strategy (if preference exists)

Flight missions have to be planned for

# pre-convective environment # convection initiation # investigation of convective cells (life cycle)

12) Scientific Objectives, COPS Working Groups relying on the instrument Convection initiation

Primary effects on CI Upper tropospheric forcing Secondary effects (orography, secondary convection) Convective inhibition factors (topography, transient features like mountain & gravity waves) Intensity and organisation of convection (CI component)

8 13) Detailed logistical requirements for instrument deployment and operation:

Infrastructures/storage areas needed: Hangar for aircraft, office for crew and research team

Power supply (freq., voltage, power) –autonomy – necessary infrastructure (water, oil, etc...): Fuel Jet A1; power 230 V, 50 Hz,

Communication and data transmission needed : (data logger , data flow, rate etc...) : High speed connection to internet

Data storage: Estimated amount of data for the COPS data base (including quicklook plots): ca. 200 MB per flight hour

Staff (number of people): 4 persons crew 3 IMK-scientists

Attachment: DO 128 measured parameters and sensors onboard the aircraft

Nr. Parameter Instrument, Sensor, Ausrüstung Einheit Bemerkungen 1 Statischer Druck, Rosemount 5-Loch-Sonde hPa dynamischer Druck, Differenzdruck 2 Statischer Druck, Rosemount 1221, 1201 Drucksensoren hPa dynamischer Druck, Differenzdruck 3 Drucker Ausdruck akt. Messwerte 4 Plasmabildschirm Anzeige akt. Messwerte 5 Position und Novatel Differential GPS-Empfänger Grad, mph Geschwindigkeit 6 Flughöhe Optech 501 Laser Höhenmesser m 7 Roll-, Nick- und Honeywell Lasernav Grad, mph, ms -2 Giergeschwindig-keiten, Beschleunigungen, INS- Position, Geschwindigkeit über Grund 8 Radarhöhe Sperry Radar-Höhenmesser m 9 Datenerfassung, VME-Bus Computer Datenaufbereitung 11 bis Chemiemessmodul Drei 19“-Racks

9 14 15 Erdbodenoberflächentemper KT19 Sensor °C Scanmodus atur 16 Höhenruderausschlag P&G potentiometer 17 Seitenruderausschlag P&G potentiometer 18 Druckmessung für Pitot-Rohr hPa Cockpitinstrumente 19 Lufteinlass für Spurenstoffmessungen austauschbar 20 Querruderausschlag P&G Potentiometer 21 GPS Signale GPS-Antenne Grad, Zeit 22 Feuchte Lyman-alpha (schneller Sensor) Mischungs- verhältnis 23 Temperatur Rosemount Temperatursensor (PT 100) °C 24 Temperatur offener Rosemount Temperatur- sensor °C (PT 100) (schneller Sensor) 25 Feuchte Aerodata-Humicap % rel. Feuchte 26 Feuchte Meteolabor Taupunktspiegel TP 3 °C Taupu nkt 1, 2, 9 Wind (horizontal) 5-Loch-Sonde; GPS ms -1 1, 2, 9 Wind (vertikal) 5-Loch-Sonde ms -1 1, 2, 9 Turbulenz siehe “Wind”, 100 Hz Messfrequenz 19, 15 Solarstrahlung 2 Kipp & Zonen Pyranometer Wm -2 Oberer und CM 22 unterer Halbraum 19, 15 Infrarotstrahlung 2 Kipp & Zonen Pyrgeometer Wm -2 Oberer und CG 4 unterer Halbraum

11 O3 Environment O 3 41M (UV-Absorption, ppb Mittelwert langsamer Sensor)

11 O3 Schneller Ozonsensor ppb Fluktuation (Chemilumineszens)

11 NO NO xTO y mit CrO 3 (Luminol- ppb Chemilumineszens)

11 NO 2 NO xTO y (Luminol-Chemilum.) ppb 11 NO y NO xTO y Mo/CrO 3 am geheizten Einlass ppb (Luminol-Chemilum.)

11 PAN NO xTO y (CrO 3/heat) (Luminol-Chemilum.) ppb 11 CO AL 5001 (Resonanzfluoreszens) ppb

11 CO 2 LI-COR 6252 (IR-Absorption) ppm 14 Luftprobensammlung Bis zu 30 Kanister Laboranalyse 12 Oberflächen-reflektivität Spektraler 3-Kanal Linescanner spektral VIS + NIR 12 Oberflächen-reflektivität CCD-Kamera Digitales Sichtbares Videosignal Spektrum 15 Temperatur, Feuchte, Bis zu 30 Fallsonden ° C, %, hPa, ms -1 Vertikalson- Druck, Wind dierung Cockpitsicht Videokamera Digitales Sichtbares Videosignal Spektrum

1.4 BAe146

1.5 Learjet 35A

1.6 Zeppelin NT with AirLIF

1) Instrument's name AirLIF (Airborne laser induced fluorescence instrument for the detection of OH and HO 2)

10 2) Principal investigator (Name, Email) Dr. Frank Holland ( [email protected] ) Dr. A. Hofzumahaus ([email protected])

3) Scientific team (Name, Email )

4) Institute Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institut für Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphäre : Institut II : Troposphäre

5) Intended measurement period (Jun – Aug 2007 or only part of this? GOP?) Part of intensive measurement period (3 weeks)

6) Funding source (DFG and/or internal and/or other) internal

7) Description of the instrument Type of instrument: Instrument for the detection of OH and HO 2 by laser-induced fluorescence at reduced pressure

Type of platform (ground-based or airborne?): airborne (Zeppelin NT)

Sensor manufacturer: -

Measured parameters: Concentrations of OH, HO 2

Information about calibration: requires calibration

Safety considerations (e.g., non-eye-safe laser): -

Automatic/manual operation? Semi-automatic operation (requires operator on board of zeppelin)

Continuous 24-hour operation or operation during certain periods intended? Operation limited to certain time periods

Real-time or near-real-time data available for assimilation? (specify delay) Preliminary data available 1h after end of flight.

Limitations for performing measurements (e.g., certain atmospheric or meteorological conditions) : No flights into convective systems with likely high vertical wind speeds.

Synergy/co-location/coordination with other instruments: Lear Jet of MPI Mainz

8) Short description of technique (optional) Ambient air is expanded through a nozzle into a low-pressure fluorescence cell. The OH radicals are excited with pulsed 308 nm radiation from a narrow-band tunable dye laser which is pumped by a diode- pumped solid state Nd:YAG laser. Following the excitation part of the OH radicals emit resonant fluorescence photons which are captured by a photomultiplier and counted by gated photon counting. The count rate is proportional to the ambient OH concentration. The sensitivity of the instrument is determined from calibration measurements with an external OH / HO 2 radical source. For the detection of HO 2 radicals NO is added behind the nozzle to the expanding gas beam. The fast reaction between HO 2 and NO converts most of the HO 2 into OH which subsequently is detected as described above.

Instrument's web page:

Reference for description of the instrument: Holland, F., Hofzumahaus, A., Schäfer, J., Kraus, A., and Pätz, H.-W. (2003): Measurements of OH and HO2 radical concentrations and photolysis frequencies during BERLIOZ. J. Geophys. Res. 108, PHO2-1-21, doi:10.1029/2001JD001393.

9) For remote sensing instruments:

Range (start, end):

Scanning/fixed (e.g., vertical)

10) Data provided to the COPS data base with typical resolution, accuracy (absolute error) and precision (statistical uncertainty) Concentrations of OH and HO 2 radicals time resolution: 1 min, accuracy: 10% (1 σ), precision: 10% (1 σ) Level0 (e.g., raw data):

Level1 (e.g., meteorological parameters):

Level2 (e.g., synergetic data products):

11) Observing Strategy (if preference exists)

12) Scientific Objectives, COPS Working Groups relying on the instrument - Photochemical developement of a city plume - Pseudo-Lagrangian experiment on photochemical conversion of pollutants (VOC + NOx + HOx -> O3, HCHO, PAN, Particles) - Vertical distribution of ractive trace gases (VOC, NOx, O3, HONO, HCHO) and radicals (OH, HO2) in the PBL

12 1.7 UltraLight

1.8 Dimona

1.9 Parternavia

1.10 ATR

2 Sondes

2.1 Graw Radiosondes of IMK

1) Instrument's name GK90 C Graw Radiosonde System and Graw DFM 97 Radiosonde (2 units)

2) Principal investigator (Name, Email) Dr. Norbert Kalthoff, [email protected]

3) Scientific team (Name, Email ) Martin Kohler, [email protected]

4) Institute Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe/ Universität Karlsruhe 5) Intended measurement period (Jun – Aug 2007 or only part of this? GOP?) June to August 2007

6) Funding source (DFG and/or internal and/or other) DFG and internal

7) Description of the instrument Type of instrument: radiosonde system (two) Type of platform (ground-based or airborne?): ground based Sensor manufacturer: Graw Radiosondes GmbH&CO.KG, Nürnberg, Germany Measured parameters: pressure, temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction Information about calibration: calibrated by manufacturer Safety considerations (e.g., non-eye-safe laser) radiosonde ascent permission Automatic/manual operation? manual Continuous 24-hour operation or operation during certain periods intended? certain periods, SOP Real-time or near-real-time data available for assimilation? (specify delay) near real time, after 2h (transformation and transmitting of data) Limitations for performing measurements (e.g., certain atmospheric or meteorological conditions) no limits Synergy/co-location/coordination with other instruments: ------

13 8) Short description of technique (optional) ------

Instrument's web page: www.graw.de Reference for description of the instrument: see instrument manual at www.graw.de 9) For remote sensing instruments: ------Range (start, end): ------Scanning/fixed (e.g., vertical) ------

10) Data provided to the COPS data base with typical resolution, accuracy (absolute error) and precision (statistical uncertainty)

Level0 (e.g., raw data): ------Level1 (e.g., meteorological parameters): temperature: acc. 0.1°C, error <0.2°C relative humidity: acc. 1%, error <5%, pressure a) range 1000-200hPa acc. 0.1 hPa, error <1.0 hPa, b) 200-5 hPa acc. 0.1, error <0.5 hPa Level2 (e.g., synergetic data products): ------11) Observing Strategy (if preference exists) radiosondes every 2 hours during SOP

12) Scientific Objectives, COPS Working Groups relying on the instrument initiation of convection

14 13) Detailed logistical requirements for instrument deployment and operation:

Infrastructures/storage areas needed: shelter for the instrument, shelter to fill the balloon (if available), storage area for gas cylinders Power supply (freq., voltage, power) –autonomy – necessary infrastructure (water, oil, etc...) : power: 230 V, 50 Hz, Helium Communication and data transmission needed : (data logger , data flow, rate etc...) : modem, Ethernet (if available) Data storage: Estimated amount of data for the COPS data base (including quick look plots): 2 MB per radiosonde, in total 480 MB for 240 sondes Staff (number of people) in total 9 persons

2.2 NERC Radiosondes

2.3 AMF Radiosondes

2.4 Radiosonde Sounding System of Météo France/CNRS

1) Instrument's name Sounding system

2) Principal investigator (Name, Email) Grégoire PIGEON [email protected]

3) Scientific team (Name, Email ) CNRM/GMEI/4M

4) Institute GAME/CNRM (Météo France, CNRS)

5) Intended measurement period (Jun – Aug 2007 or only part of this? GOP?) 1st to 31 July 2007

15 6) Funding source (DFG and/or internal and/or other) COPS-France

7) Description of the instrument Type of instrument: RS92SGP with DigiCORA®III sounding system Type of platform (ground-based or airborne?): Ground based Sensor manufacturer: VAISALA Measured parameters: measure the thermodinamic parameters (P,T,U) & the wind in the boundary layer and the upper atmpophere Information about calibration: The GC25 Ground Check unit is used to check the functioning of the RS92 SGP and the sensor accuracy. Safety considerations (e.g., non-eye-safe laser) 220V special habilitation for maintenance (all member of 4M are habilited) Automatic/manual operation? manual opération Continuous 24-hour operation or operation during certain periods intended? operation during the SOP Real-time or near-real-time data available for assimilation? (specify delay) real time for assimilation ; TEMPMOBIL message Limitations for performing measurements (e.g., certain atmospheric or meteorological conditions) no limitation Synergy/co-location/coordination with other instruments:

8) Short description of technique (optional)

Instrument's web page: http://www.vaisala.com/businessareas/measurementsystems/soundings/products Reference for description of the instrument:

16 9) For remote sensing instruments:

Range (start, end): 10 to 20 000 m

Scanning/fixed (e.g., vertical)

10) Data provided to the COPS data base with typical resolution, accuracy (absolute error) and precision (statistical uncertainty)

Level0 (e.g., raw data):

Level1 (e.g., meteorological parameters):

Level2 (e.g., synergetic data products):

11) Observing Strategy (if preference exists) 11 DAY IOPs : 6 soundings at 0400, 0700, 1000, 1300, 1500, 1700, 1900 UTC 5 NIGHT IOPS : 2 soundings at 2200 and 0100 UTC 3 NIGHT IOPS (beginning, middle, end of field campaign) : sounding at 2200 UTC

12) Scientific Objectives, COPS Working Groups relying on the instrument COPS-France

18 13) Detailed logistical requirements for instrument deployment and operation:

Infrastructures/storage areas needed: Shelter Power supply (freq., voltage, power) –autonomy – necessary infrastructure (water, oil, etc...) : 220V / 500W Communication and data transmission needed : (data logger , data flow, rate etc...) : Inmarsat C supplied by METEO FRANCE – Transmission to Toulouse Data storage: Estimated amount of data for the COPS data base (including quicklook plots): 8 Mo / RS (dc3db 7Mo, tsv 500ko, tempmobil 2ko, quicklook 100ko) Staff (number of people)

2.5 Radiosondes of University of Vienna

MeteoLabor, 60 sondes

2.6 Drop-up Sondes of IMK

1) Instrument's name 30 meteorological drop-up-sondes; to be launched from 5 independent starting kits with 6 sondes each

2) Principal investigator (Name, Email) Ulrich Corsmeier [email protected]

3) Scientific team (Name, Email) Working Group ‘Convective Systems’

4) Institute Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe/Universität Karlsruhe

5) Intended measurement period (Jun – Aug 2007 or only part of this? GOP?) 6 weeks within June - August 2007, no GOP

19 6) Funding source (DFG and/or internal and/or other) DFG and internal

7) Description of the instrument Type of instrument: advanced radiosonde

Type of platform (ground-based or airborne?): radiosonde

Sensor manufacturer: Meteolabor, Schweiz; ETEWE, Karlsruhe

Measured parameters: temperature, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, pressure, brightness

Information about calibration: basic calibration done

Safety considerations (e.g., non-eye-safe laser): air traffic control regulations, permit for launching necessary

Automatic/manual operation? manual/automatic

Continuous 24-hour operation or operation during certain periods intended? Operation during IOPs

Real-time or near-real-time data available for assimilation? (specify delay): no

Limitations for performing measurements (e.g., certain atmospheric or meteorological conditions): no launching during thunderstorms at site Synergy/co-location/coordination with other instruments: synergy with COPS radiosonde network; co-location with MMM automatic weather stations (IMK, Kalthoff)

8) Short description of technique (optional)

Instrument's web page:

Reference for description of the instrument: Kottmeier, Ch., T. Reetz, P. Ruppert, N. Kalthof, 2001: A new aerological sonde system for dense meteorological soundings , J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 18, 1495-1502.

9) For remote sensing instruments:

Range (start, end):

Scanning/fixed (e.g., vertical)

20 10) Data provided to the COPS data base with typical resolution, accuracy (absolute error) and precision (statistical uncertainty)

Level0 (e.g., raw data): no data

Level1 (e.g., meteorological parameters): meteorological data of temperature, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, pressure, brigthness

Level2 (e.g., synergetic data products): tbd

11) Observing Strategy (if preference exists)

Flexible launching strategy (in space and time) in combination with fixed COPS radiosonde network. Release of drop-up-sondes under and in the vicinity of developing convective clouds

# investigation of convective cells (life cycle)

12) Scientific Objectives, COPS Working Groups relying on the instrument Convection initiation

21 13) Detailed logistical requirements for instrument deployment and operation:

Site requirements : scientific criteria (visibility/masks etc.) and technical constraints (size, access, nuisance factors for/of instrument, security/site surveillance, site maintenance...), (instrument collocation see 7): Numerous pre -selected sites for drop-up launchings; sites reachable by car; no further restrictions on sites

Infrastructures/storage areas needed: no

Power supply (freq., voltage, power) –autonomy – necessary infrastructure (water, oil, etc...): Nothing

Communication and data transmission needed: (data logger , data flow, rate etc...) : Nothing

Data storage: Estimated amount of data for the COPS data base (including quicklook plots): ca. 5 MB per drop-up-flight

Staff (number of people): 3 persons crew per drop-up launching kit; 5 kits with totally 30 sondes available. Restart of drop-up-sondes after approx. 3 days possible.

