Bioengineering and Biophysical Aspects of Electromagnetic Fields

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Ben Greenebaum, Frank Barnes

Intermediate and Radiofrequency Sources and Exposures in Everyday Environments

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.1201/9781315186580-3 Javier Vila Published online on: 19 Nov 2018

How to cite :- Javier Vila. 19 Nov 2018, Intermediate and Radiofrequency Sources and Exposures in Everyday Environments from: Bioengineering and Biophysical Aspects of Electromagnetic Fields CRC Press Accessed on: 03 Oct 2021 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.1201/9781315186580-3

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The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The publisher shall not be liable for an loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:20 03 Oct 2021; For: 9781315186580, chapter2, 10.1201/9781315186580-3 Refer 2.3 2.4 body is nerve electrical stimulation. Above this frequency, the main effect is tissue heating. tissue is effect frequency, Above stimulation. main this the body nerve electrical is (ICNIRP, 1998a, 2009). Up to 10 low-frequency extremely with EMF (ELF) (RF) radiofrequency and characteristics share 2.1 CONTENTS and Exposures in Environments Everyday Sources Radiofrequency and Intermediate 2 troduction field Electromagnetic 2.1 2.2 Spain Barcelona, Global, Salud de Instituto Javier Vila

In Con E RF 2.2.6 2.2.5 2.2.4 2.2.3 2.2.2 2.2.1 In Ty ences troduction pical IF and RF EMF Sources and Exposures (3 Exposures and Sources EMF RF pical and IF clusion

MF in Everyday in MF Environments ...... 2.2.6.2 Te 2.2.6.6 2.2.6.5 2.2.6.4 2.2.6.3 2.2.6.1 2.2.5.1 2.2.1.2 2.2.4.4 Se In Rad 2.2.4.2 2.2.4.1 Med 2.2.2.2 2.2.2.1 2.2.1.1 2.2.4.3 Fo util Heating dustrial lecommunication Transmitters and Antennas and Transmitters lecommunication miconductor Manufacturing Equipment Manufacturing miconductor od Heating Equipment Heating od ars . cl Applications ical ......

...... Na Shor Mi Mi Mob R FM Mili Hy Ma El Di In Di In Mi s (EMF crsria Applications ectrosurgical duction Heaters Welders and Stoves Cooking duction lcrc Heaters electric tem Devices athermy rwv Ovens crowave scellaneous Intermediate and RF Antennas RF and Intermediate scellaneous litary Telecommunicationlitary Antennas and Transmitters vigational Transmitters and Antennas and Transmitters vigational perthermia gnetic Resonance Imaging Resonance gnetic tary ile Phone Base Stations and Hand-Held and Phone Stations ile Base Devices wv Transmission twave adio and TV Transmission adio TV and s R

) in the intermediate frequency (IF) range(3 (IF) frequency kHz–10 intermediate the ) in MH . adars ...... z, the main effect of the interaction between EMF and the the EMF and between interaction of the effect z, main the ......

. kH ...... z to 300 ......

GH ...... z) ......

MH 64 64 63 63 55 68 68 60 60 66 60 66 60 58 58 5 59 59 59 5 5 62 62 67 61 61 61 z) 7 7 5 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:20 03 Oct 2021; For: 9781315186580, chapter2, 10.1201/9781315186580-3 (eq. 2.1) Patterson, and (Hitchcock 1995): fields magnetic the and product to the electric proportional of the directly is EMF of an Ohm’s with by analogy explained be law. can quantities three PD Thus, the these between evaluations. relationship The safety in reported and measured usually are these only since (i.e.,ties justmagnitudes, as have direction), generally they treated and are they magnitude (SI), Watts is meter (W/m unit square per the power System the is incidentInternational of divided on asurface units by the its In area. V/m), or H-field field permeter, magnetic strength Amperes (in and A/m). Power density (PDdensity or S, Specific from Power), or E-field fieldstrength (in electric per meter,volts range (300 RF of MHz–300 the extreme highest considered the as traditionally 2015;range (Hitchcock, RF Patterson, and Hitchcock 1995; 2011). Mann, Microwaves are the produced are within ELF and EMF), emissions RF both emit although main can ters static, including ELF, frequencies, other and/or (e.g., IF mobile phones transmit other and capacity the to gives heat them which matter. in emit energy may EMF of RF also Sources (10 frequency high by their MHz–300 frequency. characterized are EMF RF this (e.g.,heating inductionstoves), within emit may sources also although some ELF RF and 2010). (e.g., surveillance for article used commonly gates) are EMF sources IF anti-theft and range (SCENIHR, exclusively 2015; frequency focused which on this al., et Sienkiewicz now until exist very few range and studies low RF the of the part considered within ally Ot However, 100 between 56 * have and other to each (Eq. afixed ratiointensity orthogonal 2.2):of (plane-wavegeneous components model), wave of magnetic the and electric are the and wavelength), EMF the exceeds source radiating more are wave homo the characteristics field considered be far independent. the can In (i.e.,from a distance the the region where fields are complex wavelength), magnetic and they and electric between relationships the fieldand near up to the the one source source. In the space as between (commonly defined (i.e., EMF of high-frequency theemitting teristics to fields)distance RF with and IF differ Patterson, and no radiation (Hitchcock is such 1995). as there However, physical charac independent are and fields field,andmagnetic near the mostly in where electric occurs not feasible. are measurements when direct al.,et 2013; 1994; Dimbylow Mann, and Findlay, 2014) dose internal to estimate effort an in models have mathematical developed and phantoms been in performed (Chensurements by Ohm’s Law (ICNIRP, 1998a). althoughto measure, mea difficult are EMF dose metrics induced fielddensity,andrelated current other each to also electric are internal which frequencies up to 10frequencies tively, absorbedbybody of amount the or matter. refer to energy any the other they as For rateabsorption dose rate, (SAR). dose EMF and RF the respec describe quantities These

