DOCSLIB.ORG

The Keys of Middle-Earth Also by Stuart Lee

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Keys of Middle-Earth Also by Stuart Lee The Keys of Middle-earth Also by Stuart Lee A COMPANION TO J. R. R. TOLKIEN Also by Elizabeth Solopova and Stuart Lee KEY CONCEPTS IN MEDIEVAL LITERATURE The Keys of Middle-earth Discovering Medieval Literature Through the FictionofJ.R.R.Tolkien 2nd edition Stuart Lee Reader, University of Oxford, UK Elizabeth Solopova Research Fellow, University of Oxford, UK © Stuart Lee and Elizabeth Solopova 2005, 2015 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 2nd edition 2015 978-1-137-45468-3 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First edition 2005 Second edition 2015 published by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-137-45469-0 ISBN 978-1-137-45470-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137454706 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lee, Stuart D. The keys of Middle-Earth : discovering medieval literature through the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien / Stuart Lee, Reader, University of Oxford, UK ; Elizabeth Solopova, Research Fellow, Oxford University, UK. — Second edition. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Tolkien, J. R. R. (John Ronald Reuel), 1892–1973—Criticism and interpretation. 2. Tolkien, J. R. R. (John Ronald Reuel), 1892–1973— Knowledge—Literature. 3. Literature, Medieval—Adaptations—History and criticism. 4. Fantasy fiction, English—History and criticism. 5. Literature, Medieval—Appreciation—England. 6. Middle Earth (Imaginary place) I. Solopova, Elizabeth. II. Title. PR6039.O32Z677 2015 823.912—dc23 2015013020 For Sarah, Erin, Michael, and Anastasia Contents Acknowledgements xii List of Abbreviations xiii 1 How to Use This Book 1 2 Introduction 2 2.1 Background 2 2.1.1 The aim of The Keys of Middle-earth 2 2.1.2 This is not a source book 3 2.1.3 Tolkien’s career 5 2.1.4 Tolkien’s fiction and medieval literature 10 2.1.5 Beyond medieval studies 14 2.2 Medieval literature and language: the basics 15 2.3 Specific medieval languages and literatures 21 2.3.1 Old English 21 2.3.2 Middle English 25 2.3.3 Old Norse 28 2.3.4 Gothic 30 2.3.5 Finnish 32 2.3.6 Celtic 35 2.4 Thematic and technical parallels 37 2.4.1 The theme of the quest 38 2.4.2 The epic 41 2.4.3 The runes 44 2.4.4 Alliterative verse and Tolkien’s verse 49 2.4.5 The names 60 2.4.6 Middle-earth and the medieval world 64 3 The Editions 68 4TheTexts 71 The Silmarillion 73 4.1 Túrin Turambar – the Kalevala, ‘The Cowbone Whistle’ (S, ‘Of Túrin Turambar’) 74 4.1.1 Plot summary 74 4.1.2 Medieval text: ‘The Cowbone Whistle’ from the Kalevala 74 4.1.3 Discussion 76 vii viii Contents 4.1.4 Canto/Runo 36 of the Kalevala, ‘The Cowbone Whistle’ 78 4.1.5 Notes 112 4.1.6 Further reading 112 4.2 Eärendil – Christ I, ll. 104–29 (S, ‘The Voyage of Eärendil’) 113 4.2.1 Plot summary 113 4.2.2 Medieval text: Christ I 113 4.2.3 Discussion 114 4.2.4 Christ I, ll. 104–29 116 4.2.5 Notes 120 4.2.6 Further reading 120 The Hobbit 121 4.3 Gandalf and the Dwarves – Vo˛luspá, stanzas 9–16 (TH,‘An Unexpected Party’) 122 4.3.1 Plot summary 122 4.3.2 Medieval text: Vo˛luspá, stanzas 9–16 122 4.3.3 Discussion 126 4.3.4 Vo˛luspá, stanzas 9–16 128 4.3.5 Notes 132 4.3.6 Further reading 134 4.4 Bilbo and Gollum’s Riddle-Game – Solomon and Saturn II, ll. 47–68 and 104–23; Vafþrúðnismál; and two Old English riddles (TH, ‘Riddles in the Dark’) 136 4.4.1 Plot summary 136 4.4.2a Medieval text 1: Solomon and Saturn II, ll. 47–68 and 104–23 136 4.4.2b Medieval text 2: Vafþrúðnismál 137 4.4.2c Medieval text 3: Two Old English riddles 139 4.4.3 Discussion 140 4.4.4a Solomon and Saturn II, ll. 47–68 and 104–23 144 4.4.4b Vafþrúðnismál 150 4.4.4c Two Old English riddles ‘Storm’ and ‘Moth’ 168 4.4.5a Notes for Solomon and Saturn II 170 4.4.5b Notes for Vafþrúðnismál 171 4.4.5c