2.7 AIR Tethersonde System of University of Freiburg

1) Instrument's name AIR tethersonde-system TS-3B1

2) Principal investigator (Name, Email) Prof. Dr. H. Mayer, [email protected]

3) Scientific team (Name, Email ) Dr. Thomas Holst, [email protected] Dr. Jutta Rost, [email protected]

4) Institute Meteorological Institute, University of Freiburg (Germany)

5) Intended measurement period (Jun – Aug 2007 or only part of this? GOP?) operation periods (24-48 hours) within Jun-Aug 2007

6) Funding source (DFG and/or internal and/or other) DFG and internal

22 7) Description of the instrument Type of instrument: Tethersonde system Type of platform (ground-based or airborne?): Ground-based Sensor manufacturer: Basic-ADAS-Tether-Sonde System (Typ TS-3B1), AIR Inc. Measured parameters: Dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, wind velocity, wind direction, air pressure Information about calibration: Re-calibration planned prior to COPS IOP Safety considerations (e.g., non-eye-safe laser) none Automatic/manual operation? Manual operation Continuous 24-hour operation or operation during certain periods intended? Operation during certain periods (1-2 days per period) Real-time or near-real-time data available for assimilation? (specify delay) Delay ca. 6 to 24 hours Limitations for performing measurements (e.g., certain atmospheric or meteorological conditions) Permission of air control authorities needed (NOTAM), good visibility, low to moderate winds (max. 8 m/s) Synergy/co-location/coordination with other instruments:

Co-location: research site Hartheim (Meteorological Institute, University of Freiburg) for measurements of atmospheric stability and to extend profiles measured above a forest stand. 8) Short description of technique (optional)

Instrument's web page:

Reference for description of the instrument:

9) For remote sensing instruments:

Range (start, end): 0 m to max. 700 m agl. Scanning/fixed (e.g., vertical) Scanning every 10 sec; profiles of air temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction typically 1-2 per hour, vertical resolution depends on rate of ascent (typ. 1.5 to 3 m/s)

10) Data provided to the COPS data base with typical resolution, accuracy (absolute error) and precision (statistical uncertainty) 1-2 profiles per hour; vertical resolution typ. 15-30 m, scanning rate 10 sec, accuracy: dry and wet bulb temperature 0.5 °C, pressure 3 hPa, wind speed 0.25 m/s, direction 5° Level0 (e.g., raw data):

Level1 (e.g., meteorological parameters): Air temperature, wet bulb temperature, wind velocity, wind direction, air pressure Level2 (e.g., synergetic data products): Potential temperature, height of inversion layers, height of mixing layer (if within range), ...

23 11) Observing Strategy (if preference exists) Preference: operation within special operation periods, with continuous operation for 24 to 48 hours (depending on staff available)

12) Scientific Objectives, COPS Working Groups relying on the instrument Measurements of atmospheric stability and to extend profiles measured above a forest stand. Determination of inversion layer, mixing height (if within 700 m agl), profiles of potential temperature, humidity and wind speed and direction.

13) Detailed logistical requirements for instrument deployment and operation:

Site requirements : scientific criteria (visibility/masks etc.) and technical constraints (size, access, nuisance factors for/of instrument, security/site surveillance, site maintenance...), (instrument collocation see 7): no obstacles in an area of 30 m x 30 m for operation of the balloon, access by car; radio frequency used for telemetry of data from sensor to ground equipment: 403.5 MHz

Infrastructures/storage areas needed:

Power supply (freq., voltage, power) –autonomy – necessary infrastructure (water, oil, etc...) : 220V, 50 Hz, < 1 kW, filling gas (6 cbm/operation period) Communication and data transmission needed : (data logger , data flow, rate etc...) : none Data storage: Estimated amount of data for the COPS data base (including quicklook plots): < 1 MB per operation period Staff (number of people) 6-8 per operation period ( 2 persons for 8 hours of operation)

2.8 Tethersonde of University of Vienna

24 3 Lidars

3.1 Scanning Water Vapor DIAL of University of Hohenheim

1) Instrument's name Scanning Water Vapor DIAL

2) Principal investigator (Name, Email) Volker Wulfmeyer, wulfmeye@uni -hohenheim.de

3) Scientific team (Name, Email ) Dietrich Althausen, IfT Andreas Behrendt, UHOH Andreas Fix, DLR Martin Ostermeyer, UP Andrea Riede, IfT Max Shiler, UHOH Gerd Wagner, UHOH Ulla Wandinger, IfT Martin Wirth, DLR 4) Institute University of Hohenheim (UHOH), Institute for Tropospheric Research (IfT), University of Potsdam (UP), DLR Oberpfaffenhofen

5) Intended measurement period (Jun – Aug 2007 or only part of this? GOP?) Jun – Aug 2007

6) Funding source (DFG and/or internal and/or other) DFG

7) Description of the instrument Type of instrument: Lidar Type of platform (ground-based or airborne?): Ground-based, van, 3-dimensional scanning Sensor manufacturer: Self-made Measured parameters: Water vapour number density, elastic backscatter signal @ 815 nm Information about calibration: Self-calibrating with known water vapour absorption cross section Safety considerations (e.g., non-eye-safe laser) Safety radar included Automatic/manual operation? Semi-automatic Continuous 24-hour operation or operation during certain periods intended? 24-hours intended, IOPs minimum Real-time or near-real-time data available for assimilation? (specify delay) Near-real-time data available for assimilation (water vapour number density, cloud base, PBL depth, more TBD), approximately 1-hour delay Limitations for performing measurements (e.g., certain atmospheric or meteorological conditions) Not during rain, cannot penetrate thick clouds

Synergy/co-location/coordination with other instruments: Supersite preferred: WV DIAL, Doppler lidar, radiometer, cloud radar, aerosol in-situ sensors

25 8) Short description of technique (optional)

Instrument's web page: http://www.uni-hohenheim.de/www120/Lidar/dial_system/dial_system.shtml Reference for description of the instrument: ** 9) For remote sensing instruments:

Range (start, end): 0.5 – 16 km

Scanning/fixed (e.g., vertical) 3D scanning

10) Data provided to the COPS data base with typical resolution, accuracy (absolute error) and precision (statistical uncertainty)

Level0 (e.g., raw data): lidar backscatter data

Level1 (e.g., meteorological parameters): Water vapor number density (horizontal pointing 1 s, 300 m, up to 16 km, Doppler corrected, < 5 %)

Level2 (e.g., synergetic data products): Water vapor mixing ratio, relative humidity, CAPE, CIN (with RR Lidar); Moisture convergence (with Doppler lidar)

11) Observing Strategy (if preference exists)

PPI and RHI scanning, vertical pointing; simultaneous scanning with RR Lidar and Doppler lidar

12) Scientific Objectives, COPS Working Groups relying on the instrument

CI: parameterization of convection and turbulence, cloud formation; 3D water vapor budget

26 13) Detailed logistical requirements for instrument deployment and operation:

Infrastructures/storage areas needed: Access with van Power supply (freq., voltage, power) –autonomy – necessary infrastructure (water, oil, etc...) : TBD Communication and data transmission needed : (data logger , data flow, rate etc...) : High-speed internet access would be very beneficial Data storage: Estimated amount of data for the COPS data base (including quicklook plots): 10 GB Staff (number of people) 2 - 3

3.2 Multi-Wavelength Lidar (MWL) of IfT

1) Instrument's name Multiwavelength lidar (MWL)

2) Principal investigator (Name, Email) Dietrich Althausen, [email protected]

3) Scientific team (Name, Email) Optical Remote Measurements, [email protected]

4) Institute Leibniz Institue for Tropospheric Research (IfT)

5) Intended measurement period (Jun – Aug 2007 or only part of this? GOP?) Jun-Aug 2007

6) Funding source (DFG and/or internal and/or other) required: DFG

27 7) Description of the instrument Type of instrument: scanning multiwavelength lidar

Type of platform (ground-based or airborne?): ground based, in a container

Sensor manufacturer: IfT

Measured parameters: vertical profiles of particle backscatter coefficient at 6 wavelengths, vertical profiles of particle extinction coefficient at 2 wavelengths, vertical profile of humidity and temperature

Information about calibration: none

Safety considerations (e.g., non-eye-safe laser) : not eye safe

Automatic/manual operation?: manual

Continuous 24-hour operation or operation during certain periods intended? Measurements of 24 hours are in principle possible, but operator should be at the system

Real-time or near-real-time data available for assimilation? (specify delay) : 1 day later

Limitations for performing measurements (e.g., certain atmospheric or meteorological conditions) : no rain

Synergy/co-location/coordination with other instruments: wind IFT wind lidar

8) Short description of technique (optional) Two seeded Nd:YAG lasers and two Titanium:Sapphire lasers emit light at wavelengths of 1064, 800, 710, 532, 400 and 355 nm with an overall power of twice 1.6 J and a repetition rate of 30 Hz. A 10-fold beam expander reduces the beam divergence to less than 0.1 mrad. The backscattered light is collected with a 53-cm Cassegrain telescope. A 14-channel receiver separates the elastically backscattered signals at the six laser wavelengths and the Raman signals of nitrogen at 387 and 607 nm and of water vapor at 660 nm by the use of dichroic beamsplitters and interference filters. A polarizer discriminates the parallel- and cross-polarized components of the 710-nm backscatter signal. Two pure rotational Raman signals of nitrogen are separated by a double-grating monochromator. All signals are detected with photomultiplier tubes and recorded in single-photon-counting mode or the photomultiplier is operated in current mode. From the detected signals, profiles of the backscatter coefficient at the six emitted wavelengths, of the depolarization ratio, as well as of the extinction coefficient and the lidar ratio at 355 and 532 nm are determined. Furthermore, profiles of water-vapor mixing ratio and temperature are derived. From these two quantities the relative humidity can be determined in the same scattering volume as the aerosol properties.

Instrument's web page: http://www.tropos.de/eng/PHYSICS/optical_remote/instruments/raman_container.html

Reference for description of the instrument: Althausen, D., Müller, D., Ansmann, A., Wandinger, U., Hube, H., Clauder, E. and Zörner, S. 2000. Scanning 6-wavelength 11-channel aerosol lidar. J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 17, 1469-1482

9) For remote sensing instruments:

Range (start, end): 0.5 – 50 km

Scanning/fixed (e.g., vertical) : Scanning

28 10) Data provided to the COPS data base with typical resolution, accuracy (absolute error) and precision (statistical uncertainty)

Level0 (e.g., raw data): qualitatively: temporal development of the aerosol layer structure in the atmosphere

Level1 (e.g., meteorological parameters): preliminary results: vertical profiles of particle backscatter coefficient at 6 wavelengths, vertical profiles of particle extinction coefficient at 2 wavelengths, vertical profile of humidity and temperature

Level2 (e.g., synergetic data products): quality assured data will be available after respective quality assurance efforts, and will certainly not be available at the end of the first funding period.

11) Observing Strategy (if preference exists) Measurements throughout the entire day (from sun rise to sun set) and even during the night to obtain aerosol, temperature and humidity profiles of highest quality.

12) Scientific Objectives, COPS Working Groups relying on the instrument WGII: Aerosol and cloud microphysics Influence of different aerosol characteristics on cloud formation, Orographic influence on PBL development and convective initiation, Influence of aerosols (optical depth) on the strength of PBL development (convective initiation)

29 13) Detailed logistical requirements for instrument deployment and operation:

Site requirements : scientific criteria (visibility/masks etc.) and technical constraints (size, access, nuisance factors for/of instrument, security/site surveillance, site maintenance...), (instrument collocation see 7): locat ion for 2 ship container with good scanning possibilities; it is preferred that the location is within an area with restricted access;

Infrastructures/storage areas needed: about 6 m 3

Power supply (freq., voltage, power) –autonomy – necessary infrastructure (water, oil, etc...) : 63 A Power Connector

Communication and data transmission needed : (data logger , data flow, rate etc...) : internet, phone

Data storage: Estimated amount of data for the COPS data base (including quicklook plots):

Staff (number of people) 4 persons

3.3 RR Lidar of University of Hohenheim

1) Instrument's name RRLIDAR (University of Hohenheim Rotational Raman Lidar)

2) Principal investigator (Name, Email) Andreas Behrendt, [email protected]

3) Scientific team (Name, Email) Marcus Radlach, [email protected] Volker Wulfmeyer, [email protected] Andrea Riede, [email protected]

4) Institute University of Hohenheim Institute of Physics and Meteorology

5) Intended measurement period (Jun – Aug 2007 or only part of this? GOP?) Jun – Aug 2007

6) Funding source (DFG and/or internal and/or other) DFG and internal

30 7) Description of the instrument Type of instrument: Lidar Type of platform (ground-based or airborne?): Ground-based, van, 3-dimensional scanning Sensor manufacturer: Self-made Measured parameters: Temperature (and derived parameters), particle backscatter coefficient @ 355 nm, particle extinction coefficient @ 355 nm, lidar ratio @ 355 nm, cloud base, aerosol optical extinction @ 355 nm Information about calibration: Temperature needs to be calibrated once Safety considerations (e.g., non-eye-safe laser) Eyesafe beyond ca. 300 m Automatic/manual operation? Semi-automatic Continuous 24-hour operation or operation during certain periods intended? 24-hours intended, IOPs minimum Real-time or near-real-time data available for assimilation? (specify delay) Near -real-time data available for assimilation (temperature, ABL depth, cloud base, more TBD), approximately 1- hour delay Limitations for performing measurements (e.g., certain atmospheric or meteorological conditions) Not during rain, cannot penetrate thick clouds Synergy/co-location/coordination with other instruments: Supersite preferred: WV DIAL, Doppler lidar, radiometer, cloud radar, aerosol in-situ sensors

8) Short description of technique (optional)

The RR Lidar transmits strong but eye-safe laser pulses of a wavelength of 355 nm and receives the signal backscattered from the atmosphere with a scanning telescope. The backscatter signal is detected with 3 channels (elastics and 2 rotational Raman (RR) channels) and stored time-resolved in range bins. The ratio of the two RR signals gives the temperature profile of the atmosphere. The aerosol particle parameters are derived with a combination of the elastic backscatter signal and the RR signals. The lidar works in both daytime and nighttime. Clouds decrease the signal intensities and therefore increase the statistical uncertain ties of the data (like for all lidar systems), the measured parameters however are bias-free independent of clouds and independent of a-priory assumption on the state of the atmosphere.

Instrument's web page: http://www.uni-hohenheim.de/www120/Lidar/lidar.shtml Reference for description of the instrument:

9) For remote sensing instruments:

Range (start, end): TBD (start: < 500 m range; raw data stored up to > 30 km range) Scanning/fixed (e.g., vertical) scanning

31 10) Data provided to the COPS data base with typical resolution, accuracy (absolute error) and precision (statistical uncertainty)

Level0 (e.g., raw data):

Level1 (e.g., meteorological parameters): Temperature (e.g., better 1 K for up to 2 km range and resolutions of 1 minute and 100 m), Particle Backscatter Coefficient, Particle Extinction Coefficient, ABL depth (< 10 m, 1 s), Cloud Base Height (< 10 m, 1 s), Cloud Boundaries (< 10 m, 1 s) Level2 (e.g., synergetic data products): Relative humidity, CAPE, CIN lidar ratio of aerosols

11) Observing Strategy (if preference exists) PPI and RHI scanning, vertical pointing; simultaneous scanning with water vapour DIAL and Doppler lidar investigate initiation of convection and development of clouds; investigate cloud development and properties depending on ambient aerosol particles

12) Scientific Objectives, COPS Working Groups relying on the instrument Measurement of 3D Temperature Field in the PBL and lower free troposphere (WG CI), measurement of aerosol particle optical properties (WG ACM)

32 13) Detailed logistical requirements for instrument deployment and operation:

Site requirements : scientific criteria (visibility/masks etc.) and technical constraints (size, access, nuisance factors for/of instrument, security/site surveillance, site maintenance...), (instrument collocation see 7): at heights > 3 m no obstructions in any direction; basement for ca. 8-t truck; if no power supply is provided, our generator can be used which, however, is quite noisy; system can be locked if no operation is performed

Infrastructures/storage areas needed: Access with van Power supply (freq., voltage, power) –autonomy – necessary infrastructure (water, oil, etc...) : ~ 20 kW, 32 A supply beneficial (otherwise also generator available which, however, is quite noisy) Communication and data transmission needed : (data logger , data flow, rate etc...) : High-speed internet access would be very beneficial Data storage: Estimated amount of data for the COPS data base (including quicklook plots): 10 GB Staff (number of people) 2 - 3

3.4 Raman Lidar BASIL

1) Instrument's name BASIL

2) Principal investigator (Name, Email) Paolo Di Girolamo, [email protected]

3) Scientific team (Name, Email ) Paolo Di Girolamo, [email protected] Donato Summa, [email protected] Domenico Sabatino, [email protected] 4) Institute Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Fisica dell'Ambiente (DIFA), Università degli Studi della Basilicata

5) Intended measurement period (Jun – Aug 2007 or only part of this? GOP?) Jun – Aug 2007

6) Funding source (DFG and/or internal and/or other) Internal sources + EUFAR (not confirmed)

33 7) Description of the instrument Type of instrument: Raman lidar

Type of platform (ground-based or airborne?): ground-based seatainer

Sensor manufacturer: DIFA

Measured parameters: particle backscatter at 355 and 532 nm particle extinction at 355 nm water vapour mixing ratio atmospheric temperature relative humidity lidar ratio at 355 nm particle depolarization at 355 nm

Information about calibration: calibration of water vapour measurements based on co-located radiosondes or MW radiometer measurements

Safety considerations (e.g., non-eye-safe laser): eye-safe laser

Automatic/manual operation? manual operation

Continuous 24-hour operation or operation during certain periods intended? Continous operation during IOPs, with down periods in between

Real-time or near-real-time data available for assimilation? (specify delay) near-real-time delivery of quality controlled data (1-3 h) Limitations for performing measurements (e.g., certain atmospheric or meteorological conditions) System is shut-down in case of precipitation Synergy/co-location/coordination with other instruments: BASIL will provide best benefit for the purposes of COPS if co-located and operated in coordination with the following sensors: Doppler lidar MW radiometer Cloud radar Precipation radar Radiosondes Sodar/Rass

8) Short description of technique (optional) particle backscatter at 355 and 532 nm determined from elastic lidar echoes at 355 and 532 nm particle extinction at 355 nm determined from N2 vibrational Raman lidar echoes water vapour mixing ratio determined from H2O and N2 vibrational Raman lidar echoes atmospheric temperature determined from pure-rotational Raman lidar echoes relative humidity from above mentioned lidar measurements of atmospheric temperature and mixing ratio lidar ratio at 355 nm from above mentioned lidar measurements of particle backscatter and extinction at 355 particle depolarization at 355 nm from parallel and cross-polarized elastic lidar echoes at 355 nm

Instrument's web page: None

Reference for description of the instrument:

Di Girolamo, P., Maestri, T., R. Rizzi, D. Summa, F. Romano, Synergetic application of a ground based-Raman lidar and an airborne spectrometer to study the evolution of a cirrus cloud , , 23 rd International Laser Radar Conference, Nara, Proceedings, Ed. Chikao Nagasawa and Nobuo Sugimoto, Volume II, 703-706, 2006, ISBN4- 9902916-0-3.

