DOCSLIB.ORG

Behavioural Changes in Free-Ranging Red Foxes (Vulpes Vulpes) Due to Sarcoptic Mange

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Behavioural Changes in Free-Ranging Red Foxes (Vulpes Vulpes) Due to Sarcoptic Mange Acta vet. scand. 1994, 35, 457-459. Brief Communication Behavioural Changes in Free-ranging Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) due to Sarcoptic Mange Sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptes scabiei var. observations) and inactive fixes are inter­ vulpes) reached Scandinavia in the mid-1970's preted as resting (e.g. by direct observations). and is mainly prevalent among red foxes As expected, an individual chi-square (Zx2) ta­ (Vulpes vulpes) (Borg 1987). In the labora­ ble-test indicate that healthy red foxes more tory, foxes succumb 2-4 months after being in­ than the mangy red foxes are regularly noc­ fested, and it is commonly thought that car­ turnal. Symptoms of scab on the skin (Todd riers in the wild exhibit an abnormal be­ et al. 1981) and clinical diagnosis with the as­ haviour and quickly die (Marner & Christens­ sistance of a veterinary surgeon were used to son 1984, Holt & Berg 1990). However, there verify mange infestation. is a lack of comparative data from free-rang­ Significance (p<0.001) and close to signifi­ ing animals to contribute to the ecology of the cance (p<0.10) were recorded for the 2 species in general the con­ healthy individuals on the basis of regular tent of the above selected references in partic­ roaming at night and resting during the day. In ular (e.g. Plowright 1988). Using telemetry comparison, the mangy individuals demon­ studies, I have compared the behaviour in strated no significant values, but seemed to winter of 2 mange infested and 2 healthy red have more irregular rhytms of inactive versus foxes. The work took place in 1987 and 1990 active behaviour (Table 1). Furthermore, the in a boreal area adjacent to farmland in cen­ mangy individuals lived in very small areas tral Norway (63°20'N10° 45'E). compared to healthy foxes and hence walked During February and March 1987, I radio­ short distances (except in 1 instance), and op­ tracked a male and a female red fox, both erated in habitats not considered normal for mange infested, and in February and March foxes; when captured for tagging, the infested 1990, 2 healthy females were radio-tracked in female had a scab about 2 cm in diameter at the same area. The individuals were tracked the base of her tail. The first 7 days after her once daily and were randomly monitored for release she showed regular nocturnal activity, periods of up to Sh (Kenward 1987). The ac­ mostly inside a 1 km2 area. However, she was tivity pattern of each animal was tested with inactive for the following 13 days except the respect to night and day, with the expectancy last 1 when, in the middle of the day, she that normal individuals would not diverge walked 6 km away from what until then had from a regular activity pattern, i.e. active at been the area she lived in, and was shot close night and resting in daytime (Table 1). Active to human settlement. The vixen seemed le­ fixes are interpreted as hunting (e.g. by direct thargic, her tail was hairless and her back had Acta vet. scand. vol. 35 no. 4 - 1994 458 K. Overskaug Table 1. Number of active and inactive telemetry fixes during day (07.00-19.00) and night (19.00-07.00) re­ spectively of 2 mangy and 2 healthy red foxes monitored during late winter. Date Fixes: Day Fixes: Night Fox: monitored day, month Active Inactive Active Inactive x' p *l 22.02-13.03.1987 5 5 14 8 0.115 0.50 *2 23.03-03.04.1987 0 3 7 5 3 15.02-15.03.1990 5 13 34 2 23.37 0.001 4 15.02-15.03.1990 10 8 38 11 3.14 0.10 *Mangy fox. a 7-8 cm diameter scab. The infested male had Under normal conditions, foxes require good scabs on a large area of his back. For the first cover, e.g. old forest (Burrows 1968, Weber week following his release he remained active 1985), this being practised by the 2 healthy inside a 1 km2 area. He gradually spent more foxes in this study, but not, according to my time resting in a nearby den, and died there observations, by the mangy female which at around 3 April. The 2 healthy foxes showed the end of her life roamed around in daytime regular nocturnal activity, leaving their day­ on open fields close to human settlement. This bed between dusk and dawn, and visiting most impression of