Notes for ‘Storm’ and ‘Moth’ 175 4.4.6 Further reading 177 4.5 Bilbo meets Smaug – Beowulf, ll. 2207–311 (TH, ‘Inside Information’) 178 4.5.1 Plot summary 178 4.5.2 Text: Beowulf, ll. 2207–311 178 4.5.3 Discussion 181 4.5.4 Beowulf, ll. 2207–311 186 4.5.5 Notes 192 4.5.6 Further reading 194 Contents ix The Lord of the Rings 197 4.6 The Elves at Rivendell – Sir Orfeo, ll.117–94 (FR,‘Many Meetings’; TH, ‘A Short Rest’ and ‘Flies and Spiders’) 199 4.6.1 Plot summary 199 4.6.2 Medieval text: Sir Orfeo, ll. 117–94 199 4.6.3 Discussion 201 4.6.4 Sir Orfeo, ll. 117–94 206 4.6.5 Notes 208 4.6.6 Further reading 208 4.7 Legolas’s ‘Lament of the Stones’ – The Ruin (FR, ‘The Ring Goes South’) 209 4.7.1 Plot summary 209 4.7.2 Medieval text: The Ruin 209 4.7.3 Discussion 210 4.7.4 The Ruin 214 4.7.5 Notes 218 4.7.6 Further reading 219 4.8 The Fight at Balin’s Tomb – The Fight at Finnsburg and ‘Cynewulf and Cyneheard’ (FR, ‘The Bridge of Khazad-Dûm’) 220 4.8.1 Plot summary 220 4.8.2a Medieval text: The Fight at Finnsburg 220 4.8.2b Medieval text: ‘Cynewulf and Cyneheard’ in The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 221 4.8.3 Discussion 223 4.8.4a The Fight at Finnsburg 228 4.8.4b ‘Cynewulf and Cyneheard’ in The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 232 4.8.5a Notes for The Fight at Finnsburg 236 4.8.5b Notes for ‘Cynewulf and Cyneheard’ 237 4.8.6 Further reading 239 4.9 The Crossing of the Nimrodel – Pearl, ll. 61–180 (FR, ‘Lothlórien’) 240 4.9.1 Plot summary 240 4.9.2 Medieval text: Pearl, ll. 61–180 240 4.9.3 Discussion 242 4.9.4 Pearl, ll. 61–180 244 4.9.5 Notes 252 4.9.6 Further reading 252 4.10 Boromir’s Death – Beowulf, ll. 26–52 (TT, ‘The Departure of Boromir’) 254 4.10.1 Plot summary 254 4.10.2 Medieval text: Beowulf, ll. 26–52 254 4.10.3 Discussion 254 4.10.4 Beowulf, ll. 26–52 258 4.10.5 Notes 260 x Contents 4.10.6 Further reading 260 4.11 Treebeard’s List – Maxims II (TT, ‘Treebeard’) 261 4.11.1 Plot summary 261 4.11.2 Medieval text: Maxims II 261 4.11.3 Discussion 261 4.11.4 Maxims II 266 4.11.5 Notes 270 4.11.6 Further reading 271 4.12 The Rohirrim – The Wanderer and Beowulf, ll. 306–70 (TT,‘The King of the Golden Hall’) 272 4.12.1 Plot summary 272 4.12.2a Medieval text 1: The Wanderer 272 4.12.2b Medieval text 2: Beowulf, ll. 306–70 272 4.12.3 Discussion 273 4.12.4a The Wanderer 282 4.12.4b Beowulf, ll. 306–70 288 4.12.5a Notes for The Wanderer 292 4.12.5b Notes for Beowulf, ll. 306–70 294 4.12.6 Further reading 295 4.13 The Battle of Pelennor Fields, the Death of Théoden, and the Arrival of the Mûmakil – The Battle of Maldon, ll. 111–84, Ælfric’s Homily on the Maccabees, ll. 499–519, and Jordanes, Getica, XXXVIII (197) – XLI (217) (RK, ‘The Battle of Pelennor Fields’) 296 4.13.1 Plot summary 296 4.13.2a Medieval text 1: The Battle of Maldon, ll. 111–84 296 4.13.2b Medieval text 2: Ælfric’s Homily on the Maccabees, ll. 499–519 297 4.13.2c Medieval text: Jordanes, Getica, XXXVIII (197) – XLI (217) 297 4.13.3 Discussion 300 4.13.4a The Battle of Maldon, ll.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mythlore Index Plus
    MYTHLORE INDEX PLUS MYTHLORE ISSUES 1–137 with Tolkien Journal Mythcon Conference Proceedings Mythopoeic Press Publications Compiled by Janet Brennan Croft and Edith Crowe 2020. This work, exclusive of the illustrations, is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/us/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. Tim Kirk’s illustrations are reproduced from early issues of Mythlore with his kind permission. Sarah Beach’s illustrations are reproduced from early issues of Mythlore with her kind permission. Copyright Sarah L. Beach 2007. MYTHLORE INDEX PLUS An Index to Selected Publications of The Mythopoeic Society MYTHLORE, ISSUES 1–137 TOLKIEN JOURNAL, ISSUES 1–18 MYTHOPOEIC PRESS PUBLICATIONS AND MYTHCON CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS COMPILED