Di Girolamo, P., D. Summa, D. Sabatino, R. Ferretti, C. Faccani, Rotational Raman Lidar Mesurements for the Characterization of the Dry Stratospheric Intrusion Event, 23 rd International Laser Radar Conference, Nara,

34 Proceedings, Ed. Chikao Nagasawa and Nobuo Sugimoto, Volume II, 887-890, 2006, ISBN4-9902916-0-3.

Di Girolamo, P., D. Summa, D. Sabatino, UV Raman Lidar Mesurements of relative Humidity for the Characterization of Aerosol and Cloud Microphysical Properties, 23 rd International Laser Radar Conference, Nara, Proceedings, Ed. Chikao Nagasawa and Nobuo Sugimoto, Volume II, 891-892, 2006, ISBN4-9902916-0-3.

9) For remote sensing instruments:

Range (start, end): Based on 5 min integration time, night-time

0 km

Based on 5 min integration time, daytime

0 km

Scanning/fixed (e.g., vertical) vertically pointing only 10) Data provided to the COPS data base with typical resolution, accuracy (absolute error) and precision (statistical uncertainty)

Level0 (e.g., raw data): with ∆t=1 min, ∆z=30 m,

Level1 (e.g., meteorological parameters): with ∆t=5 min, ∆z=150 m, water vapour mixing ratio stat. error: day <5% up to 2 km, night <2% up to 2 km, <20% up to 6km temperature stat. error: day < 2 K up to 2 km, night <1 K up to 2 km, <2 K up to 7 km particle backscatter: day <10% up to 2 km, night <5 % up to 5 km, <10%up to 10 km particle extinction: day <20 % up to 2 km, night <10 % up to 5 km, <20 % up to 10 km

Level2 (e.g., synergetic data products):

35 11) Observing Strategy (if preference exists) to be defined in coordination with other instruments available in Rhine valley super-site

12) Scientific Objectives: Data assimilation into weather forecast models; Instrument intercomparisons; Process studies related to aerosol and cloud microphysics

COPS Working Groups relying on the instrument: Initiation of convection Aerosol and Cloud Microphysics Precipitation processes and life cycle Data Assimilation

13) Detailed logistical requirements for instrument deployment and operation:

Size of the instrument: 6x2.3xH2.4 m Area reqired to locate the instrument: 50 m 2 Access: must be guaranteed to an air-ride trailer incorporating a crane Security/site surveillance: required throughout the entire period (15 May-31 August 07) because of the presence of expensive instrumentation

Infrastructures/storage areas needed: Rest-rooms, Storage areas (3x2)m 2

Power supply (freq., voltage, power) –autonomy – necessary infrastructure (water, oil, etc...) : Power supply (freq.): 50 Hz Power supply (voltage): 220 Volt Power supply (power): 6000 VA (i.e. 4000 VA for laser source and 2000 VA for receiver/data acquisition system) Running water: 5-7 l/min

Communication and data transmission needed : (data logger , data flow, rate etc...) : ISDN or ADSL connection (4 M bandwidth)

Data storage: 250 GByte

Estimated amount of data for the COPS data base (including quicklook plots): 0.5 GB per day

Staff (number of people): 2 people on a continuous basis

36 3.5 IfT Wind Lidar (WiLi)

1) Instrument's name coherent Doppler wind lidar (WiLi)

2) Principal investigator (Name, Email) Ronny Engelmann, [email protected]

3) Scientific team (Name, Email) Optical Remote Measurements, [email protected]

4) Institute Institute for Tropospheric Research, IfT

5) Intended measurement period (Jun – Aug 2007 or only part of this? GOP?) Jun-Aug 2007

6) Funding source (DFG and/or internal and/or other) DFG

7) Description of the instrument Type of instrument: scanning coherent Doppler wind lidar

Type of platform (ground-based or airborne?): ground based

Sensor manufacturer: IfT

Measured parameters: vertical wind profile, vertical profile of horizontal wind

Information about calibration: none

Safety considerations (e.g., non-eye-safe laser) : none, laser is eye safe

Automatic/manual operation?: manual

Continuous 24-hour operation or operation during certain periods intended? Measurements of 24 hours are in principle possible, but operator should be within distance

Real-time or near-real-time data available for assimilation? (specify delay) : 1 hour if needed

Limitations for performing measurements (e.g., certain atmospheric or meteorological conditions) : presence of particles, droplets

Synergy/co-location/coordination with other instruments: MWL lidar (Althausen)

8) Short description of technique (optional) Transmitted laser radiation is shifted by the Doppler effect, due to backscattering at moving particles. This shift can be measured by heterodyne detection and the line-of-sight-velocity can be determined. The system has full 3D- scanning capabilities.

Instrument's web page: http://www.tropos.de/eng/PHYSICS/optical_remote/instruments/wili.html

Reference for description of the instrument:

9) For remote sensing instruments:

Range (start, end): 0.5 – 15 km (with presece of scatterers)

Scanning/fixed (e.g., vertical) : Scanning

10) Data provided to the COPS data base with typical resolution, accuracy (absolute error) and precision (statistical uncertainty)

Level0 (e.g., raw data): line–of-sight velocity, (max. distance 15 km, 75 m height intervals, temporal resolution <10 sec, accuracy < 10cm/s)

Level1 (e.g., meteorological parameters): vertical wind profile, vertical profile of horizontal wind

Level2 (e.g., synergetic data products): vertical aerosol / water vapor fluxes

11) Observing Strategy (if preference exists)

Continuous observations during PBL diurnal cycle

12) Scientific Objectives, COPS Working Groups relying on the instrument

AEROSOLS and CLOUDS

see MWL lidar form vertical aerosol fluxes throughout the PBL (up to cloud base, if cloud is present) vertical winds around clouds

38 13) Detailed logistical requirements for instrument deployment and operation:

Infrastructures/storage areas needed:

Power supply (freq., voltage, power) –autonomy – necessary infrastructure (water, oil, etc...) : 32 A Power Connector

Communication and data transmission needed : (data logger , data flow, rate etc...) :

Data storage: Estimated amount of data for the COPS data base (including quicklook plots):

Staff (number of people)

3.6 Doppler Lidar Wind Tracer of IMK

1) Instrument's name CLR Photonics Wind Tracer

2) Principal investigator (Name, Email) Dr. Andreas Wieser [email protected]

3) Scientific team (Name, Email ) Arbeitsgruppe Konvektive Systeme des Instituts für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung Karlsruhe Leitung: Dr. Ulrich Corsmeier

4) Institute Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung IMK-TRO Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH

5) Intended measurement period (Jun – Aug 2007 or only part of this? GOP?) complete period

6) Funding source (DFG and/or internal and/or other) DFG

39 7) Description of the instrument Type of instrument: Doppler Lidar Type of platform (ground-based or airborne?): ground-based Sensor manufacturer: CLR Photonics Measured parameters: radial wind velocity Information about calibration: not needed Safety considerations (e.g., non-eye-safe laser) none Automatic/manual operation? automatic Continuous 24-hour operation or operation during certain periods intended? continuous Real-time or near-real-time data available for assimilation? (specify delay) tbd Limitations for performing measurements (e.g., certain atmospheric or meteorological conditions) fog, clouds, heavy rain Synergy/co-location/coordination with other instruments: water vapor / temperature lidar, cloud radar

8) Short description of technique (optional)

Instrument's web page: http://www.imk.uni-karlsruhe.de/seite_2319.php Reference for description of the instrument:

9) For remote sensing instruments:

Range (start, end): 450 m, 10000 m, 100 range gates, Scanning/fixed (e.g., vertical) 2 axis scanner free programmable, up to 25 deg/s for azimuth and elevation

10) Data provided to the COPS data base with typical resolution, accuracy (absolute error) and precision (statistical uncertainty)

Level0 (e.g., raw data): binary data (available on demand)

Level1 (e.g., meteorological parameters): radial wind velocity, +- 0.6 m/s VAD -wind, depending on flow conditions

Level2 (e.g., synergetic data products): momentum, heat and moisture flux profiles

40 11) Observing Strategy (if preference exists) tbd

12) Scientific Objectives, COPS Working Groups relying on the instrument see DFG proposal

13) Detailed logistical requirements for instrument deployment and operation:

Site requirements : scientific criteria (visibility/masks etc.) and technical constraints (size, access, nuisance factors for/of instrument, security/site surveillance, site maintenance...), (instrument collocation see 7): 360 deg free sight within measurement range flat trafficable surface, accessible for lorries hedged area without public access preferred Infrastructures/storage areas needed:

Power supply (freq., voltage, power) –autonomy – necessary infrastructure (water, oil, etc...) : 230V AC 50 A Communication and data transmission needed : (data logger , data flow, rate etc...) : High speed Internet connection min 1 MBit up/download Data storage: Estimated amount of data for the COPS data base (including quicklook plots): 4GB / day Staff (number of people) 1-2

3.7 NERC 1.5-micron Doppler Lidar of University of Salford

41 1) Instrument's name UFAM 1.5 micron Doppler lidar system (University of Salford)

2) Principal investigator (Name, Email) Professor Chris Collier : [email protected]

3) Scientific team (Name, Email ) Dr Fay Davies : [email protected] Professor Chris Collier : [email protected] Andrew Barkwith : [email protected] 4) Institute University of Salford

5) Intended measurement period (Jun – Aug 2007 or only part of this?) 1st June 2007 – 31 st August 2007

6) Funding source (DFG and/or internal and/or other) Other – NCAS

7) Description of the instrument Type of instrument: Doppler lidar system

Type of platform (ground-based or airborne?): Ground based

Sensor manufacturer: HALO Photonics Ltd

Measured parameters: Radial wind speed, backscattered intensity, atmospheric backscatter

Information about calibration: Manufacturer performed calibration – no calibration required

Safety considerations (e.g., non-eye-safe laser) : Eye safe lidar system

Automatic/manual operation? Automatic if internet/LAN available

Continuous 24-hour operation or operation during certain periods intended? 24 – hour operation

Real-time or near-real-time data available for assimilation? (specify delay) System provides data in real- time but data will not be accessible for assimilation

Limitations for performing measurements (e.g., certain atmospheric or meteorological conditions) : Lidar beam scatters off aerosol within the atmosphere, therefore the amount of atmospheric aerosol determines the signal to noise of the system and lack of aerosol will reduce measurement range. Synergy/co-location/coordination with other instruments: Co-location with UFAM radiometer (University of Salford) is required.

8) Short description of technique (optional) The lidar transmits a short laser pulse and collects the backscattered signal from the illuminated aerosol targets along the path of the laser beam. The primary scatterers are small atmospheric aerosol particles whose diameters are within an order of magnitude of the lidar wavelength. At optical wavelengths, scattering within the lower atmosphere is primarily by particles with diameters less than 3 µm, which are sufficiently small to be advected by the wind and serve as an effective tracer of wind velocity. Accurate estimates of the radial component of the velocity (along the line of sight of the laser beam) are produced as a spatial average over the sensing volume of the transmitted pulse. For the UFAM/University of Salford 1.5 micron Doppler lidar system this sensing volume is a narrow pencil shaped volume approximately 10 cm in diameter (transverse to the beam direction) and 35 m long.

Instrument's web page: www.halo-photonics.com – this webpage has details regarding the instrument

42 Reference for description of the instrument: http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/117207.pdf

9) For remote sensing instruments:

Range (start, end): First measurement is 30 m along the lidar beam and the range resolution can be set between 30 – 60 m. The maximum range of the measurements is 7 km. The maximum range depends on the the amount of backscatter in the atmosphere. Generally measurements are available within the atmospheric boundary layer along with returns from clouds.

Scanning/fixed (e.g., vertical) : System capable of scanning and fixed beam operation.

10) Data provided to the COPS data base with typical resolution, accuracy (absolute error) and precision (statistical uncertainty)

Level0 (e.g., raw data): none

Level1 (e.g., meteorological parameters): Radial winds, backscattered intensity and atmospheric backscatter.

Level2 (e.g., synergetic data products): none

11) Observing Strategy (if preference exists)

Perform a PPI scan every 30 minutes/hour with fixed vertical beam measurements in between these scans.

12) Scientific Objectives, COPS Working Groups relying on the instrument

The University of Salford are part of the UK-COPS contingent whose scientific objectives are: What are the pathways for heat, mass, water vapour and aerosols to enter terrain-locked convective cells? How is the development of deep convection and precipitation over complex terrain influenced by the cloud/aerosol interaction? The consortium is split into work packages and the University of Salford are involved in determining the role of boundary layer convective elements in mixing aerosols into the free troposphere and the role of surface conditions on boundary layer turbulence and representation in the Unified Model.

43 13) Detailed logistical requirements for instrument deployment and operation:

The UFAM 1.5 micron Doppler lidar system will be situated in the University of Salford mobile laboratory (a Mercedes Sprinter van). The vehicle is 4.7 m long and 3 m high. Flat standing is required for the vehicle and a good field of view is required so that the lidar beam can be scanned at low elevation angles without any obstructions. The field site needs to be secure, at the minimum fenced with someone checking on instruments/equipment at least weekly. This will satisfy our University insurance.

Infrastructures/storage areas needed: LAN/Internet connection required. It would also be useful to store the transport containers that the lidar system will be brought to Germany in, this will provide more room in the mobile laboratory for personnel during setup of system. Power supply (freq., voltage, power) –autonomy – necessary infrastructure (water, oil, etc...) : 240 volt, 13 amp electricity supply is required for the mobile laboratory. Communication and data transmission needed : (data logger , data flow, rate etc...) : Internet/LAN connection. Data storage: Estimated amount of data for the COPS data base (in NetCDF format; including quicklook plots): The estimate for the data storage is 2GB for data files and 450 MB for quick look plots. Staff (number of people): 3 people will be used for setup and take down of the University of Salford equipment. The lidar system will then operate autonomously and staff will not be present for the duration of the field trial.