atypical behaviour in mange­ of their home ranges of 3.5 km2 and 9.5 km2, infested foxes was strengthened by random respectively. sampling of 7 foxes in the study area, all of Red foxes are mainly nocturnal, following a which had mange and were shot during the 24h rhythm (Ables 1975, Artois 1985). This day near farms. was shown by the 2 healthy foxes in this study, It has been reported that red foxes can re­ but not the 2 infested ones which were inac­ cover from mange (Storm et al. 1976), but a tive for periods of several days. Furthermore, marked reduction in the Scandinavian red fox the area use of the 2 healthy foxes was within population during the late 1970s and 1980s in­ the values reported for red foxes elsewhere in dicates that the disease significantly reduces Scandinavia (Lindstrom 1982), whereas the the red fox population (Lindstrom et al. 1994). mangy individuals operated within very lim­ Furthermore mange has been reported in pro­ ited areas, which is not considered normal tected species like the mountain fox (Alopex under Nordic conditions. I suggest that the lagopus) and lynx (Lynx lynx), the red fox be­ reason for the irregular rhythm and reduced ing thought to be the vector (Bjiirvall & activity in the 2 infested individuals is reduced Lindstrom 1984). In Denmark, severe anxiety fitness as a result of mange. Long rest periods as to whether the red fox population will re­ may also accelerate other possible conse­ cover after mange has led to a vaccination quences of the disease, e.g. starvation and re­ programme for foxes (Steinar 1993). Because duced vigilance. The latter was observed dur­ of the drastic consequences the disease may ing the unexpected and hazardous daytime have for the red fox itself, and possibly also roaming of the infested female out of the area for species it interacts with, it may be worth she had inhabited, leading to her death by increasing research into the relationships to shooting. obtain more knowledge and enable active Acta vet. scand. vol. 35 no. 4 - 1994 Behavioural changes due to sarcoptic mange 459 management if this is deemed desirable. One Borg K: A review of wildlife diseases from Scandina­ contribution could be to study aspects of basic via. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 1987, 23, 527- 533. biology in individual, healthy and infested Burrows R: Wild Fox. Newton Abbot, Devon. 1968, free-living animals. 203 pp. Despite some weaknesses, e.g. few animals Holt G, Berg C: Sarcoptesskabb hos r¢drev og andre and tracking in different years, the results of viltlevende rovdyr i Norge (Sarcoptic mange in this study support the assumptions of Marner red fox and other wild carnivores in Norway). Norsk Veterimertidsskrift. 1990, 102, 427-432. & Christensson (1984) that infested foxes ex­ Kenward R: Wildlife Radio Tagging. Equipment, perience particular difficulties in finding food, Field Techniques and Data Analysis. Biological in this case during long rest periods within Techniques series. 1987, 203 pp. limited areas lacking access to food. As Holt Lindstrom E: Population ecology of the Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes L.) in relation to food supply. & Berg (1990) supposed, it also seems that in­ Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Stockholm Sweden. 1982, fested individuals may deviate from a normal 150pp. nocturnal life in dense habitats - resulting in Lindstrom ER, Andr'en H, Angelstam P, Cederlund daytime exposure near humans. G, Hornfeldt B, Jiiderberg L, Lemnell PA, Mar­ tinsson B, Skold, K, Swenson J E: Disease reveals Acknowledgements the predator: sarcoptic mange, red fox predation, I thank the veterinary surgeon, M. Fj¢lstad, for help­ and prey populations. Ecology, 1994, 75, 1042- ing to diagnose mange and for valuable discussions 1049. on the topic, and E. R¢skaft and 2 anonymous refer­ Marner T, Christensson D: Experimental infection of ees for valuable comments on the manuscript. The red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) with Sarcoptes scabiei Environmental Division of the County Office in var. vulpes. Veterinary Parasitol. 1984, 15, 159- South Tr¢ndelag County and the Sch¢yen Trust at 164. the University of Trondheim - Norway provided fi­ Plowright W- Research on wildlife diseases: is a reap­ nancial support. praisal necessary? Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz. 1988, 7, 783-795. Steinar M: (Request to hunters: livetrap and disin­ Kristian Overskaug fect a red fox!) Opfordring ti! Jcegerne fra DMU: Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (Tunas­ Fang og vask en rcev! Jceger, 1993, 4, 32-33. letta, 7005) Trondheim, Norway. Storm GL, Andrews RD, Phillips RL, Bishop RA, Siniff DB, Tester JR: Morphology, reproduction, References dispersal, and mortality of Midwestern red fox Ables ED: Ecology of the red fox in America. The populations. Wildlife Monographs, 1976, 49, 82 wild canids; their systematics, behavioral ecology pp. and evolution. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New Todd AW, Gunson JR, Samuel WM: Sarcoptic York, N.Y. 1975, 216-236. mange: an important disease of coyotes and Artois M: Use of space and time in the red fox wolves of Alberta, Canada. In Proc. First World­ (Vulpes vulpes) and the wild cat (Felis silvestris) wide Furbearer Conf., J.A.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Wildlife; Threatened and Endangered Species
    2009 SNF Monitoring and Evaluation Report Wildlife; Threatened and Endangered Species Introduction The data described in this report outlines the history, actions, procedures, and direction that the Superior National Forest (aka the Forest or SNF) has implemented in support of the Gray Wolf Recovery Plan and Lynx Conservation Assessment and Strategy (LCAS). The Forest contributes towards the conservation and recovery of the two federally listed threatened and endangered species: Canada lynx and gray wolf, through habitat and access management practices, collaboration with other federal and state agencies, as well as researchers, tribal bands and non-governmental partners. Canada lynx On 24 March 2000, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service designated the Canada lynx a “Threatened” species in the lower 48 states. From 2004-2009 the main sources of information about Canada lynx for the SNF included the following: • Since 2003 the Canada lynx study has been investigating key questions needed to contribute to the recovery and conservation of Canada lynx in the Western Great Lakes. Study methods are described in detail in the annual study progress report available online at the following address: http://www.nrri.umn.edu/lynx/ . These methods have included collecting information on distribution, snow tracking lynx, tracking on the ground and in the air radio-collared lynx, studying habitat use, collecting and analyzing genetic samples (for example, from hair or scat) and conducting pellet counts of snowshoe hare (the primary prey). • In 2006 permanent snow tracking routes were established across the Forest. The main objective is to maintain a standardized, repeatable survey to monitor lynx population indices and trends.
    [Show full text]
  • Eurasian Lynx – Your Essential Brief
    Eurasian lynx – Your essential brief Background Q: Are lynx native to Britain? A: Based on archaeological evidence, the range of the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) included Britain until at least 1,300 years ago. It is difficult to be precise about when or why lynx became extinct here, but it was almost certainly related to human activity – deforestation removed their preferred habitat, and also that of their prey, thus reducing prey availability. These declines in prey species may have been exacerbated by human hunting. Q: Where do they live now? A: Across Europe, Scandinavia, Russia, northern China and Southeast Asia. The range used to include other areas of Western Europe, including Britain, where they are no longer present. Q: How many are there? A: There are thought to be around 50,000 in the world, of which 9,000 – 10,000 live in Europe. They are considered to be a species of least concern by the IUCN. Modern range of the Eurasian lynx Q: How big are they? A: Lynx are on average around 1m in length, 75cm tall and around 20kg, with the males being slightly larger than the females. They can live to 15 years old, but this is rare in the wild. Q: What do they eat? A: The preferred prey of the lynx are the smaller deer species, primarily the roe deer. Lynx may also prey upon other deer species, including chamois, sika deer, smaller red deer, muntjac and fallow deer. Q: Do they eat other things? A: Yes. Lynx prey on many other species when their preferred prey is scarce, including rabbits, hares, foxes, wildcats, squirrel, pine marten, domestic pets, sheep, goats and reared gamebirds.