BY JANET BRENNAN CROFT AND EDITH CROWE Mythlore, January 1969 through Fall/Winter 2020, Issues 1–137, Volume 1.1 through 39.1 Tolkien Journal, Spring 1965 through 1976, Issues 1–18, Volume 1.1 through 5.4 Chad Walsh Reviews C.S. Lewis, The Masques of Amen House, Sayers on Holmes, The Pedant and the Shuffly, Tolkien on Film, The Travelling Rug, Past Watchful Dragons, The Intersection of Fantasy and Native America, Perilous and Fair, and Baptism of Fire Narnia Conference; Mythcon I, II, III, XVI, XXIII, and XXIX Table of Contents INTRODUCTION Janet Brennan Croft .....................................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • The Middle English "Pearl"
    University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects January 2014 Dreaming Of Masculinity: The iddM le English "Pearl" And The aM sculine Space Of New Jerusalem Kirby Lund Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/theses Recommended Citation Lund, Kirby, "Dreaming Of Masculinity: The iddM le English "Pearl" And The asM culine Space Of New Jerusalem" (2014). Theses and Dissertations. 1682. https://commons.und.edu/theses/1682 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DREAMING OF MASCULINITY: THE MIDDLE ENGLISH PEARL AND THE MASCULINE SPACE OF NEW JERUSALEM by Kirby A. Lund Bachelor of Arts, University of North Dakota, 2011 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of North Dakota in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Grand Forks, North Dakota December 2014 © 2014 Kirby Lund ii This thesis, submitted by Kirby Lund in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts from the University of North Dakota, has been read by the Faculty Advisory Committee under whom the work has been done and is hereby approved. ____________________________________ Michelle M. Sauer, Chairperson ____________________________________ Sheryl O’Donnell, Committee Member ____________________________________ Melissa Gjellstad, Committee Member This thesis is being submitted by the appointed advisory committee as having met all of the requirements of the School of Graduate Studies at the University of North Dakota and is hereby approved.
    [Show full text]
  • Other Hands Issue
    Issue 20 January 1998 ISSN: 1081-8359 The International Journal for Middle-earth Gaming I S S U E 20 FROM ENGLAND UNTO EGLAMAR 1 Other Hands ISSUE 20 JANUARY 1998 Editorial: In this Issue A Long-expected party Well folks, here we are at last: Other character and action that invoked and de- Editorial .................................... 2 Hands is five years old!!! Above all, it is a pended upon something more than the time to celebrate —to look back over half a mere mercenary motive that so dominated Digital Hands ............................ 4 decade of role playing in Middle-earth, and the scenarios in many FRP modules. From England unto to bend our gaze forward towards many As the years passed, this divergence grew Eglamar ................................... 5 fun and fulfilling years of gaming to come. into discontent. I needed some outlet for How did OtherHands come to be? Most of these ideas, but found none. In 1987 I ap- The Mystery of the Blessed you have probably read (or have read proached ICE as a prospective author, but Child ........................................ 9 about) the panel discussion and FRP semi- found that the format of the “Ready-to- nar that took place at the Tolkien Centen- Run” modules then in vogue did not permit Product Review ary Conference that inaugurated this en- the scale and geographical mobility my ad- Hands of the Healer .................... 22 deavor back in 1992. But the real story be- venture ideas demanded. Frustrated, I be- gins with my own twelve-year career as a gan sending out inquiries to various gaming Middle-earth gamemaster which preceded journals in hopes of finding one that would that gathering.