3.8 TReSS

Mini Raman lidar, sun photometer, IR radiometer, full-sky camera PI: Cyrille Flamant

3.9 Ceilometer of Météo France/CNRS

1) Instrument's name Ceilometer

2) Principal investigator (Name, Email) Grégoire PIGEON [email protected]

3) Scientific team (Name, Email ) CNRM/GMEI/4M

4) Institute GAME/CNRM (Météo France/CNRS)

44 5) Intended measurement period (Jun – Aug 2007 or only part of this? GOP?) 1st to 31 July 2007

6) Funding source (DFG and/or internal and/or other) COPS-France

7) Description of the instrument Type of instrument: CT25K Type of platform (ground-based or airborne?): Ground based Sensor manufacturer: VAISALA Measured parameters: Measure the height of cloud bases and the height of the atmosphéric boundary layer Information about calibration:

Limitations for performing measurements (e.g., certain atmospheric or meteorological conditions) atmospheric boundary layer Synergy/co-location/coordination with other instruments:

8) Short description of technique (optional)

Instrument's web page:

Reference for description of the instrument:

9) For remote sensing instruments:

Range (start, end): 0 to 2000 m

Scanning/fixed (e.g., vertical) : fixed, vertical

10) Data provided to the COPS data base with typical resolution, accuracy (absolute error) and precision (statistical uncertainty)

Level0 (e.g., raw data):

Level1 (e.g., meteorological parameters):

Level2 (e.g., synergetic data products):

11) Observing Strategy (if preference exists) operated continuously

12) Scientific Objectives, COPS Working Groups relying on the instrument COPS-France

46 13) Detailed logistical requirements for instrument deployment and operation:

Data storage: Estimated amount of data for the COPS data base (including quicklook plots):

Staff (number of people)

3.10 AMF Ceilometer and Micro-Pulse Lidar

4 Radars

4.1 POLDIRAD

1) Instrument's name POLDIRAD

2) Principal investigator (Name, Email) Martin Hagen, [email protected]

3) Scientific team (Name, Email ) Precipitation processes and life cycle

4) Institute DLR - IPA

5) Intended measurement period (Jun – Aug 2007 or only part of this? GOP?) June – August 2007

47 6) Funding source (DFG and/or internal and/or other) DFG and internal

7) Description of the instrument Type of instrument: C-band polarization Doppler weather radar Type of platform (ground-based or airborne?): Ground based remote sensing Sensor manufacturer: EEC, Sigmet, DLR, Gematronik Measured parameters: Reflectivity, Doppler velocity, spectral width, differential reflectivity, linear depolarization ratio, differential phase, correlation coefficient Information about calibration: Internal, sun Safety considerations (e.g., non-eye-safe laser) Electromagnetic radiation 250 m safety distance in beam center Automatic/manual operation? manual Continuous 24-hour operation or operation during certain periods intended? App. 12-24 hours/day, depending on weather situation Real-time or near-real-time data available for assimilation? (specify delay) Some minutes depending on scan strategy and data product / quicklook Limitations for performing measurements (e.g., certain atmospheric or meteorological conditions) Precipitation preferred, and clear-air observations Synergy/co-location/coordination with other instruments: Chain of MRR along Black Forest slope (luv and lee)

8) Short description of technique (optional)

Doppler weather radar with polarization diversity (any polarization for transmit and receive)

Instrument's web page: www.pa.op.dlr.de/poldi rad Reference for description of the instrument: Schroth, A.C., M.S. Chandra and P. Meischner, 1988: A C-band coherent polarimetric radar for propagation and cloud physics research. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 5, 803-822. 9) For remote sensing instruments:

Range (start, end): 0 – 300 km for surveillance measurements, 600 m resolution 0 – 120 km for polarization and Doppler measurements, 300 m resolution

Scanning/fixed (e.g., vertical) Surveillance scan: PPI at 1° elevation, 300 km rang e Volume scan, PPI at multiple elevations (1 – 20°) 120 km range Vertical cross -sections RHI in predefined directions (e.g. along MRR chain)

48 10) Data provided to the COPS data base with typical resolution, accuracy (absolute error) and precision (statistical uncertainty)

Level0 (e.g., raw data):

Level1 (e.g., meteorological parameters): Reflectivity, Doppler velocity, spectral width, differential reflectivity, linear depolarization ratio, differential phase, correlation coefficient

Level2 (e.g., synergetic data products):

11) Observing Strategy (if preference exists) c.f. # 9

12) Scientific Objectives, COPS Working Groups relying on the instrument

Mainly: WG Precipitation processes and life cycle (PPL)

Additionally: WG Initiation of convection (IC)

49 13) Detailed logistical requirements for instrument deployment and operation:

Proposed location: Strasbourg airport Site requirements : scientific criteria (visibility/masks etc.) and technical constraints (size, access, nuisance factors for/of instrument, security/site surveillance, site maintenance...), (instrument collocation see 7): 20 x 20 m² concrete surface for 3-4 sea containers, fenced, flat terrain with obstacles below 1° eleva tion Daily access necessary for radar operation

Infrastructures/storage areas needed: Power supply (freq., voltage, power) –autonomy – necessary infrastructure (water, oil, etc...) : 3 phase current, 400 V, several kW (to be specified later) Communication and data transmission needed : (data logger , data flow, rate etc...) : Fast internet access, telephone Data storage: Estimated amount of data for the COPS data base (including quicklook plots): App. 120 GByte Staff (number of people) 2 Scientists, 2 technicians

4.2 C-Band Radar of IMK

1) Instrument's name Meteor 360 C

2) Principal investigator (Name, Email) Jan Handwerker, [email protected]

Scientific team (Name, Email ) Jan Handwerker, [email protected]

4) Institute Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe/Universiät Karlsruhe

5) Intended measurement period (Jun – Aug 2007 or only part of this? GOP?) 1993-2013

6) Funding source (DFG and/or internal and/or other) internal

50 7) Description of the instrument Type of instrument: Precipitation Radar

Type of platform (ground-based or airborne?): Ground-based and fixed at IMK/FZK

Sensor manufacturer: Gematronik, Neuss, Germany

Measured parameters: regularly reflectivity and radial velocity, also most common radar variables, only on request

Information about calibration: none

Safety considerations (e.g., non-eye-safe laser) High Voltage, X-Rays, C-Band radiation

Automatic/manual operation? Automatic

Continuous 24-hour operation or operation during certain periods intended? Continuous

Real-time or near-real-time data available for assimilation? (specify delay) 5 min.

Limitations for performing measurements (e.g., certain atmospheric or meteorological conditions) power supply, maintenance, computer viruses

Synergy/co-location/coordination with other instruments: information for flight planning of aircraft

8) Short description of technique (optional)

Instrument's web page: http://www.imk.uni-karlsruhe.de/seite_1279.php

Reference for description of the instrument: http://www.imk.uni-karlsruhe.de/seite_1279.php

9) For remote sensing instruments:

Range (start, end): 250 m, 120 km

Scanning/fixed (e.g., vertical) scanning, 14 elevations from 0.4° to 30° in 5 min.

10) Data provided to the COPS data base with typical resolution, accuracy (absolute error) and precision (statistical uncertainty)

Level0 (e.g., raw data): none

Level1 (e.g., meteorological parameters): 14 elev. scans, 500 m radial, 1° azimuthal, reflectivity and radial velocity, polar coordinates

Level2 (e.g., synergetic data products): Surface rain intensity (500mx500m), MaxCappi (500mx500m), VVP profile

51 Observing Strategy (if preference exists)

12) Scientific Objectives, COPS Working Groups relying on the instrument Investigation of evolution of convective clouds (formation to dissipation phase) in high spatial and temporal resolution

COPS WGs: CI, PPL, GOP

13) Detailed logistical requirements for instrument deployment and operation:

The radar is located on the roof of the IMK building at FZK. All necessary infrastructure etc. is available.

Infrastructures/storage areas needed: available Power supply (freq., voltage, power) –autonomy – necessary infrastructure (water, oil, etc...) : available

Communication and data transmission needed : (data logger , data flow, rate etc...) : available Data storage: Estimated amount of data for the COPS data base (including quicklook plots):available

Staff (number of people): Jan Handwerker, Hermann Gysi, Klaus Beheng

4.3 Transportable Atmospheric Research Radar (TARA)

52 1) Instrument's name Transportable Atmospheric Research Radar

2) Principal investigator (Name, Email)

Herman Russchenberg, [email protected]

3) Scientific team (Name, Email )

4) Institute

Delft University of Technology

5) Intended measurement period (Jun – Aug 2007 or only part of this? GOP?)

Jun-aug 2007

6) Funding source (DFG and/or internal and/or other)

Propsosal submitted to Dutch Science Foundation

7) Description of the instrument Type of instrument: FM-CW 3 GHz radar

Type of platform (ground-based or airborne?): ground-based

Sensor manufacturer: own design

Measured parameters: Doppler spectrum, polarization properties, wind, turbulence, cloud/rain microphysics, boundary layer structure

Information about calibration: Internal noise calibration

Safety considerations (e.g., non-eye-safe laser) N.A.

Automatic/manual operation? Automatic. Manual for special measuements.

Continuous 24-hour operation or operation during certain periods intended? 24/7

Real-time or near-real-time data available for assimilation? (specify delay) No.

Limitations for performing measurements (e.g., certain atmospheric or meteorological conditions) N.A.

Synergy/co-location/coordination with other instruments: Synergy with high-frequency radar, lidar, radiometer.

53 8) Short description of technique (optional)

Instrument's web page:

Reference for description of the instrument:

9) For remote sensing instruments:

Range (start, end): 0 – 15 km

Scanning/fixed (e.g., vertical)

Fixed antennas, but with three looking directions

10) Data provided to the COPS data base with typical resolution, accuracy (absolute error) and precision (statistical uncertainty)

Level0 (e.g., raw data): 0.5 sec, 30 m, +/- 1 dB

Level1 (e.g., meteorological parameters):

Level2 (e.g., synergetic data products):

11) Observing Strategy (if preference exists) Preferred location: H - standard mode: vertically pointing - iop mode 1: antenna pointed away from zenith, comparison with scanning cloud radar - iop mode 2: point through the valley towards AMF

12) Scientific Objectives, COPS Working Groups relying on the instrument

See objectives of ACM group

54 13) Detailed logistical requirements for instrument deployment and operation:

Infrastructures/storage areas needed:

14 by 5 sm

Power supply (freq., voltage, power) –autonomy – necessary infrastructure (water, oil, etc...) :

220 V, 4 kW

Communication and data transmission needed : (data logger , data flow, rate etc...) :

ISDN internet should be sufficient

Data storage: Estimated amount of data for the COPS data base (including quicklook plots):

4 Gbyte/per day

Staff (number of people): tbd

4.4 UHOH X-Band Radar

1) Instrument's name UHOH X-Band Radar

2) Principal investigator (Name, Email) Andrea Riede, [email protected]

3) Scientific team (Name, Email ) Andreas Behrendt, [email protected] Volker Wulfmeyer, wulfmeye@uni -hohenheim.de

4) Institute University of Hohenheim Institute for Physics and Meteorology

5) Intended measurement period (Jun – Aug 2007 or only part of this? GOP?) Jun – Aug 2007

6) Funding source (DFG and/or internal and/or other) DFG

55 7) Description of the instrument Type of instrument: X-Band radar (3.2 cm wavelength) Type of platform (ground-based or airborne?): ground-based, van Sensor manufacturer: Self-made Measured parameters: Reflectivity, Doppler velocity and Doppler spectra Information about calibration: Reflectivity needs to be calibrated once Safety considerations (e.g., non-eye-safe laser) no restrictions Automatic/manual operation? Semi-automatic Continuous 24-hour operation or operation during certain periods intended? 24-hours intended, IOPs minimum Real-time or near-real-time data available for assimilation? (specify delay) Real-time data possible Limitations for performing measurements (e.g., certain atmospheric or meteorological conditions) No data available under clear-sky conditions Synergy/co-location/coordination with other instruments: Supersite preferred

8) Short description of technique (optional)

Instrument's web page:

Reference for description of the instrument: Bjorn Baschek, “Influence of Updrafts and Embedded Convection on the Microphysics of Riming”, PhD thesis ETH No. 15793

9) For remote sensing instruments:

Range (start, end): 50-10,000m Resolution: Time: 1 s Height: 50 m Velocity: 0.125 m/s Nyquist velocity: 32 m/s Scanning/fixed (e.g., vertical) Vertical

10) Data provided to the COPS data base with typical resolution, accuracy (absolute error) and precision (statistical uncertainty)

Level0 (e.g., raw data):

Level1 (e.g., meteorological parameters): Reflectivity, Doppler velocity and Doppler spectra Meteorological ground values, e.g. Temperature, wind speed, wind direction, etc.

Level2 (e.g., synergetic data products):

56 11) Observing Strategy (if preference exists)

Quasi continuous operation

12) Scientific Objectives, COPS Working Groups relying on the instrument

Measurement of precipitation microphysics and dynamics

13) Detailed logistical requirements for instrument deployment and operation:

Infrastructures/storage areas needed: Access with van Power supply (freq., voltage, power) –autonomy – necessary infrastructure (water, oil, etc...) : AC Voltage: 230 V, 16 A Communication and data transmission needed : (data logger , data flow, rate etc...) : High-speed internet access would be very beneficial Data storage: Estimated amount of data for the COPS data base (including quicklook plots): tbd, raw data: ~ 2 GB / h Staff (number of people) 1-2

4.5 Wind-Temperatur-Radar of IMK

57 1) Instrument's name Wind-Temperatur-Radar WTR

2) Principal investigator (Name, Email) [email protected]

3) Scientific team (Name, Email ) IMK-ASF Atmosphärische Spurenstoffe und Fernerkundung [email protected]

4) Institute Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung IMK

5) Intended measurement period (Jun – Aug 2007 or only part of this? GOP?) Jun – Aug 2007

6) Funding source (DFG and/or internal and/or other) DFG + internal

7) Description of the instrument Type of instrument: Remote sensing Radar Rass principle Type of platform (ground-based or airborne?): Ground based Sensor manufacturer: Prototype built by MPI Hamburg Dr. Peters Measured parameters: 3D Wind, Temperatur, w’, T’, Reflectivity Information about calibration:

Safety considerations (e.g., non-eye-safe laser) None , not to close to human houses because of the RASS Automatic/manual operation? automatic Continuous 24-hour operation or operation during certain periods intended? Continuous, 24h if necessary Real-time or near-real-time data available for assimilation? (specify delay) Near real time ~20 min delay Limitations for performing measurements (e.g., certain atmospheric or meteorological conditions) No limitation, except heavy rain for temperature measurements Synergy/co-location/coordination with other instruments: Raso with humidity profiles; cloud Radar comparison of vertical velocity, The temperature profiles of the WTR can complete the information of convective air bubbles and cloud formation.

8) Short description of technique (optional)

Instrument's web page: http://imk-msa.fzk.de/rass/index.htm Reference for description of the instrument: See www address above , publication list

58 9) For remote sensing instruments:

Range (start, end): 10m agl. , 3000m for wind, 1000m for temperature Scanning/fixed (e.g., vertical)

Fixed, 5 beams

10) Data provided to the COPS data base with typical resolution, accuracy (absolute error) and precision (statistical uncertainty) height ranges 60m; hor. wind 0.1m/s; vertical wind 0.05m/s temperature 0.1K Level0 (e.g., raw data): ------

Level1 (e.g., meteorological parameters): Wind Temperature 30min averages During GOP radial velocities 1min averages Level2 (e.g., synergetic data products):

11) Observing Strategy (if preference exists)

We are very flexible in adjusting averaging time, height spacing. We can run the WTR in a mode other researcher want.

12) Scientific Objectives, COPS Working Groups relying on the instrument

Initiation of convection. Wind field, temperature field at the beginning of strong convection or thunderstorms.

59 13) Detailed logistical requirements for instrument deployment and operation:

Site requirements: scientific criteria (visibility/masks etc.) and technical constraints (size, access, nuisance factors for/of instrument, security/site surveillance, site maintenance...), (instrument collocation see 7): The WTR (weight 24t) is mobile, pulled by a truck. Paved or gravelled road access is necessary. Measuring site must have a floor space of 15m diameter.

Infrastructures/storage areas needed: - Power supply (freq., voltage, power) –autonomy – necessary infrastructure (water, oil, etc...) : 220v 3x63a abgesichert Stromstärke pro Phase 20 A, Stromkabelanschluss mit CEKON Steckernorm CC563/6h 63A Communication and data transmission needed : (data logger , data flow, rate etc...) : None , we do have GSM modem. Data storage: Estimated amount of data for the COPS data base (including quicklook plots): In case of 1min data: 20Mb/day In case of 30min data 200Kb/day Staff (number of people) 1 -2

4.6 UHF Wind Profiler of Météo France/CNRS

1) Instrument's name UHF Wind Profiler

2) Principal investigator (Name, Email) Grégoire PIGEON [email protected]

3) Scientific team (Name, Email ) CNRM/GMEI/4M

4) Institute GAME-CNRM (METEO FRANCE, CNRS)

5) Intended measurement period (Jun – Aug 2007 or only part of this? GOP?) 1st to 31 July

6) Funding source (DFG and/or internal and/or other) COPS-FRANCE

60 7) Description of the instrument Type of instrument: DEGREWIND PCL1300 Type of platform (ground-based or airborne?): Ground based Sensor manufacturer: DEGREANE Measured parameters: Measure, in the atmospheric boundary layer, the vertical profile of the wind and estimate turbulence parameter Information about calibration:

Safety considerations (e.g., non-eye-safe laser) 220V special habilitation for maintenance (all member of 4M are habilited) Automatic/manual operation? automatic Continuous 24-hour operation or operation during certain periods intended? continous 24-hour operation Real-time or near-real-time data available for assimilation? (specify delay) real time for assimilation ; BUFR message Limitations for performing measurements (e.g., certain atmospheric or meteorological conditions) Rain conditions Synergy/co-location/coordination with other instruments: French super site, energy balance station, sodar, ceilometer, etc..

8) Short description of technique (optional)

The function of the 'wind profiler' is to measure the vertical profile of the wind. This is an automatic equipment that works on a continuous mode.

The proposed wind profiler is a pulsed Doppler RADAR. It uses as tracer the variations of the air's refractive index created by the turbulence. These wind borned variations backscatter part the transmitted energy. In the lower troposphere, the variations of the index of refraction are mainly determined by water vapour. The importance of these variations associated with the product P x A (average transmitted power x antenna surface) define the radar's maximum range.