    [Show full text]
  • Status of Large Carnivores in Serbia
    Status of large carnivores in Serbia Duško Ćirović Faculty of Biology University of Belgrade, Belgrade Status and threats of large carnivores in Serbia LC have differend distribution, status and population trends Gray wolf Eurasian Linx Brown Bear (Canis lupus) (Lynx lynx ) (Ursus arctos) Distribution of Brown Bear in Serbia Carpathian Dinaric-Pindos East Balkan Population status of Brown Bear in Serbia Dinaric-Pindos: Distribution 10000 km2 N=100-120 Population increase Range expansion Carpathian East Balkan: Distribution 1400 km2 Dinaric-Pindos N= a few East Balkan Population trend: unknown Carpathian: Distribution 8200 km2 N=8±2 Population stable Legal status of Brown Bear in Serbia According Law on Protection of Nature and the Law on Game and Hunting brown bear in Serbia is strictly protected species. He is under the centralized jurisdiction of the Ministry of Environmental Protection Treats of Brown Bear in Serbia Intensive forestry practice and infrastructure development . Illegal killing Low acceptance due to fear for personal safety Distribution of Gray wolf in Serbia Carpathian Dinaric-Pindos East Balkan Population status of Gray wolf in Serbia Dinaric-Balkan: 2 Carpathian Distribution cca 43500 km N=800-900 Population - stabile/slight increasingly Dinaric Range - slight expansion Carpathian: Distribution 480 km2 (was) Population – a few Population status of Gray wolf in Serbia Carpathian population is still undefined Carpathian Peri-Carpathian Legal status of Gray wolf in Serbia According the Law on Game and Hunting the gray wolf in majority pars of its distribution (south from Sava and Danube rivers) is game species with closing season from April 15th to July 1st.
    [Show full text]
  • Black Bear Ecology Life Systems – Interactions Within Ecosystems a Guide for Grade 7 Teachers
    BEAR WISE Black Bear Ecology Life Systems – Interactions Within Ecosystems A Guide for Grade 7 Teachers Ministry of Natural Resources BEAR WISE Introduction Welcome to Black Bear Ecology, Life Systems – Interactions Within Ecosystems, a Guide for Grade 7 Teachers. With a focus on the fascinating world of black bears, this program provides teachers with a classroom ready resource. Linked to the current Science and Technology curriculum (Life Systems strand), the Black Bear Ecology Guide for teachers includes: I background readings on habitats, ecosystems and the species within; food chains and food webs; ecosystem change; black bear habitat needs and ecology and bear-human interactions; I unit at a glance; I four lesson plans and suggested activities; I resources including a glossary; list of books and web sites and information sheets about black bears. At the back of this booklet, you will find a compact disk. It includes in Portable Document Format (PDF) the English and French versions of this Grade 7 unit; the Grades 2 and 4 units; the information sheets and the Are You Bear Wise? eBook (2005). This program aims to generate awareness about black bears – their biological needs; their behaviour and how human action influences bears. It is an initiative of the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. BEAR WISE Acknowledgements The Ministry of Natural Resources would like to thank the following people for their help in developing the Black Bear Ecology Education Program. This education program would not have been possible without their contributions
    [Show full text]
  • Lynx, Felis Lynx, Predation on Red Foxes, Vulpes Vulpes, Caribou
    Lynx, Fe/is lynx, predation on Red Foxes, Vulpes vulpes, Caribou, Rangifer tarandus, and Dall Sheep, Ovis dalli, in Alaska ROBERT 0. STEPHENSON, 1 DANIEL V. GRANGAARD,2 and JOHN BURCH3 1Alaska Department of Fish and Game, 1300 College Road, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99701 2Alaska Department of Fish and Game, P.O. Box 305, Tok, Alaska 99780 JNational Park Service, P.O. Box 9, Denali National Park, Alaska 99755 Stephenson, Robert 0., Daniel Y. Grangaard, and John Burch. 1991. Lynx, Fe/is lynx, predation on Red Foxes, Vulpes vulpes, Caribou, Rangifer tarandus, and Dall Sheep, Ovis dalli, in Alaska. Canadian Field-Naturalist 105(2): 255- 262. Observations of Canada Lynx (Fe/is lynx) predation on Red Foxes ( Vulpes vulpes) and medium-sized ungulates during winter are reviewed. Characteristics of I 3 successful attacks on Red Foxes and 16 cases of predation on Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) and Dall Sheep (Ovis dalli) suggest that Lynx are capable of killing even adults of these species, with foxes being killed most easily. The occurrence of Lynx predation on these relatively large prey appears to be greatest when Snowshoe Hares (Lepus americanus) are scarce. Key Words: Canada Lynx, Fe/is lynx, Red Fox, Vulpes vulpes, Caribou, Rangifer tarandus, Dall Sheep, Ovis dalli, predation, Alaska. Although the European Lynx (Felis lynx lynx) quently reach 25° C in summer and -10 to -40° C in regularly kills large prey (Haglund 1966; Pullianen winter. Snow depths are generally below 80 cm, 1981), the Canada Lynx (Felis lynx canadensis) and snow usually remains loosely packed except at relies largely on small game, primarily Snowshoe high elevations.