    [Show full text]
  • The Roots of Middle-Earth: William Morris's Influence Upon J. R. R. Tolkien
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 12-2007 The Roots of Middle-Earth: William Morris's Influence upon J. R. R. Tolkien Kelvin Lee Massey University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Literature in English, British Isles Commons Recommended Citation Massey, Kelvin Lee, "The Roots of Middle-Earth: William Morris's Influence upon J. R. R. olkien.T " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2007. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/238 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Kelvin Lee Massey entitled "The Roots of Middle-Earth: William Morris's Influence upon J. R. R. olkien.T " I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in English. David F. Goslee, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Thomas Heffernan, Michael Lofaro, Robert Bast Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Kelvin Lee Massey entitled “The Roots of Middle-earth: William Morris’s Influence upon J.
    [Show full text]
  • ARMIES of the HOBBIT Designer’S Commentary, February 2021
    ARMIES OF THE HOBBIT Designer’s Commentary, February 2021 The following commentary is intended to complement the A note on the Allies Matrix: We have had a few questions Armies of The Hobbit. It is presented as a series of questions asking us about the levels of alliance presented in the Allies and answers; the questions are based on ones that have Matrix; ‘should this army be Historical with this one?’, or been asked by players, and the answers are provided by the ‘why isn’t X Historical Allies with Y?’. rules writing team and explain how the rules are intended to be used. The commentaries help provide a default When we developed the Allies Matrix we spent a lot of time setting for your games, but players should always feel free working out timelines, deciding what timelines each Army to discuss the rules before a game, and change things as List represents, and cross referencing these to give the final they see fit if they both want to do so (changes like this are Allies Matrix. usually referred to as ‘house rules’). Historical Allies represent those that actually fought together, Our commentaries are updated regularly; when changes not just co-existed. So, for example, the reason that The are made, any changes from the previous version will be Fellowship are not Historical Allies with the Dead of highlighted in magenta. Where the stated update has a Dunharrow is simply because the Fellowship had been broken note, e.g. ‘Regional update’, this means it has had a local before the Dead were recruited by Aragorn, and so they did update, only in that language, to clarify a translation issue not fight alongside each other.
    [Show full text]
  • Middle-Earth: the Wizards Characters(Hero) Resources(Hero
    Middle-earth: The Wizards Card-list (484 cards) Sold in starters and boosters (no cards from other sets needed to play). A booster (15 cards, 36 boosters per display) holds 1 rare, 3 uncommons, and 11 commons. A starter holds a fixed set (at random), 3 rares, 9 uncommons, and 40 commons. R: rare; U: uncommon; CA1: once on general common sheet; CA2: twice on general common sheet; CB1: once on booster-only common sheet; CB2: twice on booster-only common sheet; F#: in # different fixed sets (out of 5). Look at the Fixed pack specs to see what cards are in in which fixed set. Characters (hero) Thorin II R Gwaihir R Risky Blow CA Thranduil F1 Halfling Stealth CB2 Roäc the Raven R Adrazar F1 Vôteli CB Halfling Strength CB2 Sacrifice of Form R Alatar F2 Vygavril R Hauberk of Bright Mail CA Sapling of the White Tree U Anborn U Wacho U Healing Herbs CA2 Scroll of Isildur U Annalena F2 Hiding R Secret Entrance R Aragorn II F1 Resources (hero) Hillmen U Secret Passage CA Arinmîr U A Chance Meeting CB Hobbits R Shadowfax R Arwen R A Friend or Three CB2 Horn of Anor CB Shield of Iron-bound Ash CA2 Balin U Align Palantir U Horses CA Skinbark R Bard Bowman F2 Anduin River CB2 Iron Hill Dwarves F1 Southrons R Barliman Butterbur U Anduril R Kindling of the Spirit CA Star-glass U Beorn F1 Army of the Dead R Knights of Dol Amroth U Stars U Beregond F1 Ash Mountains CB Lapse of Will U Stealth CA Beretar U Athelas U Leaflock U Sting U Bergil U Beautiful Gold Ring CA2 Lesser Ring U Stone of Erech R Bifur CB Beornings F1 Lordly Presence CB2 Sun U Bilbo R Bill
    [Show full text]
  • Collecting Tolkieniana at the Marquette University Archives
    [Slide 1] Title—One Fandom to Rule Them All: Collecting Tolkieniana at the Marquette University Archives. [Slide 2] Marquette University here in Milwaukee has a student population of roughly 8,000 undergraduates and 3,000 graduate students. Our Department of Special Collections and University Archives stands on three pillars: University Records, rare books, and manuscript collections. All three come together to form our department. [Slide 3] Among our manuscript collections, arguably the most notable is the J. R. R. Tolkien Collection. At the heart of this collection are the manuscripts that Marquette purchased from Professor Tolkien in 1957, some of which came into Marquette’s possession around that time; others arrived much later, sent by Tolkien’s son and literary executor, Christopher. This remarkably comprehensive collection of manuscripts documents the creation of four of Tolkien’s imaginary works: in order of their publication, The Hobbit, Farmer Giles of Ham, The Lord of the Rings, and Mr. Bliss. A question cries out here for an answer: Why is this collection at Marquette University? [Slide 4] The 30-seconds sound bite answer is because of the vision of this man – William B. Ready, pictured here in front of the then brand new Memorial Library on Marquette’s campus. In 1956 Marquette hired Ready from Stanford to be its library director and to stock this new library with books and manuscripts. Ready identified Tolkien as somebody whose manuscripts he wanted. He asked Tolkien if he would consider selling them to Marquette. Tolkien agreed. The sale was made. That’s it in a nutshell.