The measurement of the Doppler associated to the moving turbulences furnishes the wind speed in the direction of the RADAR antenna's main lobe. A set of measurements in three different directions is necessary to reconstruct the three dimensional wind (calculation of projections U, V, W).

The wind profiler generates high powered pulses (at the vertical of the site and in two or four oblique directions determined by each RADAR beam) and receives echos backscattered by the clear air. After amplification, appropriate signal processing is used to determine the vertical wind profile.

Instrument's web page:

Reference for description of the instrument:

9) For remote sensing instruments:

Range (start, end): 500-5000 m

Scanning/fixed (e.g., vertical) : fixed, vertical profile

61 10) Data provided to the COPS data base with typical resolution, accuracy (absolute error) and precision (statistical uncertainty)

Level0 (e.g., raw data):

Level1 (e.g., meteorological parameters): wind speed and wind direction

Level2 (e.g., synergetic data products):

11) Observing Strategy (if preference exists) continuous operation from 1 st to 31 July

12) Scientific Objectives, COPS Working Groups relying on the instrument COPS France

62 13) Detailed logistical requirements for instrument deployment and operation:

Data storage: Estimated amount of data for the COPS data base (including quicklook plots): 100 Mo Staff (number of people) 1

4.7 Wind Profiler of University of Manchester

4.8 Cloud Radar MIRA-36 of University of Hamburg

1) Instrument's name Cloud Radar MIRA-36

2) Principal investigator (Name, Email) Gerhard Peters, [email protected]

3) Scientific team (Name, Email ) Alexandra Weiss, [email protected]

4) Institute Meteorological Institute, University Hamburg

5) Intended measurement period (Jun – Aug 2007 or only part of this? GOP?) Jun – Aug 2007

63 6) Funding source (DFG and/or internal and/or other) DFG internal, MPIMet

7) Description of the instrument Type of instrument: 36 Ghz, vertically pointing Cloud Radar, Doppler and Polarimetry Type of platform (ground-based or airborne?): ground based Sensor manufacturer: METEK GmbH Measured parameters: Z, LDR, first and second spectral moments Information about calibration: Radar calibration is continuously monitored by built-in test equipment Safety considerations (e.g., non-eye-safe laser) Application for “Standortbescheinigung” must be submitted to Bundesnetzagentur 2 months before start of operation. Automatic/manual operation? Automatic Continuous 24-hour operation or operation during certain periods intended? 24 h Real-time or near-real-time data available for assimilation? (specify delay) Real time, if sufficiently fast internet access available Limitations for performing measurements (e.g., certain atmospheric or meteorological conditions) Attenuation in severe rainfall. Synergy/co-location/coordination with other instruments: Backscatter LIDAR/Ceilometer, Microwave Radiometer

8) Short description of technique (optional)

Instrument's web page: www.metek.de

Reference for description of the instrument: Available on request from METEK

9) For remote sensing instruments:

Range (start, end): 200m to 15 km Scanning/fixed (e.g., vertical) fixed vertical

64 10) Data provided to the COPS data base with typical resolution, accuracy (absolute error) and precision (statistical uncertainty)

Level0 (e.g., raw data): Time res.10 s, Range res. 30 m. Z: Accuracy ±1 dB, precision 0.5 dB LDR: Accuracy ±2 dB, precision 1 dB 1. Moment: 0.01 m/s, precision 0.05 m/s 2. Moment: =.0.05 m/s, precision 0.1 m/s Level1 (e.g., meteorological parameters): Cloud tops: Accuracy 50 m, precision 30 m Cloud bases: a) No drizzle, same as cloud tops, b) drizzle, see level 2 Level2 (e.g., synergetic data products): Cloud base in case of drizzle should be estimated with LIDAR. LWC profile together with microwave radiometer. Accuracy unknown. Note: Level2 data will not be provided immediately to the COPS data base but will be generated in a subsequent analysis phase in collaboration with the corresponding working groups. 11) Observing Strategy (if preference exists) Continuous operation with simultaneous collocated ceilometer and MW radiometer measurements.

12) Scientific Objectives, COPS Working Groups relying on the instrument The observation of cloud structure and its microphysical characteristics with high temporal and spatial resolution is crucial for all 4 COPS working groups. The experiment provides a unique opportunity to advance synergetic algorithms for the quantitative retrieval of microphysical cloud parameters and to study in-cloud processes including precipitation generation.

65 13) Detailed logistical requirements for instrument deployment and operation:

The cloud radar is installed in a trailer and requires about 3x6 m space. Visibility in vertical cone with at least 10° aperture angle. There is no harmful radia tion level except on the beam axis in few meter distance over the radar. Nevertheless, the operation site and time must be presented to the Bundesnetzagentur and is subject to their permission.

Infrastructures/storage areas needed: n.a. Power supply (freq., voltage, power) –autonomy – necessary infrastructure (water, oil, etc...) : 230 V, 50Hz, 2 kVA Communication and data transmission needed : (data logger , data flow, rate etc...) : internet access Data storage: Estimated amount of data for the COPS data base (including quicklook plots): 24 GB (12 weeks) Staff (number of people) On site: 1-2 for installation (3 days), repair, dismantling

4.9 Cloud Radar MIRA36-S of IMK

1) Instrument's name MIRA36-S

2) Principal investigator (Name, Email) Jan Handwerker, [email protected]

Scientific team (Name, Email ) Jan Handwerker, [email protected]

4) Institute Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung, Universität Karlsruhe/Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe

5) Intended measurement period (Jun – Aug 2007 or only part of this? GOP?) -to be discussed-

6) Funding source (DFG and/or internal and/or other) internal

66 7) Description of the instrument Type of instrument: 35.5 GHz Cloud Radar, scanning

Type of platform (ground-based or airborne?): ground-based, mobil

Sensor manufacturer: Metek, Elmshorn, Germany

Measured parameters: reflectivity, Doppler velocity, Doppler width, LDR, spectrum

Information about calibration: none

Safety considerations (e.g., non-eye-safe laser): none

Automatic/manual operation? both possible

Continuous 24-hour operation or operation during certain periods intended? continuous

Real-time or near-real-time data available for assimilation? (specify delay) -to be discussed- 10 min. if needed

Limitations for performing measurements (e.g., certain atmospheri c or meteorological conditions): strong precip events because of considerable attenuation effects

Synergy/co-location/coordination with other instruments: Lidars at Hornisgrinde, C-Band Radar IMK/Karlsruhe

8) Short description of technique (optional)

Instrument's web page: http://www.imk.uni-karlsruhe.de/seite_2967.php

Reference for description of the instrument: http://www.imk.uni-karlsruhe.de/seite_2967.php

9) For remote sensing instruments:

Range (start, end): 400 m, 15 km

Scanning/fixed (e.g., vertical) scanning, all azimuths, -45° to 45° zenith angles

67 10) Data provided to the COPS data base with typical resolution, accuracy (absolute error) and precision (statistical uncertainty)

Level0 (e.g., raw data): none

Level1 (e.g., meteorological parameters): reflecitivity, Doppler velocity, Doppler width, LDR

Level2 (e.g., synergetic data products): VAD

Observing Strategy (if preference exists) to be coordinated with lidars

12) Scientific Objectives, COPS Working Groups relying on the instrument

Investigation of cloud structures in space and time

COPS WGs: CI, ACM, PPL

68 13) Detailed logistical requirements for instrument deployment and operation:

Site requirements : scientific criteria (visibility/masks etc.) and technical constraints (size, access, nuisance factors for/of instrument, security/site surveillance, site maintenance...), (instrument collocation see 7): free visibility from zenith down to 45°, no metalli c obstacles near location (meteorological towers, wind energy converters)

Infrastructures/storage areas needed: access by a vehicle, paved plane site

Power supply (freq., voltage, power) –autonomy – necessary infrastructure (water, oil, etc...) : 50 Hz, 3 phases, 230V/400/V, 5 kW

Communication and data transmission needed : (data logger , data flow, rate etc...) : Internet connection needed. 64 kb/s have proven do be sufficient

Data storage: Estimated amount of data for the COPS data base (including quicklook plots): 100 MB/day

Staff (number of people) Jan Handwerker, Klaus Beheng

4.10 Radar of University of Vienna

4.11 X-Band Radar of CNRS

4.12 K-Band Radar of CNRS

4.13 AMF Wind Profiler

4.14 AMF Cloud Radar

5 GPS Receivers

5.1 GPS Receivers of GFZ Potsdam

1) Instrument's name GPS

2) Principal investigator (Name, Email) Dr. Gerd Gendt, [email protected]

69 3) Scientific team (Name, Email ) Dr. Galina Dick, [email protected] Dr. Markus Ramatschi, [email protected]

4) Institute GFZ Potsdam

5) Intended measurement period a) GOP : all available GPS stations in the German network will be analysed (SAPOS, EUREF & GFZ networks) b) COPS, Jun – Aug 2007: GFZ will install 5 additional GPS stations 6) Funding source (DFG and/or internal and/or other) DFG and internal

7) Description of the instrument Type of instrument: GPS

Type of platform (ground-based or airborne?): ground-based

Sensor manufacturer: diverse

Measured parameters: Zenith Path Delay (from raw data analysis), convertible to water vapour content

Information about calibration: calibration free

Safety considerations (e.g., non-eye-safe laser): not applicable

Automatic/manual operation? automatic

Continuous 24-hour operation or operation during certain periods intended? continuous

Real-time or near-real-time data available for assimilation? (specify delay):about 1.5 h delay

Limitations for performing measurements (e.g., certain atmospheric or meteorological conditions): no limitations due to weather conditions

Synergy/co-location/coordination with other instruments: validations with radiosondes, water vapour radiometer and LIDAR

8) Short description of technique (optional)

Instrument's web page: http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/pb1/GASP/

Reference for description of the instrument: http://www.septentrio.com/

70 9) For remote sensing instruments:

Range (start, end):

Scanning/fixed (e.g., vertical)

10) Data provided to the COPS data base with typical resolution, accuracy (absolute error) and precision (statistical uncertainty)

Level0 (e.g., raw data): ZPD, 30 minutes time resolution, 5-10 mm, 5 mm

Level1 (e.g., meteorological parameters): IWV, 30 minutes time resolution, 1-2 mm, 1 mm

Level2 (e.g., synergetic data products):

11) Observing Strategy (if preference exists): not applicable

12) Scientific Objectives, COPS Working Groups relying on the instrument WG 1 (IC) WG 3 (PPL) WG 4 (DAP)

71 13) Detailed logistical requirements for instrument deployment and operation: Remark: the following is for 5b)

The GPS system consist of two main parts, the outdoor GPS antenna and the indoor GPS receiver and data collecting unit. The GPS antenna needs a clear view to the sky, obstacles with an elevation angle of 15° and above should be avoided. The GPS system must not be installed in direct neighbourhood of radio transmitting instruments.

The GPS antenna has a diameter of about 0.3m, mounted on a steel mast according to the needs. The indoor unit fits into a box of 0.5m box length. The system is operated remotely.

Infrastructures/storage areas needed: Some space for the indoor unit is needed in a distance of less than 30 m (antenna cable length).

Power supply (freq., voltage, power) –autonomy – necessary infrastructure (water, oil, etc...) : The system runs on 230V 50Hz, power dissipation is less then 100 W. Communication and data transmission needed : (data logger , data flow, rate etc...) : Remote control and data transmission via internet technology is physically based upon a standard phone line. The data rate of transmitted data is less then 1 Mbyte/day Data storage: Estimated amount of data for the COPS data base (including quick look plots): 10 GByte (including GOP products) Staff (number of people): 1

5.2 GPS Receivers of CNRS

6 Radiometers

6.1 Microwave Radiometer HATPRO

1) Instrument's name Microwave Radiometer HATPRO

2) Principal investigator (Name, Email) Susanne Crewell, [email protected]

3) Scientific team (Name, Email) Ulrich Löhnert, [email protected]

4) Institute Meteorological Institute, University of Cologne

5) Intended measurement period (Jun – Aug 2007 or only part of this? GOP?) GOP (April-Dec 2007) together with ARM mobile facility

72 6) Funding source (DFG and/or internal and/or other) DFG + internal

7) Description of the instrument Type of instrument: 14 channel microwave profiler with boundary layer scan possibility Type of platform (ground-based or airborne?): Ground-based Sensor manufacturer: Radiometer Physics GmbH, Meckenheim Measured parameters: Temperature profiles 0-6 km, 0.1 km vertical resolution in boundary layer Water vapour profiles 0-6 km, ~1 km vertical resolution Liquid water path (LWP) Information about calibration: Calibrated with liquid nitrogen every 3 month, automatic sky tipping and relative 4-point calibration Safety considerations (e.g., non-eye-safe laser) none Automatic/manual operation? Automatic operation Continuous 24-hour operation or operation during certain periods intended? continuous operation Real-time or near-real-time data available for assimilation? (specify delay) Real-time if internet connection available Limitations for performing measurements (e.g., certain atmospheric or meteorological conditions) data quality reduced in precipitating situations Synergy/co-location/coordination with other instruments: Arm Mobile Facility, most useful are cloud radar and lidar to apply synergistic algorithms (Löhnert et al., 2004)

8) Short description of technique (optional) Microwave emission by atmospheric components (water vapour, oxygen, cloud liquid) at 14 channels with 7 along the 22 GHz water vapour line, nd 7 channels along 60 GHz oxygen band. Cloud contribution increases roughly with frequency squared. Under the assumption of horizontal homogeneity elevation scans can be used to retrieve the temperature profile in the boundary layer with high vertical resolution

Instrument's web page: http://www.radiometer-physics.de/html/prod_radiometers.html#HATPRO

Reference for description of the instrument: Rose, T., S. Crewell, U. Löhnert and C. Simmer, A network suitable microwave radiometer for operational monitoring of the cloudy atmosphere, Atmos. Res., Special issue: CLIWA-NET: Observation and Modelling of Liquid Water Clouds, 75(3), Pages 183-200, doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2004.12.005 9) For remote sensing instruments:

Range (start, end): 0 m, 10000 m Vertical resolution: 100 m -1000 m: Accuray: Temperature 1-2 K, humidity ~ 1 g/kgm LWP ~15 gm -2

73 10) Data provided to the COPS data base with typical resolution, accuracy (absolute error) and precision (statistical uncertainty)

Level0 (e.g., raw data): Brightness temperatures at 14 frequencies every s, abs. error < 1 K, uncertainty < 0.3 K

Level1 (e.g., meteorological parameters): LWP, temperature and humidity profile (accuracies see above)

Level2 (e.g., synergetic data products): with cloud radar and lidar Profiles of temperature, humidity, liquid water content, effective radius, drizzle water content

11) Observing Strategy (if preference exists) Vertical pointing, elevation scans at periodic intervals, if financing for azimuth drive is secured azimuth scans will be performed periodocally

12) Scientific Objectives, COPS Working Groups relying on the instrument The measurements are contributing to WG1 “Initiation of Convection”, WG2 “Cloud microphysics”, WG3 “Precipitation process”

74 13) Detailed logistical requirements for instrument deployment and operation:

Infrastructures/storage areas needed: Radiometer should be placed on a plane (concrete) surface (about 2m 2) Data are transmitted to host computer via a 30 m cable. Host computer (laptop) should be placed in a sheltered environment with power supply for laptop Power supply (freq., voltage, power) –autonomy – necessary infrastructure (water, oil, etc...) : between 100 and 240 AC / 50-60 Hz power supply necessary. Warm-up power consumption (first 15 min) 350 W. After warm up power consumption is approx. 150 W. If dew blower is used maxima of 900 W can occur. Communication and data transmission needed : (data logger , data flow, rate etc...) : Data are transmitted from the on-board PC inside the radiometer to the host computer (laptop) and stored on hard disk. Data volume is about 20 MB/day.If possiblef the products will be transmitted to MIM via internet. Data storage: Estimated amount of data for the COPS data base (including quicklook plots): Maximum 1 GB per month

Staff (number of people) 2 people for setup, somebody for periodical maintenance checks Student help for data quality control

15) Comments/questions

Security: Radiometer should be placed in a secure/enclosed area Stability : site should be located on a stable area (concrete or roof of building) Visibility : at least in one direction should be a free view of about 1 km – no masks above 5° (ideally)

6.2 NERC 14 Channel Microwave Radiometer of University of Salford

1) Instrument's name UFAM 14 Channel Microwave Radiometer (University of Salford)

2) Principal investigator (Name, Email) Professor Chris Collier : [email protected]

3) Scientific team (Name, Email ) Dr Fay Davies : [email protected] Professor Chris Collier : [email protected] Andrew Barkwith : [email protected]

75 4) Institute University of Salford

5) Intended measurement period (Jun – Aug 2007 or only part of this?) 1st June 2007 – 31 st August 2007

6) Funding source (DFG and/or internal and/or other) Other – NCAS

7) Description of the instrument Type of instrument: Microwave Radiometer

Type of platform (ground-based or airborne?): Ground based

Sensor manufacturer: Radiometer Physics GmbH

Measured parameters: Measures tropospheric temperature up to 10 km, absolute and relative humidity up to 6 km, boundary layer temperature up to 2 km and also measures the liquid water path and integrated water vapour. Information about calibration: System calibrated using an external liquid nitrogen cooled target, this is performed approximately every 3 months, noise injection calibration which can be set, repeated at least once per day, gain calibration which is set every 10 minutes and sky tipping calibration, this will only be successful if the atmosphere has high transparency.