    [Show full text]
  • WDFW Washington State Recovery Plan for the Lynx
    STATE OF WASHINGTON March 2001 LynxLynx RecoveryRecovery PlanPlan by Derek Stinson Washington Department of FISH AND WILDLIFE Wildlife Program Wildlife Diversity Division WDFW 735 In 1990, the Washington Fish and Wildlife Commission adopted procedures for listing and delisting species as endangered, threatened, or sensitive and for writing recovery and management plans for listed species (WAC 232-12-297, Appendix C). The lynx was classified by the Washington Fish and Wildlife Commission as a threatened species in 1993 (Washington Administrative Code 232-12-011). The procedures, developed by a group of citizens, interest groups, and state and federal agencies, require that recovery plans be developed for species listed as threatened or endangered. Recovery, as defined by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, is “the process by which the decline of an endangered or threatened species is arrested or reversed, and threats to its survival are neutralized, so that its long-term survival in nature can be ensured.” This document summarizes the historic and current distribution and abundance of the lynx in Washington, describes factors affecting the population and its habitat, and prescribes strategies to recover the species in Washington. The draft state recovery plan for the lynx was reviewed by researchers and state and federal agencies. This review was followed by a 90 day public comment period. All comments received were considered in preparation of this final recovery plan. For additional information about lynx or other state listed species, contact: Manager, Endangered Species Section Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife 600 Capitol Way N Olympia WA 98501-1091 This report should be cited as: Stinson, D.
    [Show full text]
  • Canada Lynx Petition To
    KRISTEN A. STILT KATHERINE A. MEYER Professor & Faculty Director Clinic Director CHRISTOPHER D. GREEN NICOLE E. NEGOWETTI Executive Director Clinical Instructor CEALLAIGH REDDY SARAH PICKERING Program Administrator Communications Manager PETITION To the Fish and Wildlife Service United States Department of the Interior May 13, 2021 To Revise the Special 4(d) Rule for Canada Lynx (lynx canadensis) to Rescind the Exceptions for the Captive Members of the Species Under the Endangered Species Act Lynx canadensis (photograph by the Fish and Wildlife Service) Prepared by Elizabeth MeLampy, J.D. Candidate Kate Barnekow, Clinical Fellow Katherine Meyer, Director Harvard Law School Animal Law & Policy Clinic TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1 A. Petitioners ........................................................................................................................... 1 II. LEGAL BACKGROUND ................................................................................................... 2 A. The Endangered Species Act ............................................................................................. 2 B. The Canada Lynx Is Listed as a Threatened Species. ........................................................ 5 III. THE EXCEPTIONS FOR CAPTIVE CANADA LYNX ARE UNLAWFUL. .................. 6 A. Split-Listing Captive and Wild Members of a Species Exceeds the Service’s Authority Under the Act. ................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Lynx, the Snow Cat Others Being the Mountain Lion and the Bobcat
    ReturnReturn OfOf TheThe SnowSnow CatCat TheThe ReintroductionReintroduction OfOf LynxLynx ToTo ColoradoColorado Acknowledgments Funding for this project was provided by US Fish & Wildlife Service Wildlife Conservation and Restoration Program Grant No R-11-1, Great Outdoors Colorado Trust Fund (GOCO), and the sportsmen of Colorado. The Colorado Division of Wildlife gratefully acknowledges the following individuals: Kevin S. McKelvey, USDA Forest Service, Field-test Educators: Rocky Mountain Research Station, Robert Lancaster, Walsh High School, Missoula, MT, for providing lynx occurrence Walsh, CO data from 1842 through 1998. Mark Little, Broomfield High School, Broomfield, CO