    [Show full text]
  • The Process of Salvation in <I>Pearl
    Volume 37 Number 1 Article 2 10-15-2018 The Process of Salvation in Pearl and The Great Divorce Amber Dunai Texas A&M University - Central Texas Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore Part of the English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Dunai, Amber (2018) "The Process of Salvation in Pearl and The Great Divorce," Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature: Vol. 37 : No. 1 , Article 2. Available at: https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol37/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Mythopoeic Society at SWOSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature by an authorized editor of SWOSU Digital Commons. An ADA compliant document is available upon request. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To join the Mythopoeic Society go to: http://www.mythsoc.org/join.htm Mythcon 51: A VIRTUAL “HALFLING” MYTHCON July 31 - August 1, 2021 (Saturday and Sunday) http://www.mythsoc.org/mythcon/mythcon-51.htm Mythcon 52: The Mythic, the Fantastic, and the Alien Albuquerque, New Mexico; July 29 - August 1, 2022 http://www.mythsoc.org/mythcon/mythcon-52.htm Abstract Analyzes the structural, aesthetic, and thematic parallels between C.S. Lewis’s The Great Divorce and the Middle English dream vision Pearl. By exploring the tension between worldly and heavenly conceptions of justice, value, and possession in The Great Divorce and Pearl, this study demonstrates Lewis’s skill at utilizing and updating medieval source material in order to respond to twentieth-century problems.
    [Show full text]
  • Nordic Roots in Tolkien's Writings Mr
    Nordic Roots in Tolkien's Writings Mr. Rayan Akbari & Dr. Sayyed Rahim Moosavinia Associate Professor of English Literature Faculty of Letters and Humanities Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz Ahwaz, Khuzestan, Iran Introduction The social cataloguing website, Goodreads, in accord with Amazon, ranks The Lord of the Rings as the third best-selling book of all time, and The Hobbit as the fourth. This statistic is also confirmed by Facebook's 2014 data analysis of over 130,000 accounts for finding the top 100 most popular books. Sophie Hinger believes that this success stems from Tolkien's different attitude towards his writing. She suggests that Tolkien has pictured "Middle-earth as a mythological version of Europe, rather than creating a new and separate world as many fantasy authors after him did" (3). Her view is perhaps shared by many of the scholars who are searching for the outside influences of Tolkien's works. So far, as different sources as Celtic, Anglo-Saxon, Viking, Old Norse, Finnish, Arthurian, and biblical have been suggested by scholars like Thomas, Atherton, Hinger, Birkett, Tarkka, and Carpenter. Yet, the Nordic side of the argument seems to be better recognized. Many articles and books have established their aim to find these Nordic references; still, none seems to consider Scandinavia as a concrete place. Therefore, articles on different aspects of the culture like the mythology, literature, and specific people, like Vikings, and Finnish are popular in Tolkien studies. The present paper, however, does not discriminate between the different aspects of the concept; therefore, words like Norse, Nordic, Icelandic, Northern, and Scandinavian have all been used by the researchers to refer to the same thing, meaning the culture and literature of the Northern Germanic people.