Safety considerations (e.g., non-eye-safe laser) : none

Automatic/manual operation? System will operate automatically, but it would be useful to be able to monitor the system from the UK, this requires a LAN connection

Continuous 24-hour operation or operation during certain periods intended? 24 – hour operation

Real-time or near-real-time data available for assimilation? (specify delay) System provides data in real- time but data will not be accessible for assimilation

Limitations for performing measurements (e.g., certain atmospheric or meteorological conditions) : none envisaged Synergy/co-location/coordination with other instruments: Co-location with UFAM Doppler lidar system (University of Salford) is required. 8) Short description of technique (optional) The RPG-HATPRO humidity and temperature profiling passive microwave radiometer measures a variety of atmospheric quantities with high temporal and spatial resolution. The radiometer supports two different scanning modes to achieve a maximum accuracy and vertical resolution for temperature profiling in the full troposphere (< 10 000 m, vertical resolution 150 – 250 m) and boundary layer (< 2000 m, vertical resolution 50 m). When operating in full troposphere mode, known as zenith mode, the radiometer measures the humidity profile (< 6000 m, vertical resolution 200 – 600 m), liquid water path (LWP) and integrated water vapour (IWV) aswell as the temperature profiles. In boundary layer mode the radiometer scans the sky in elevation to increase the amount of acquired information by sampling all channels in different directions to increase the vertical resolution and accuracy of the temperature profiles in the atmospher ic boundary layer. In zenith observation mode the radiometer only measures in the vertical direction while scanning the water vapour and oxygen lines. LWP, IWV and the absolute and relative humidity profiles are retrieved from the water vapour line, where the radiometer has 7 channels. The oxygen line also has 7 channels and is used for temperature profiling in the troposphere. Instrument's web page: http://www.ties.salford.ac.uk/people/keb/ufamradiometer.html

Reference for description of the instrument: http://www.radiometer-physics.de/html/RPG_home.html

76 9) For remote sensing instruments:

Range (start, end): Tropospheric temperature profiles : vertical resolution 150 – 250 m, maximum range 10 km ; tropospheric humidity profiles: vertical resolution 200 – 600 m, maximum range 6 km ; boundary layer temperature profiles : vertical resolution 50 m, maximum range 2 km.

Scanning/fixed (e.g., vertical) : The system performs zenith measurements for the liquid water path, integrated water vapour and tropospheric temperature and humidity measurements. For the boundary layer temperature measurements and sky tipping calibration the system scans from 5 to 90 degrees in elevation.

10) Data provided to the COPS data base with typical resolution, accuracy (absolute error) and precision (statistical uncertainty)

Level0 (e.g., raw data): water vapour line profiles, oxygen line profiles

Level1 (e.g., meteorological parameters): tropospheric temperature and humidity profiles, integrated water vapour, liqu id water path and boundary layer temperature profiles.

Level2 (e.g., synergetic data products): none

11) Observing Strategy (if preference exists)

Radiometer will make tropospheric temperature and humidity measurements along with higher resolution temperature boundary layer measurements. Typical measurement strategy is to operate with boundary layer temperature profiles being measured every 10-15 minutes with zenith pointing measurements at all other times.

12) Scientific Objectives, COPS Working Groups relying on the instrument

77 13) Detailed logistical requirements for instrument deployment and operation:

The UFAM Microwave Radiometer can be situated a maximum of 20 m away from the University of Salford mobile laboratory (a Mercedes Sprinter van), as a host pc is required for data storage. The vehicle is 4.7 m long and 3 m high. Flat standing is required for the vehicle and radiometer without obstruction in one direction so that the radiometer can scan at 5 degrees without obstruc tions for at least 1 kilometre. This scan is for the boundary layer temperature profiles and the tip curve calibration. The field site needs to be secure, at the minimum fenced with someone checking on instruments/equipment at least weekly. This will satisfy our University insurance. Radiometer size: 950 mm length x 360 mm width x 630 mm height Radiometer weight: 60 kg

Infrastructures/storage areas needed: LAN/internet connection, liquid nitrogen will be required for initial set up of radiometer. Approx. 25 litres. Also storage of radiometer box would be useful to free up space in mobile laboratory. Power supply (freq., voltage, power) –autonomy – necessary infrastructure (water, oil, etc...) : 240 volt, 13 amp electricity supply is required for the mobile laboratory. Communication and data transmission needed : (data logger , data flow, rate etc...) : LAN/Internet connection Data storage: Estimated amount of data for the COPS data base (in NetCDF format; including quicklook plots): 150 MB Staff (number of people): 3 people will be used for setup and take down of the University of Salford equipment. The radiometer will then operate autonomously and staff will not be present for the duration of the field trial.

14) Comments/questions

Can 25 litres of liquid nitrogen be delivered to the field site for calibration of the radiometer? Container can be supplied.

Radiometer data is provided in binary format. Can this be added to the COPS archive along with documentation to read this data instead of converting to NetCDF format?

6.3 ADvanced MIcrowave RAdiometer for Rain Identification (ADMIRARI)

1) Instrument's name ADMIRARI (ADvanced MIcrowave RAdiometer for Rain Identification)

2) Principal investigator (Name, Email) Dr. Alessandro Battaglia, [email protected]

3) Scientific team (Name, Email ) Prof. C. Simmer [email protected] Dr. Alessandro Battaglia, [email protected]

78 4) Institute Meteorologisches Institut der Universität Bonn, Auf dem Hügel 20, 53121 Bonn

5) Intended measurement period (Jun – Aug 2007 or only part of this?) GOP (Sept-Dec 2007) in Bonn COPS (Jun-Aug 2007)

6) Funding source (DFG and/or internal and/or other) Internal

7) Description of the instrument Type of instrument: 3 channel microwave radiometer with dual polarization at 10,21 and 37 GHz Scanning in elevation and azimuth Type of platform (ground-based or airborne?): ground-based Sensor manufacturer: Radiometer Physicy GmbH Measured parameters: TBs in V and H channels Calibration: Combination of Dicke switch (calibrates system noise temperatures) plus noise injection (corrects for gain drifts), noise diodes are calibrated by hot/cold calibration and skydips Safety considerations The instrument is moved in elevation and azimuth by a very powerfull positioner system. During operation one should keep a distance of at least 1 m from the system. Automatic/manual operation? Automatic operation Continuous 24-hour operation or operation during certain periods intended? Continuous 24-hour operation Real-time or near-real-time data available for assimilation? (specify delay) Real-time Limitations for performing measurements From the instrumental point of view the radiometers can be operated under any kind of environmental condition. Of course the presence of rain drops on the 10 GHz parabol antenna may affect the accuracy of retrievals. Synergy/co-location/coordination with other instruments: In Bonn with ceilometer, MRR,X-band radar during COPS ideally with rain radar

8) Short description of technique (optional) Microwave emission by atmospheric components (water vapour, cloud and rain liquid water) at the 3 channel wavelengths with polarization allow the retrieval of integrated water path, integrated cloud liquid water and integrated rain liquid water.

Instrument's web page: http://www.meteo.uni-bonn.de/mitarbeiter/battaglia/projects.html Reference for description of the instrument: ADMIRARI proposal available in the web-page

79 9) For remote sensing instruments:

Range (start, end): 0 m, 10000 m Scanning/fixed (e.g., vertical) Azimuth and zenith scanning capabilities

10) Data provided to the COPS data base with typical resolution, accuracy (absolute error) and precision (statistical uncertainty) 5 degrees beamwidth, absolute calibration better than 1K, radiometric noise better than 0.2 K rms, integration time 1s Level0 (e.g., raw data): Tbs at 10-22-37 GHz V and H polarization

Level1 (e.g., meteorological parameters): Integrated water vapour, integrated rain content, integrated cloud water content Level2 (e.g., synergetic data products): with rain and cloud radars profiles of rain and cloud water contents

11) Observing Strategy (if preference exists) elevation and azimuth scans mirroring scanning strategy from rain radar

80 13) Detailed logistical requirements for instrument deployment and operation:

Site requirements The radiometer and its positioner have a total weight of approx. 350 kg. It is therefore recommended to transport it on a trailor. The trailer should have 4 extractable feet to stabilize the trailer on the deployment platform for operation of the positioner. The ground should be firm (e.g. a concrete plate) platform with minimum size of 2 m x 3 m. Power consumption is less than 300 Watts. Protection of the hardware from unauthorized people is recommended. All radiometers are located on a single positioner so that a collocation of different units is not required.

Infrastructures/storage areas needed:

The radiometers and the positioner are controlled by a desktop PC. The site should provide a container or other building to deploy the PC and setup a monitor to observe the measured data. Storage area is needed for accessories like the external calibration target for absolute calibrations. Power requirements: 100 to 240 V/AC, 50 to 60 Hz Communication : It is advisable to use an Ethernet connection to the external PC in order to remote control the instrument. Data storage: About 400 MByte for a 3 month campaign

Staff (number of people) 2 people for setup, somebody for periodical maintenance checks Student help for data quality control

6.4 Microwave Radiometer of CNR

www.uni-hohenheim.de/cops/documents/Pappalardo_CNR_MWR.pdf

6.5 AMF Radiometers

7 Sodars

7.1 Sodars of IMK

1) Instrument's name Sodar (2 units)

2) Principal investigator (Name, Email)

Dr. Norbert Kalthoff, [email protected]

3) Scientific team (Name, Email )

Jürgen Lenfant, [email protected]

4) Institute

Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe/ Universität Karlsruhe

81 5) Intended measurement period (Jun – Aug 2007 or only part of this? GOP?)

Jun – Aug 2007

6) Funding source (DFG and/or internal and/or other)

DFG and internal

7) Description of the instrument Type of instrument: Sodar Type of platform (ground-based or airborne?): Ground based Sensor manufacturer:

Measured parameters: wi nd speed, wind direction Information about calibration: Calibrated by manufacture Safety considerations (e.g., non-eye-safe laser) None Automatic/manual operation? Automatic Continuous 24-hour operation or operation during certain periods intended? Continuous 24- hour Real-time or near-real-time data available for assimilation? (specify delay) No Limitations for performing measurements (e.g., certain atmospheric or meteorological conditions) No limits Synergy/co-location/coordination with other instruments: No

8) Short description of technique (optional)

Instrument's web page:

Reference for description of the instrument:

9) For remote sensing instruments:

Range (start, end):

Scanning/fixed (e.g., vertical)

82 10) Data provided to the COPS data base with typical resolution, accuracy (absolute error) and precision (statistical uncertainty)

Level0 (e.g., raw data):

Level1 (e.g., meteorological parameters):

Wind speed: 0-30m/s

Level2 (e.g., synergetic data products):

11) Observing Strategy (if preference exists)

Continuous measurements

12) Scientific Objectives, COPS Working Groups relying on the instrument

Initiation of convection

83 13) Detailed logistical requirements for instrument deployment and operation:

Infrastructures/storage areas needed:

Power supply (freq., voltage, power) –autonomy – necessary infrastructure (water, oil, etc...) : Power: 230V 50Hz Communication and data transmission needed : (data logger , data flow, rate etc...) :

Data storage: Estimated amount of data for the COPS data base (including quicklook plots): 1GB Staff (number of people) 4

7.2 Sodar of Météo France/CNRS

1) Instrument's name Sodar

2) Principal investigator (Name, Email) Grégoire PIGEON [email protected]

3) Scientific team (Name, Email ) CNRM/GMEI/4M

4) Institute GAME/CNRM (Météo France/CNRS)

5) Intended measurement period (Jun – Aug 2007 or only part of this? GOP?) 1st to 31 July 2007

6) Funding source (DFG and/or internal and/or other) COPS-France

84 7) Description of the instrument Type of instrument: REMTECH PA1 Type of platform (ground-based or airborne?): Ground based Sensor manufacturer: REMTECH Measured parameters: Measure wind speed and direction Information about calibration:

Limitations for performing measurements (e.g., certain atmospheric or meteorological conditions) atmospheric boundary layer Synergy/co-location/coordination with other instruments:

8) Short description of technique (optional)

Instrument's web page:

Reference for description of the instrument:

9) For remote sensing instruments:

Range (start, end): 25 to 500 m

Scanning/fixed (e.g., vertical) : fixed, vertical

85 10) Data provided to the COPS data base with typical resolution, accuracy (absolute error) and precision (statistical uncertainty)

Level0 (e.g., raw data):

Level1 (e.g., meteorological parameters):

Level2 (e.g., synergetic data products):

11) Observing Strategy (if preference exists) operated continuously

86 12) Scientific Objectives, COPS Working Groups relying on the instrument COPS-France

13) Detailed logistical requirements for instrument deployment and operation:

Data storage: Estimated amount of data for the COPS data base (including quicklook plots): 500 ko Staff (number of people)

7.3 Flat Array SODAR of University of Freiburg

1) Instrument's name Flat Array SODAR, Scintec FAS64

2) Principal investigator (Name, Email) Prof. Dr. H. Mayer, [email protected]

3) Scientific team (Name, Email ) Dr. Thomas Holst, [email protected] Dr. Jutta Rost, [email protected]

87 4) Institute Meteorological Institute, University of Freiburg (Germany)

5) Intended measurement period (Jun – Aug 2007 or only part of this? GOP?) Jun-Aug 2007

6) Funding source (DFG and/or internal and/or other) DFG and internal

7) Description of the instrument Type of instrument: Flat Array SODAR, Scintec FAS64 Type of platform (ground-based or airborne?): ground-based Sensor manufacturer: Scintec Atmosphärenmesstechnik AG, D-72072 Tübingen Measured parameters: Horizontal wind speed and direction, vertical wind speed and direction, standard deviation of all wind components Information about calibration: none Safety considerations (e.g., non-eye-safe laser): Ear protection necessary within 20 m distance Automatic/manual operation? Automatic operation, maintenance 1-2 per week Continuous 24-hour operation or operation during certain periods intended? Continuous 24-hour operation Real-time or near-real-time data available for assimilation? (specify delay) Delay usually 1-2 weeks Limitations for performing measurements (e.g., certain atmospheric or meteorological conditions) Low data quality during severe precipitation events and at sites with high environmental noise. Atmospheric turbulent temperatures structures or quasi-static density discontinuities necessary for measurements. Synergy/co-location/coordination with other instruments:

Preferred: coordination with measurements at the two ground-based sites near Tuttlingen run by the Meteorological Institute, University of Freiburg (Germany). 8) Short description of technique (optional)

Instrument's web page: http://www.scintec.com Reference for description of the instrument:

9) For remote sensing instruments:

Range (start, end): ca. 30 m agl to max. 1000 m agl, up to 100 vertical layer, thickness of layer 10 m to 250 m Scanning/fixed (e.g., vertical): vertical, emission/reception angles 0°, 22°, 29°

88 10) Data provided to the COPS data base with typical resolution, accuracy (absolute error) and precision (statistical uncertainty) typical resolution: 30 min average, up to 10 m vertical resolution accuracy according to User Manual: 0.1-0.3 m/s (horizontal wind speed), 0.03-0.1 m/s (vertical wind speed), 2-3° (wind direction) Level0 (e.g., raw data):

Level1 (e.g., meteorological parameters): Horizontal and vertical wind speed, wind direction

Level2 (e.g., synergetic data products):

11) Observing Strategy (if preference exists) preference: measurement of orographically influenced wind systems within and above a valley in the Swabian Jura mountain range in combination to the two ground-based sites near Tuttlingen run by the Meteorological Institute, University of Freiburg

12) Scientific Objectives, COPS Working Groups relying on the instrument preference: measurement of orographically influenced wind systems within and above a valley in the Swabian Jura mountain range in combination to the two ground-based sites near Tuttlingen run by the Meteorological Institute, University of Freiburg.

89 13) Detailed logistical requirements for instrument deployment and operation:

Site requirements : scientific criteria (visibility/masks etc.) and technical constraints (size, access, nuisance factors for/of instrument, security/site surveillance, site maintenance...), (instrument collocation see 7): low environmental noise, no fixed echoes; size: ca. 20 m², access needed: by car, maintenance: 1-2 per week Instrument emits strong audible sound pulses which may disturb others in the vicinity of the antenna during operation.