For assistance in developing the field test: Lyn Neve, Swink High School, Swink, CO Anne Tweed, Senior Science Consultant, Camille Schiraldi, TH Pickens Technical McREL (Mid-continent Research for Center, Aurora, CO Education and Learning) Fran Sturgis, Adams City High School, Pam Van Scotter, Director, BSCS (Biological Commerce City, CO Sciences Curriculum Study) Center for Cherie Wyatt, Burlington Middle School, Curriculum Development. Burlington, CO Nicole Knapp, Science Educator, BSCS Debbie Yeager, Moffat County High School, Craig, CO Content Advisors and Reviewers: Graphic Design: Writers: Tanya Shenk, Senior Research Darren Eurich, State of Colorado Wendy Hanophy, DOW Biologist, Mammal Research Integrated Document Solutions (IDS) Jeff Keidel, Buena Vista High School, Jeff Rucks, Head of Education, DOW Buena Vista, CO Lisa Evans, Northeast Region Illustrations:
    [Show full text]
  • Flat Headed Cat Andean Mountain Cat Discover the World's 33 Small
    Meet the Small Cats Discover the world’s 33 small cat species, found on 5 of the globe’s 7 continents. AMERICAS Weight Diet AFRICA Weight Diet 4kg; 8 lbs Andean Mountain Cat African Golden Cat 6-16 kg; 13-35 lbs Leopardus jacobita (single male) Caracal aurata Bobcat 4-18 kg; 9-39 lbs African Wildcat 2-7 kg; 4-15 lbs Lynx rufus Felis lybica Canadian Lynx 5-17 kg; 11-37 lbs Black Footed Cat 1-2 kg; 2-4 lbs Lynx canadensis Felis nigripes Georoys' Cat 3-7 kg; 7-15 lbs Caracal 7-26 kg; 16-57 lbs Leopardus georoyi Caracal caracal Güiña 2-3 kg; 4-6 lbs Sand Cat 2-3 kg; 4-6 lbs Leopardus guigna Felis margarita Jaguarundi 4-7 kg; 9-15 lbs Serval 6-18 kg; 13-39 lbs Herpailurus yagouaroundi Leptailurus serval Margay 3-4 kg; 7-9 lbs Leopardus wiedii EUROPE Weight Diet Ocelot 7-18 kg; 16-39 lbs Leopardus pardalis Eurasian Lynx 13-29 kg; 29-64 lbs Lynx lynx Oncilla 2-3 kg; 4-6 lbs Leopardus tigrinus European Wildcat 2-7 kg; 4-15 lbs Felis silvestris Pampas Cat 2-3 kg; 4-6 lbs Leopardus colocola Iberian Lynx 9-15 kg; 20-33 lbs Lynx pardinus Southern Tigrina 1-3 kg; 2-6 lbs Leopardus guttulus ASIA Weight Diet Weight Diet Asian Golden Cat 9-15 kg; 20-33 lbs Leopard Cat 1-7 kg; 2-15 lbs Catopuma temminckii Prionailurus bengalensis 2 kg; 4 lbs Bornean Bay Cat Marbled Cat 3-5 kg; 7-11 lbs Pardofelis badia (emaciated female) Pardofelis marmorata Chinese Mountain Cat 7-9 kg; 16-19 lbs Pallas's Cat 3-5 kg; 7-11 lbs Felis bieti Otocolobus manul Fishing Cat 6-16 kg; 14-35 lbs Rusty-Spotted Cat 1-2 kg; 2-4 lbs Prionailurus viverrinus Prionailurus rubiginosus Flat
    [Show full text]
  • Animal Tracks Poster 2017.Indd
    MAINE ANIMAL TRACKS (Direction of travel of all tracks is to the right) 1. CANADA LYNX 8. GRAY SQUIRREL 15. BEAVER 22. OTTER 2. BOBCAT 9. RED SQUIRREL 16. COTTONTAIL RABBIT 23. MUSKRAT 3. HOUSE CAT 10. CHIPMUNK 17. SNOWSHOE RABBIT 24. WHITETAIL DEER 4. RED FOX 11. WEASEL 18. RACCOON 25. MOOSE 5. DOG 12. FISHER 19. SKUNK 26. WILD TURKEY 2 1/2” 6. COYOTE 13. MARTEN 20. PORCUPINE 27. PHEASANT 7. BLACK BEAR 14. MINK 21. WOODCHUCK 28. RUFFED GROUSE Originally prepared by Klir Beck All in for the Maine Outdoors Revised by Cindy House; 1975 Revised April 2017 mefi shwildlife.com Play Animal Signs Bingo! The ability to interpret animal tracks and traces takes practice. Here are some tips to help Cut out each square below. Glue squares on a sheet of paper. Glue 4 squares across and 4 squares you hone your powers of observation and instincts as a nature detective. down - just like they are here, but in any order you like. Title your card “Animal Signs Bingo”. Using your bingo card, explore your school yard or backyard for animal signs. Tracks can tell a story about where the animal • Canines, felines, and members of the deer family If you get 4 across, 4 down, or all 4 corners - You’ve got Bingo! travelled from and where its now going. It gives us generally walk or trot. The trail looks like an almost clues about where the animal makes its home perfectly straight line of prints, because the animal places its hind foot into the print just made by the Anthill Half eaten fruit Nibbled branch Bumps on a leaf Hints to identifying a track: front foot.