    [Show full text]
  • Tolkien's Women: the Medieval Modern in the Lord of the Rings
    Tolkien’s Women: The Medieval Modern in The Lord of the Rings Jon Michael Darga Tolkien’s Women: The Medieval Modern in The Lord of the Rings by Jon Michael Darga A thesis presented for the B.A. degree with Honors in The Department of English University of Michigan Winter 2014 © 2014 Jon Michael Darga For my cohort, for the support and for the laughter Acknowledgements My thanks go, first and foremost, to my advisor Andrea Zemgulys. She took a risk agreeing to work with a student she had never met on a book she had no academic experience in, and in doing so she gave me the opportunity of my undergraduate career. Andrea knew exactly when to provide her input and when it was best to prod and encourage me and then step out of the way; yet she was always there if I needed her, and every book that she recommended opened up a significant new argument that changed my thesis for the better. The independence and guidance she gave me has resulted in a project I am so, so proud of, and so grateful to her for. I feel so lucky to have had an advisor who could make me laugh while telling me how badly my thesis needed work, who didn’t judge me when I came to her sleep-deprived or couldn’t express myself, and who shared my passion through her willingness to join and guide me on this ride. Her constant encouragement kept me going. I also owe a distinct debt of gratitude to Gillian White, who led my cohort during the fall semester.
    [Show full text]
  • August 1, 2019 Mr. John Sargent, Chief Executive Officer Macmillan Publishers 120 Broadway Street New York, NY 10271
    50 E. Huron, Chicago, IL 60611 August 1, 2019 Mr. John Sargent, Chief Executive Officer Macmillan Publishers 120 Broadway Street New York, NY 10271 Dear Mr. Sargent, On behalf of the 9,000 members of the Public Library Association (PLA), our nation’s largest association for public library professionals, we are writing to object to and ask Macmillan Publishers to reconsider its plan to embargo new eBook titles for U.S. public libraries starting November 1. Under this new model, we understand a public library may purchase only a single copy of each new title in eBook format upon release, after which Macmillan will impose an eight-week embargo on additional eBook sales of that title. To public libraries and the millions of people who rely on them every day, Macmillan’s new policy is patently unacceptable. The central mission of libraries is to ensure equitable access to information for all people, regardless of format. Macmillan’s new eBook lending policy will limit access to new titles by the readers who depend most on libraries. In a recent interview, you likened this embargo to delaying release of paperback titles to maximize hardcover sales, but in that case public libraries are able to purchase and lend the books at the same time our readers are seeking them. Access to eBooks through public libraries should not be denied or delayed. PLA and its parent organization the American Library Association, will explore all possible avenues to ensure that libraries can do our jobs of providing access to information for all, without arbitrary limitations that undermine libraries’ ability to serve our communities.
    [Show full text]
  • Fall Conference
    NAIBA Fall Conference October 6 - October 8, 2018 Baltimore, MD CONTENTS NAIBA Board of Directors 1 NOTES Letters from NAIBA’s Presidents 2 REGISTRATION HOURS Benefits of NAIBA Membership 4 Schedule At A Glance 6 Constellation Foyer Detailed Conference Schedule 8 Saturday, October 6, Noon – 7:00pm Sunday, October 7, 7:30am – 7:00pm Exhibition Hall Map 23 Monday, October 8, 7:30am – 1:00pm Conference Exhibitors 24 Thank You to All Our Sponsors 34 Were You There? 37 EXHIBIT HALL HOURS Publishers Marketplace Sunday, October 7, 2:00pm – 6:00pm ON BEING PHOTOGRAPHED Participating in the NAIBA Fall Conference and entering any of its events indicates your agreement to be filmed or photographed for NAIBA’s purposes. NO CARTS /naiba During show hours, no hand carts or other similar wheeled naibabooksellers devices are allowed on the exhibit floor. @NAIBAbook #naiba CAN WE TALK? The NAIBA Board Members are happy to stop and discuss retail and association business with you. Board members will be wearing ribbons on their badges to help you spot them. Your input is vital to NAIBA’s continued growth and purpose. NAIBA BOARD OF DIRECTORS Todd Dickinson Trish Brown Karen Torres (Outgoing President) One More Page Hachette Book Group Aaron’s Books 2200 N. Westmoreland Street 1290 6th Ave. 35 East Main Street Arlington, VA 22213 New York, NY 10104 Lititz, PA 17543 Ph: 703-861-8326 212-364-1556 Ph: 717-627-1990 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Jenny Clines Stephanie Valdez Bill Reilly (Incoming Board member) (Outgoing Board member) (Incoming President) Politics & Prose 143 Seventh Ave.
    [Show full text]