Infrastructures/storage areas needed: none Power supply (freq., voltage, power) –autonomy – necessary infrastructure (water, oil, etc...) : 50 Hz, 220V, ca 100W or 12V=, 7 A Communication and data transmission needed : (data logger , data flow, rate etc...) : none Data storage: Estimated amount of data for the COPS data base (including quicklook plots): Raw data: ca. 30 MB/day, data products <1 MB/day Staff (number of people) 1 for maintenance and data control

7.4 Sodar-RASS of University of Bayreuth

See « Ration and Turbulence Cluster of University of Bayreuth »

7.5 NERC Sodars

8 Networks

8.1 Radiation and Turbulence Cluster of University of Bayreuth

1) Instrument's name Radiation and Turbulence Cluster

2) Principal investigator (Name, Email)

Prof. Dr. Thomas Foken, [email protected]

3) Scientific team (Name, Email ) University of Bayreuth Department of Micrometeorology [email protected] 4) Institute University of Bayreuth Department of Micrometeorology

90 5) Intended measurement period (Jun – Aug 2007 or only part of this? GOP?) measuring period possible

6) Funding source (DFG and/or internal and/or other)

DFG

7) Description of the instrument Type of instrument: See 15. Type of platform (ground-based or airborne?): Ground based masts 3-10 m Sensor manufacturer: See 15 Measured parameters: All radiation components, momentum flux, sensible and latent heat flux, soil heat flux and soil moisture, wind -temperature-humidity profile Information about calibration: Sensor specific, see manuals Safety considerations (e.g., non-eye-safe laser) No operation within the mast area and in the scintilometer area Automatic/manual operation? automatic Continuous 24-hour operation or operation during certain periods intended? 24 hour operation Real-time or near-real-time data available for assimilation? (specify delay) near-real-time Limitations for performing measurements (e.g., certain atmospheric or meteorological conditions) rain Synergy/co-location/coordination with other instruments: Combination with one of the COPS station

8) Short description of technique (optional) see 15

Instrument's web page:

Reference for description of the instrument: Foken, Angew. Meteorologie, Springer 2003

9) For remote sensing instruments:

Range (start, end):

Scanning/fixed (e.g., vertical)

91 10) Data provided to the COPS data base with typical resolution, accuracy (absolute error) and precision (statistical uncertainty)

Level0 (e.g., raw data): no submission (20 Hz data)

Level1 (e.g., meteorological parameters): 1 min for radiation and other mean parameters, fluxes 5-30 min. accuracy see Foken, Angew. Meteorologie, Springer 2003

Level2 (e.g., synergetic data products): Footprints of the measurements

11) Observing Strategy (if preference exists)

Three stations as a cluster in an area which is large enough to generate convection, diameter about 2km, stations on the typical land use classes

12) Scientific Objectives, COPS Working Groups relying on the instrument

Radiation and energy balance parameters at the surface, which are relevant for the generation of convection, Important input parameters for models.

92 13) Detailed logistical requirements for instrument deployment and operation:

Site requirements : scientific criteria (visibility/masks etc.) and technical constraints (size, access, nuisance factors for/of instrument, security/site surveillance, site maintenance...), (instrument collocation see 7): flat site with three different land use classes, in the main wind direction about 200 m fetch

Infrastructures/storage areas needed:

Probably one measuring car for computers Power supply (freq., voltage, power) –autonomy – necessary infrastructure (water, oil, etc...) : 220 V, 10 A at the central point Communication and data transmission needed : (data logger , data flow, rate etc...) : Own technique. Data storage: Estimated amount of data for the COPS data base (including quicklook plots): 1-3 GB Staff (number of people)

1-4

Flux and radiation cluster (3 measuring sites)

Parameter/Instrument Main site (1) Site 2 Site 3 Sonic anemometer CSAT3 (Campbell) CSAT3 (Campbell) CSAT3 (Campbell) u,v,w,T s Temperature, T AIR150 (AIR) Humidity, q 7500 (LiCor) KH20 (Campbell) KH20 (Campbell) (Carbone dioxide), c CO2 7500 (LiCor) Long-wave radiation (up PIR (Eppley) CNR1 (Kipp&Zonen) CNR1 (Kipp&Zonen) and down) short-wave radiation (up CM 24 (Kipp&Zonen) CM 14 (Kipp&Zonen) CNR1 (Kipp&Zonen) and down) Surface temperature KT15 Soil temperature 5x Pt100 5x Pt100 5x Pt100 Soil moisture TRIME (IMCO) TRIME (IMCO) TRIME (IMCO) Soil heat flux RIMCO RIMCO RIMCO

Remark: the three stations can also operate separately Additional devices at the Main site (1)

Wind-temperature-humidity profile (0.25 – 12 m): Climatronics anemometer F160, Frankenberger-Psychrometer (Friedrichs) Sodar-RASS-System (in Kooperation mit MPI Mainz), METEK 2 Laser Scintillometer (Scintec)

93 Outsite the Cluster

Modified Bowen-ratio system (momentum, sensible and latent heat flux), Friedrichs/METEK, for details see: Liu, H., and Foken, T.: 2001, 'A modified Bowen ratio method to determine sensible and latent heat fluxes', Meteorol. Z. 10, 71- 80.

8.2 Energy balance station of Météo France/CNRS

1) Instrument's name CNRM Energy balance station

2) Principal investigator (Name, Email) Gregoire Pigeon – [email protected]

3) Scientific team (Name, Email ) CNRM/GMEI/4M

4) Institute GAME/CNRM (Meteo-France, CNRS)

5) Intended measurement period (Jun – Aug 2007 or only part of this? GOP?) 1st July – 31 July 2007

6) Funding source (DFG and/or internal and/or other) COPS-France

7) Description of the instrument Type of instrument: Energy balance, meteorological parameters stations and soil parameters Type of platform (ground-based or airborne?): Ground based Sensor manufacturer: Licor,Gill,Kipp et Zonen, Thetaprobe and others Measured parameters: Turbulent CO 2,H 2O, sensible heat fluxes, radiation fluxes (4 components: up and down for short- and long waves), ground heat flux, wind speed, air temperature, precipitation, humidity, soil moisture, soil temperature Information about calibration: Meteo-France reference for humidity and temperature. CO2 with gas reference. Calibration with gravimetric method for soil moisture. Manufacturer calibration for others Safety considerations (e.g., non-eye-safe laser) 220 V. Special habilitation for maintenance (all member of 4M team are habilited). Automatic/manual operation? Automatic. Daily Check Continuous 24-hour operation or operation during certain periods intended? Continous Real-time or near-real-time data available for assimilation? (specify delay) Data processing at day +1. Limitations for performing measurements (e.g., certain atmospheric or meteorological conditions) No CO2 and H2O fluxes during precipitations Synergy/co-location/coordination with other instruments: French super site, UHF, Sodar, Ceilometer, Lidar, MRR etc..

94 8) Short description of technique (optional) Eddy Covariance technique for CO2 H2O and Heat fluxes. Classical meteorological measurement for others

Instrument's web page:

Reference for description of the instrument:

9) For remote sensing instruments:

Range (start, end):

Scanning/fixed (e.g., vertical)

10) Data provided to the COPS data base with typical resolution, accuracy (absolute error) and precision (statistical uncertainty)

Level0 (e.g., raw data):

Level1 (e.g., meteorological parameters): Relative humidity 4% - Température 0.2°C (air) – Température 0.1°C (soil) - Pressure – 0.5 hPa – Latent, CO2 and heat fluxes 15% -Précipitations 10% of hourly accumulation- Radiatives fluxes 10% for daily total - Wind 0.3 m/s and 2° - Soil humidity : to be confirmed Level2 (e.g., synergetic data products):

11) Observing Strategy (if preference exists) Permanent measurement from 1 st July to 31 July

12) Scientific Objectives, COPS Working Groups relying on the instrument Energy balance group, COPS-France

95 13) Detailed logistical requirements for instrument deployment and operation:

Flat site – Regional reprensentativity – Daily access necessary

Infrastructures/storage areas needed: Small local for computers at a distance less than 100 m Power supply (freq., voltage, power) –autonomy – necessary infrastructure (water, oil, etc...) : 220 V - 300W Communication and data transmission needed : (data logger , data flow, rate etc...) : GSM supplied by Météo-France – Transmission to central site Data storage: Estimated amount of data for the COPS data base (including quicklook plots): 500 Ko /day Staff (number of people) 1

8.3 FZK Energy Balance Stations

1) Instrument's name Energy balance station (2 units)

2) Principal investigator (Name, Email)

Dr. Norbert Kalthoff, [email protected]

3) Scientific team (Name, Email )

Jürgen Lenfant, [email protected]

4) Institute

Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe/ Universität Karlsruhe

5) Intended measurement period (Jun – Aug 2007 or only part of this? GOP?)

Jun – Aug 2007

6) Funding source (DFG and/or internal and/or other)

DFG and internal

96 7) Description of the instrument Type of instrument: Energy balance station Type of platform (ground-based or airborne?): Ground based Sensor manufacturer:

Measured parameters: Temperature, wind velocity, precipitation, radiation, humidity, pressure, heat flux, dew point Information about calibration: Calibrated by IMK Safety considerations (e.g., non-eye-safe laser) None Automatic/manual operation? Automatic Continuous 24-hour operation or operation during certain periods intended? Continuous 24- hour Real-time or near-real-time data available for assimilation? (specify delay) No Limitations for performing measurements (e.g., certain atmospheric or meteorological conditions) No limits Synergy/co-location/coordination with other instruments: No

8) Short description of technique (optional)

Instrument's web page:

Reference for description of the instrument:

9) For remote sensing instruments:

Range (start, end):

Scanning/fixed (e.g., vertical)

10) Data provided to the COPS data base with typical resolution, accuracy (absolute error) and precision (statistical uncertainty)

Level0 (e.g., raw data):

Level1 (e.g., meteorological parameters):

Dew point: 2- 100%rF error <2% Lyman- Alpha: error <0,2% absolute humidity Shortwave incoming/ outgoing: 0- 1500W/m² ±5% Radiation incoming/ outgoing: 0- 1400W/m² ± 3% Soil radiation temperature: -25– 75°C ±1°C Soil heat flux: error ±5%

97 Pressure: 800- 1100hPa ±0,5hPa Temperature: Pt100 ±0,15K Humidity: 0- 100%rF±2%rF u- wind comp hori.: 0- 30m/s ±1% v- wind comp hori: 0- 30m/s ±1% w- wind comp vert.: 0- 10m/s ±1% Temperature: -10- 40°C ±1% Precipitation: “Tropfer”: max 2mm/min resolution 0,005mm ± 3% until 1,2mm/min compensator: max 14mm/min resolution 0,1mm ± 3% until 4mm/min

Level2 (e.g., synergetic data products):

11) Observing Strategy (if preference exists)

Continuous measurements

12) Scientific Objectives, COPS Working Groups relying on the instrument

Initiation of convection

98 13) Detailed logistical requirements for instrument deployment and operation:

Infrastructures/storage areas needed:

Data storage: Estimated amount of data for the COPS data base (including quicklook plots): 10GB Staff (number of people) 1

8.4 Surface Station Mesonet of University of München

1) Instrument's name Surface station mesonet (12-14 stations are available)

2) Principal investigator (Name, Email) Roger Smith, [email protected]

3) Scientific team (Name, Email ) [email protected]

4) Institute Meteorological Institute

5) Intended measurement period (Jun – Aug 2007 or only part of this? GOP?) Jun – Aug 2007

6) Funding source (DFG and/or internal and/or other) DFG

99 7) Description of the instrument Type of instrument: Automatic weather stations

Type of platform (ground-based or airborne?):

Sensor manufacturer:

Measured parameters: Surface pressure, wind speed, wind direction, temperature, humidity (2 min averages)

Information about calibration:

Safety considerations (e.g., non-eye-safe laser)

Automatic/manual operation?

Continuous 24-hour operation or operation during certain periods intended? Continuous

Real-time or near-real-time data available for assimilation? (specify delay) not real time

Limitations for performing measurements (e.g., certain atmospheric or meteorological conditions)

Synergy/co-location/coordination with other instruments:

8) Short description of technique (optional)

Instrument's web page:

Reference for description of the instrument:

9) For remote sensing instruments:

Range (start, end):

Scanning/fixed (e.g., vertical)

10) Data provided to the COPS data base with typical resolution, accuracy (absolute error) and precision (statistical uncertainty) 2 min data

Level0 (e.g., raw data):

Level1 (e.g., meteorological parameters): ps, T, Td, Wind speed and direction (3 m)

Level2 (e.g., synergetic data products):

100 11) Observing Strategy (if preference exists)

These 12-14 instruments are extremely useful for identifying outflow boundaries from precipitating convection.

12) Scientific Objectives, COPS Working Groups relying on the instrument

13) Detailed logistical requirements for instrument deployment and operation:

Infrastructures/storage areas needed:

Power supply (freq., voltage, power) –autonomy – necessary infrastructure (water, oil, etc...) :

Communication and data transmission needed : (data logger , data flow, rate etc...) :

Data storage: Estimated amount of data for the COPS data base (including quicklook plots):

Staff (number of people)

101 8.5 Surface Station Mesonet of University of Vienna

8.6 Surface Station Mesonet of NERC

8.7 Simple Soil Moisture Probes (SISOMOP)

1) Instrument's name SISOMOP (Simple Soil Moisture Probe, numerous units)

2) Principal investigator (Name, Email) Christian Hauck ([email protected])

3) Scientific team (Name, Email ) Franz Königer ([email protected])

4) Institute Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe

5) Intended measurement period (Jun – Aug 2007 or only part of this? GOP?) Jun – Aug 2007

6) Funding source (DFG and/or internal and/or other) DFG and internal

7) Description of the instrument Type of instrument: Frequency-domain reflectometry probe for soil moisture

Type of platform (ground-based or airborne?): ground-based

Sensor manufacturer: Soil Moisture Group, University of Karlsruhe

Measured parameters: signal counts per measurement period

Information about calibration: probes are individually calibrated for moisture content

Safety considerations (e.g., non-eye-safe laser): none

Automatic/manual operation? automatic

Continuous 24-hour operation or operation during certain periods intended? continuous

Real-time or near-real-time data available for assimilation? (specify delay) no

Limitations for performing measurements (e.g., certain atmospheric or meteorological conditions): none Synergy/co-location/coordination with other instruments: in combination with energy balance/turbulence stations

102 8) Short description of technique (optional) A simple soil moisture probe has been developed based on the ring oscillator principle. The transmission line in the feedback loop is etched on a printed circuit board which can be inserted in the material of interest. In combination with an onboard temperature sensor and a material specific calibration reliable long-term measurements of water content are achieved. Cost sensitive applications may profit from the simple and economical design. To calibrate this new type of moisture sensor a combined electrical and gravimetrical calibration procedure has been tested. It leads to a material-independent relation between the dielectric permittivity and the counts from the moisture probe. This allows on site water content measurements without knowledge of the tested soil. To enhance the quality of the water content determination a soil-specific calibration is required. The tested calibration procedure leads to a material-dependent calibration functions which fits very well with on site measurements. Instrument's web page: http://www.smg.uni-karlsruhe.de/index.php?id=79

Reference for description of the instrument: S. Schlaeger, Ch. Hübner, R. Becker, Simple soil moisture probe for low -cost measurement applications. Proceedings of the 6th Conference on "Electromagnetic Wave Interaction with Water and Moist Substances", ISEMA 2005, Weimar, Germany, May 29 - June 1, 2005.

9) For remote sensing instruments:

Range (start, end):

Scanning/fixed (e.g., vertical)

10) Data provided to the COPS data base with typical resolution, accuracy (absolute error) and precision (statistical uncertainty)

Level0 (e.g., raw data):

Level1 (e.g., meteorological parameters): time series of soil moisture at different depths, accuracy ca. 2 Vol.% , precision ca. 0.2%

Level2 (e.g., synergetic data products):

11) Observing Strategy (if preference exists) continuously at 7 different stations with 8 sensors each for determining the horizontal and vertical variability of soil moisture

103 12) Scientific Objectives, COPS Working Groups relying on the instrument Initiation of Convection

13) Detailed logistical requirements for instrument deployment and operation:

Site requirements : scientific criteria (visibility/masks etc.) and technical constraints (size, access, nuisance factors for/of instrument, security/site surveillance, site maintenance...), (instrument collocation see 7): in combination with energy balance/turbulence stations, cannot be used on hard surfaces (roads etc), accessibility for maintenance must be possible, otherwise no constraints

Infrastructures/storage areas needed: none

Power supply (freq., voltage, power) –autonomy – necessary infrastructure (water, oil, etc...) : none

Communication and data transmission needed : (data logger , data flow, rate etc...) : data logger

Data storage: Estimated amount of data for the COPS data base (including quicklook plots): 2MB

Staff (number of people): 3

8.8 Soil-Moisture Sensors of CNRS

8.9 Mikro-Meteorologie-Masts of IMK

1) Instrument's name MMM (Mikro-Meteorologie-Mast, 4 units)

2) Principal investigator (Name, Email)

Dr. Norbert Kalthoff, [email protected]

104 3) Scientific team (Name, Email )

Jürgen Lenfant, [email protected]

4) Institute

Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe/ Universität Karlsruhe

5) Intended measurement period (Jun – Aug 2007 or only part of this? GOP?)