    [Show full text]
  • LIFE and European Mammals Mammals European and LIFE
    NATURE LIFE and European Mammals Improving their conservation status LIFE Focus I LIFE and European Mammals: Improving their conservation status EUROPEAN COMMISSION ENVIRONMENT DIRecTORATE-GENERAL LIFE (“The Financial Instrument for the Environment”) is a programme launched by the European Commission and coordinated by the Environment Directorate-General (LIFE Units - E.3. and E.4.). The contents of the publication “LIFE and European Mammals: Improving their conservation status” do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the institutions of the European Union. Authors: João Pedro Silva (Nature expert), András Demeter (DG Environment), Justin Toland, Wendy Jones, Jon Eldridge, Tim Hudson, Eamon O’Hara, Christophe Thévignot (AEIDL, Communications Team Coordinator). Managing Editor: Angelo Salsi (European Commission, DG Environment, LIFE Unit). LIFE Focus series coordination: Simon Goss (DG Environment, LIFE Communications Coordinator), Evelyne Jussiant (DG Environment, Communications Coordinator). The following people also worked on this issue: Frank Vassen (DG Environment). Production: Monique Braem. Graphic design: Daniel Renders, Anita Cortés (AEIDL). Acknowledgements: Thanks to all LIFE project beneficiaries who contributed comments, photos and other useful material for this report. Photos: Unless otherwise specified; photos are from the respective projects. Cover photo: www. luis-ferreira.com; Tiit Maran; LIFE03 NAT/F/000104. HOW TO OBTAIN EU PUBLICATIONS Free publications: • via EU Bookshop (http://bookshop.europa.eu); • at the European Commission’s representations or delegations. You can obtain their contact details on the Internet (http://ec.europa.eu) or by sending a fax to +352 2929-42758. Priced publications: • via EU Bookshop (http://bookshop.europa.eu). Priced subscriptions (e.g. annual series of the Official Journal of the European Union and reports of cases before the Court of Justice of the European Union): • via one of the sales agents of the Publications Office of the European Union (http://publications.europa.eu/ others/agents/index_en.htm).
    [Show full text]
  • Standard Connectors RISER, DRILLING & PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Standard Connectors
    RISER, DRILLING & PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Standard Connectors RISER, DRILLING & PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Standard Connectors FAST MAKE-UP, HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONNECTORS The connectors described in this catalogue are designed for use offshore and onshore, where rig costs and environmental conditions dictate a need for fast connector make-up combined with superior performance. Oil States Industries connectors have been proven in drilling, production and structural applications throughout the world, for the last 40 years. This catalogue presents brief descriptions for the full line of Oil States connectors, with typical mechanical specifications. For the most up-to-date technical information and running procedures please contact Oil States. Field Services Oil States Industries provide a full turnkey installation of all connectors described in this catalogue, including connector assembly, hammering, casing cutting and installation of protection sleeves. Quality Manufacturing Oil States Industries connectors are manufactured to the highest industry standards to assure you of trouble-free installation and service. Following are highlights of our manufacturing quality programme. • Our manufacturing facility is registered to ISO 9001, ISO 14001, ISO 18001 & API Q1. • We have the capability to machine components up to 67 inches in diameter and 69 inches tall, weighing 12 tonnes, while maintaining tolerances of 0.0002 inches. • All forgings purchased with either BSEN 10204 3.1 or 3.2 certification, subject to client requirements. • Critical dimensions of all connectors are verified with Coordinate Measuring Machines. • Every component receives a unique serial number that is cross-referenced with certification, supplier, cast number and ring within the cast. • An alignment check during welding onto pipe aligns the axis of the pin to the axis of the box to within 0.050 degrees.
    [Show full text]