Jun – Aug 2007

6) Funding source (DFG and/or internal and/or other)

DFG and internal

7) Description of the instrument Type of instrument: Mobil measurement tower Type of platform (ground-based or airborne?): Ground based Sensor manufacturer: GWU Measured parameters: Temperature, wind velocity , precipitation, humidity, pressure Information about calibration: Calibrated by manufacture Safety considerations (e.g., non-eye-safe laser) None Automatic/manual operation? Automatic Continuous 24-hour operation or operation during certain periods intended? Continuous 24- hour Real-time or near-real-time data available for assimilation? (specify delay) No Limitations for performing measurements (e.g., certain atmospheric or meteorological conditions) No limits Synergy/co-location/coordination with other instruments: No

8) Short description of technique (optional)

Instrument's web page:

Reference for description of the instrument:

105 9) For remote sensing instruments:

Range (start, end):

Scanning/fixed (e.g., vertical)

10) Data provided to the COPS data base with typical resolution, accuracy (absolute error) and precision (statistical uncertainty)

Level0 (e.g., raw data):

Level1 (e.g., meteorological parameters): u- wind comp hori.: 0- 30m/s ±1% v- wind comp hori: 0- 30m/s ±1% w- wind comp vert.: 0- 10m/s ±1% Temperature: -10- 40°C ±1% Temperature: -40°C- 70°C ±0,3K Humidity: 0-100%rF ±1,5%rF Precipitation: resolution: 0,01 mm ±1% until 25mm/h, ± 3% over 25mm/h Pressure: 600- 1100hPa ± 0,3hPa@ 20°C, ±1,0hPa tota l temperature range

Level2 (e.g., synergetic data products):

11) Observing Strategy (if preference exists)

Continuous measurements

12) Scientific Objectives, COPS Working Groups relying on the instrument

Initiation of convection

106 13) Detailed logistical requirements for instrument deployment and operation:

Infrastructures/storage areas needed:

Power supply (freq., voltage, power) –autonomy – necessary infrastructure (water, oil, etc...) : Power: autonomy Communication and data transmission needed : (data logger , data flow, rate etc...) :

Data storage: Estimated amount of data for the COPS data base (including quicklook plots):

Staff (number of people) 3

8.10 Turbulence Towers of IMK

1) Instrument's name Turbulence Tower (5 units)

2) Principal investigator (Name, Email)

Dr. Norbert Kalthoff, [email protected]

3) Scientific team (Name, Email )

Jürgen Lenfant, [email protected]

4) Institute

Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe/ Universität Karlsruhe

5) Intended measurement period (Jun – Aug 2007 or only part of this? GOP?)

Jun – Aug 2007

6) Funding source (DFG and/or internal and/or other)

DFG and internal

107 7) Description of the instrument Type of instrument: Turbulence tower Type of platform (ground-based or airborne?): Ground based Sensor manufacturer:

Measured parameters: Temperature, wind speed, wind direction, humidity Information about calibration: Calibrated by IMK Safety considerations (e.g., non-eye-safe laser) None Automatic/manual operation? Automatic Continuous 24-hour operation or operation during certain periods intended? Continuous 24- hour Real-time or near-real-time data available for assimilation? (specify delay) No Limitations for performing measurements (e.g., certain atmospheric or meteorological conditions) No limits Synergy/co-location/coordination with other instruments: No

8) Short description of technique (optional)

Instrument's web page:

Reference for description of the instrument:

9) For remote sensing instruments:

Range (start, end):

Scanning/fixed (e.g., vertical)

10) Data provided to the COPS data base with typical resolution, accuracy (absolute error) and precision (statistical uncertainty)

Level0 (e.g., raw data):

Level1 (e.g., meteorological parameters): u- wind comp hori.: 0- 30m/s ±1% v- wind comp hori: 0- 30m/s ±1% w- wind comp vert.: 0- 10m/s ±1% Temperature: -10- 40°C ±1% Dew point: 2-100%rF error <2% Temperature: Pt100 ±0,15K

108

Level2 (e.g., synergetic data products):

11) Observing Strategy (if preference exists)

Continuous measurements

12) Scientific Objectives, COPS Working Groups relying on the instrument

Initiation of convection

109 13) Detailed logistical requirements for instrument deployment and operation:

Infrastructures/storage areas needed:

Data storage: Estimated amount of data for the COPS data base (including quicklook plots): 10GB Staff (number of people) 4

8.11 Meteorological Towers of University of Leeds

8.12 AMF Instrumentation (not yet mentioned above)

8.13 Forestmeteorological Research Site Hartheim

1) Instrument's name Forestmeteorological research site Hartheim

2) Principal investigator (Name, Email) Prof. Dr. H. Mayer, [email protected]

3) Scientific team (Name, Email ) Dr. Thomas Holst, [email protected]

4) Institute Meteorological Institute, University of Freiburg (Germany)

5) Intended measurement period (Jun – Aug 2007 or only part of this? GOP?) GOP including Jun-Aug 2007

110 6) Funding source (DFG and/or internal and/or other) DFG and internal

7) Description of the instrument Type of instrument: Research site located in forest stands in the Rhine valley near Freiburg (47° 56’’ N , 7° 36’’ E) with a comprehensive set of instruments for meteorological research including two towers (30 m and 19 m). Type of platform (ground-based or airborne?): Ground-based Sensor manufacturer: Table 1: parameter manufacturer, sensor type of sensor accuracy according to to manufacturer air temperature Frankenberger type Pt-100 1/3 DIN B (0.1 °C) air humidity Frankenberger type Wet bulb Pt-100 (psychrometric) 1/3 DIN B (0.1 °C) soil temperatures Heraeus W-EYK Pt-100 1/3 DIN B (0.1 °C) wind velocity Vaisala WAA151 cup anemometer +/- 0.17 m/s wind components Campbell Sci. CSAT3 sonic anemometer -- u,v,w (20 Hz resolution) wind direction Vector Instr. W200P wind vane (potentiometer) +/- 3° incoming shortwave Kipp & Zonen CM21 thermopile < 3% radiation, reflected shortwave radiation incoming longwave Kipp & Zonen CG4 thermopile 3% radiation, outgoing longwave radiation incoming longwave Kipp & Zonen CG1 thermopile +/- 10% plus window- radiation, outgoing heating effect longwave radiation photosynthetically LI-COR LI-190 silicon photovoltaic detector ca. 5% active radiation precipitation Thies, OTT Ombrometer, pluviometer ca. 5%, -- throughfall Vaisala QMR102 tipping bucket with 10 m gutter -- soil moisture Campbell Sci. CS615 Time-Domain-Reflectometry (TDR) < 4% soil heat flux Hukseflux HFP01SC thermopile, self-calibrating +/- 3% soil heat flux Hukseflux HFP01 thermopile +/- 20% air pressure Vaisala PTB100A capacitive (BAROCAP) +/- 0.3 hPa concentration H 2O, LICOR LI-7500 open path IRGA -- CO 2 (20 Hz resolution) datalogger Campbell Sci. CR23X, -- -- CR21, CR5000

Measured parameters: See Table 1 and Fig. 1.

111

Fig. 1: Scheme of instrumentation for the measurement towers (30 m and 19 m high) available at the Hartheim measurement site run by the Meteorological Institute, University of Freiburg.

Information about calibration: All sensors used are checked for quality regularly. Within this proposal, funding for re-calibration of radiation sensors, air temperature and humidity sensors and cup anemometers will be requested. Safety considerations (e.g., non-eye-safe laser) none Automatic/manual operation? Automatic operation Continuous 24-hour operation or operation during certain periods intended? Continuous operation Real-time or near-real-time data available for assimilation? (specify delay) Delay (approx. 1 week) Limitations for performing measurements (e.g., certain atmospheric or meteorological conditions) None Synergy/co-location/coordination with other instruments: Co-location: Tethersonde system located at this site for atmospheric profiling. Coordination: sites well suited for additional instrumentation (distrometer, RASS, LIDAR, ....)

8) Short description of technique (optional)

Instrument's web page: http://www.mif.uni-freiburg.de/proj/Hartheim/Hartheim.pdf Reference for description of the instrument:

9) For remote sensing instruments:

Range (start, end):

Scanning/fixed (e.g., vertical)

112 10) Data provided to the COPS data base with typical resolution, accuracy (absolute error) and precision (statistical uncertainty) resolution of data products: 10 min values (except for stemflow measurements and 30 min for EC- measurements), EC raw data at 20 Hz resolution; accuracy depends on single instruments (see Table 1). Resolution prior to 2003: 1 hour values. Level0 (e.g., raw data): raw data EC-system (resolution 20 Hz, 1 GB/week) Level1 (e.g., meteorological parameters): Air temperatures and humidity (different level below/in/above canopy); Net radiation balance, shortwave radiation balance, longwave radiation balance (above canopy); Wind velocity (several levels below/in/above canopy), wind direction, wind components (u,v,w), momentum flux; Precipitation (above canopy), throughfall measurements, stemflow measurements (data resolution: sampling once per week); Latent and sensible heat fluxes; CO 2-Flux Soil temperatures (6 levels up to 40 cm depth), ground heat flux Soil moisture (TDR) Level2 (e.g., synergetic data products): Long-term data sets available (>20 yrs). Additionally, water balance modeling for the forest stand could be provided (i.e. evapotranspiration). 11) Observing Strategy (if preference exists)

12) Scientific Objectives, COPS Working Groups relying on the instrument Measurement of the energy balance (net radiation, latent and sensible heat flux, soil heat flux) at a homogeneous forest stand in the Rhine valley near Freiburg (located between the Vosges and Black Forest mountain ranges), determination of precipitation, throughfall and stemflow measurements, soil moisture measurements. Long-term data sets available (>20 yrs). Additionally, water balance modeling for the forest stand could be provided.

113 13) Detailed logistical requirements for instrument deployment and operation:

Site requirements : scientific criteria (visibility/masks etc.) and technical constraints (size, access, nuisance factors for/of instrument, security/site surveillance, site maintenance...), (instrument collocation see 7): none, but available for other groups within COPS: access road, site maintenance twice per week

Infrastructures/storage areas needed: None, but available for other working groups: hut (~7.5m²) and container (~ 10 m²), storage area, access to measurement towers (30 m and 19 m, platform dimension: 1.8 m x 1.2 m for 30 m tower, 2.5 m x 2.5 m for 19 m tower) Power supply (freq., voltage, power) –autonomy – necessary infrastructure (water, oil, etc...) : None, but power supply available for other working groups (380 V; 220V, 50 Hz) Communication and data transmission needed : (data logger , data flow, rate etc...) : None, but telephone line (analogue) available Data storage: Estimated amount of data for the COPS data base (including quicklook plots): Raw EC-Flux data: 1 GB/week Data products: ~ 10 MB/week

Staff (number of people) 2 for site maintenance and data retrieval (twice per week)

15) Comments/questions Sites are well suited for additional instrumentation (distrometer, RASS, LIDAR, scintillometer, …). Distance between both towers ca. 40 m.

8.14 Forestmeteorological research sites Tuttlingen

1) Instrument's name Forestmeteorological research sites Tuttlingen (2 sites on the opposite slopes of a valley)

2) Principal investigator (Name, Email) Prof. Dr. H. Mayer, [email protected]

3) Scientific team (Name, Email ) Dr. Thomas Holst, [email protected]

114 4) Institute Meteorological Institute, University of Freiburg (Germany)

5) Intended measurement period (Jun – Aug 2007 or only part of this? GOP?) GOP including Jun-Aug 2007

6) Funding source (DFG and/or internal and/or other) DFG and internal

7) Description of the instrument Type of instrument: Re search sites located in forest stands on the opposite slopes of a valley near Tuttlingen (Swabian Jura, 47° 59’’ N, 8° 45’’ E) with a comprehensive set of instruments for meteorological research including two 42 m towers. Type of platform (ground-based or airborne?): ground-based Sensor manufacturer: Table 1: parameter manufacturer, sensor type of sensor accuracy according to to manufacturer air temperature Vaisala HMP45D Pt-100 1/3 DIN B (0.1 °C) air humidity Vaisala HMP45D capacitive (HUMICAP) ca. 2% RH soil temperatures Heraeus W-EYK Pt-100 1/3 DIN B (0.1 °C) wind velocity Vaisala WAA151 cup anemometer +/- 0.17 m/s wind direction Vector Instr. W200P wind vane (potentiometer) +/- 3° UV-A, UV-B radiation Indium UV-AB-071 silicon photovoltaic detector < 10% incoming shortwave Kipp & Zonen CM21 thermopile < 3% radiation, reflected shortwave radiation incoming longwave Kipp & Zonen CG1 thermopile +/- 10% plus window- radiation, outgoing heating effect longwave radiation photosynthetically LI-COR LI-190 silicon photovoltaic detector ca. 5% active radiation precipitation Vaisala QMR102 tipping bucket -- throughfall Vaisala QMR102 tipping bucket with 10 m gutter -- soil moisture Campbell Sci. CS615 Time-Domain-Reflectometry (TDR) < 4% soil heat flux Hukseflux HFP01 thermopile +/- 20% air pressure Vaisala PTB100A capacitive (BAROCAP) +/- 0.3 hPa datalogger Campbell Sci. CR23X -- --

Measured parameters: Measurement towers (2)

Fig. 1: Scheme of instrumentation for the measurement towers (42 m high) available on each of the slopes at the Tuttlingen measurement sites run by the Meteorological Institute, University of Freiburg.

115 Meteorological stations (4)

Fig. 2: Scheme of instrumentation for the 4 meteorological stations available at the Tuttlingen measurement sites run by the Meteorological Institute, University of Freiburg. On each of the slopes, one of these stations is located within a dense forest site and one is located within a shelterwood felling (~50 % reduced stand density).

Additionally, throughfall measurements (resolution: 30 min) and stemflow measurements (sampling: 1 per week) are available at all 4 meteorological stations. Sensors for net radiation and soil heat flux plates are installed at 2 of the 4 meteorological stations only. Information about calibration: All sensors used are checked for quality regularly. Within this proposal, funding for re-calibration of radiation sensors, air temperature and humidity sensors and cup anemometers will be requested. Safety considerations (e.g., non-eye-safe laser) fall protections necessary when working on the towers Automatic/manual operation? Automatic operation Continuous 24-hour operation or operation during certain periods intended? Continuous operation Real-time or near-real-time data available for assimilation? (specify delay) Delay (approx. 1 week) Limitations for performing measurements (e.g., certain atmospheric or meteorological conditions) None (Snow during winter) Synergy/co-location/coordination with other instruments: Co-location: SODAR system located in the valley between these two towers for measuring of orographically induced winds. Coordination: sites well suited for additional instrumentation (distrometer, RASS, LIDAR,....)

8) Short description of technique (optional)

Instrument's web page:

Reference for description of the instrument:

9) For remote sensing instruments:

Range (start, end):

Scanning/fixed (e.g., vertical)

116 10) Data provided to the COPS data base with typical resolution, accuracy (absolute error) and precision (statistical uncertainty) resolution: 30 min values (except for stemflow measurements), accuracy depends on single instruments (see Table 1 at 7). Level0 (e.g., raw data):

Level1 (e.g., meteorological parameters): Air temperatures and humidity (different level below/in/above canopy); Net radiation balance, short-wave radiation balance, long-wave radiation balance (above/below canopy) Wind velocity (several levels below/in/above canopy), wind direction (top of each tower) Precipitation (above canopy), throughfall measurements, stemflow measurements (data resolution: sampling once per week) Soil temperatures (6 levels up to 40 cm depth), ground heat flux Soil moisture (TDR)

Level2 (e.g., synergetic data products): Results of water balance modeling for the stands available. 11) Observing Strategy (if preference exists)

12) Scientific Objectives, COPS Working Groups relying on the instrument Measurement of energy balance components (net radiation balance, soil heat flux) above two forested slopes in the Swabian Jura region, determination of soil moisture and soil heat flux within stands of different stand density, measurement of precipitation on the opposite slopes of a valley, modeling the water balance of forest stands (i.e. evapotr anspiration). Measurements started in 2000 (2001 for above canopy measurements).

117 13) Detailed logistical requirements for instrument deployment and operation:

Site requirements : scientific criteria (visibility/masks etc.) and technical constraints (size, access, nuisance factors for/of instrument, security/site surveillance, site maintenance...), (instrument collocation see 7): site located on two 25° slopes in dense beech fores ts (~30 m high), access road, site maintenance once per week

Infrastructures/storage areas needed: None, but available for other working groups: container (7.5m²) on each slope, access to measurement towers (platform 1.4 m x 1.4 m) Power supply (freq., voltage, power) –autonomy – necessary infrastructure (water, oil, etc...) : None, but power supply available for other working groups (380 V; 220V, 50 Hz, up to 10 kW) Communication and data transmission needed : (data logger , data flow, rate etc...) : none Data storage: Estimated amount of data for the COPS data base (including quicklook plots): < 10 MB per month Staff (number of people) 2 for site maintenance and data retrieval (one day per week)

15) Comments/questions

Sites are well suited for additional instrumentation (distrometer, RASS, LIDAR, szintillometer, …). Distance between both towers ca. 800 m (across the valley).

8.15 Micro Rain Radars of Univeryits of Hamburg

8.16 Micro Rain Radar of University of Vienna

8.17 High-Precision Precipitation Measurement Systems of University of Frankfurt

8.18 Network of DWD

8.19 Network of Meteo France

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8.20 Routine Observations of Landesamt für Umweltschutz Baden–Württemberg (LUBW)

100 precipitation measurement stations, with 35-40 stations with measure also humidity, pressure, temperature, wind, and solar radiation (not every parameter measured at every station); 2 soilmoisture stations; see http://www2.lfu.badenwuerttemberg. de/lfu/hvz/

9 Satellite Data Products

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