cu under confirmed scientifically considered are which effects health human significant main the are These Several physical quantities are used to measure high-frequency EMF, high-frequency topower measure Several used including physical are quantities ELF fieldshave long ( wavelengths her quantities used to characterize RF EMF are specific absorption absorption (SA) specific are EMF RF and specific to characterize used her quantities rrent exposure guidelines (ICNIRP, 1998a; 2006). IEEE, guidelines exposure rrent wh

MH ere

kH z, dose metrics commonly encountered in the EMF literature are are literature EMF the in encountered commonly z, dose metrics 377 z and 10z and PD oh (W E[ ms V/

/m MH equa m] ~ 2 z both effects occur. effects z both )E 5,000 =× =× ls H[ th (V 2

km a km ). H-fields Although and E- are quanti vector ei A/ /m mp m] )H t 60 ed an 377

Hz (A ce ). Thus, exposure to these fields). to these Thus, exposure o oh /m ff 1 IF EMF have EMF * IF - tradition been ms, ) re

es pa ce Electromagnetic Fields Electromagnetic .

GH z). z) and (2.2) (2.1) ------Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:20 03 Oct 2021; For: 9781315186580, chapter2, 10.1201/9781315186580-3 within each type of application. type each within telecommunication). have heating, sources EMF includedfood IF and been RF Thus, both everyday use/application have They to according grouped their environments. been (e.g., in the sources most as studycommon EMF includedthis here weresources in identified INTEROCC of al., the et part (Vila as project resources, erature 2016). EMF IF and RF The lit many from information by combining were obtained intensity of exposure estimates These them. with fieldsassociated magnetic and to levels electric on the tion of exposure distance may differ depending on their frequency. on their depending may differ distance same the twosources RF at from shows 2.2 Figure field intensities measured how electric 2.1). (Figure source the from distance with vary which of patterns may mobile have and phoneing, antennas amixture of propagation. broadcast patterns different transmitters, with EMF For RF emit instance, microwave stoves. ovens induction cooking and Possibly, devices are for heating food EMF-emitting most high-frequency common the N 2.2.1 2.2 a rate up 1/r to around field, far the the In field intensity (e.g., in distance inverselythe V/m) with decreases (r) at =constant distance inverse the of functions to al.,regression et 2016).by fitted data are Lines (Vila study INTEROCC the within collected Data sources. RF for various distance versus fieldstrength Electric FIGURE 2.1 Environmental IF and RF Fields RF and IF Environmental umerous technologies use RF and/or RF use technologies umerous to EMF heat, IF foodstuff. cook, or cure, sterilize In the next section, several RF and IF EMF sources will be described, including informa including described, be will sources EMF IF and several RF next section, the In source.RF the of frequency fieldthe may on depend also electric of the intensity The

Typical IF and RF EMF Sources and Exposures (3 Exposures and Sources Typical EMF RF and IF

Food Heating Equipment Food E−field (V/m) 100 150 200 50 0 05 n = n 6.32 = 1.99 n = 2.61 2 , depending on the type of emitting source. Different sources may sources source. Different of emitting type on the , depending n n = = 0.16 0.3 Distance (m) 10 Source microwav CB radi aircraft radar/maintenanc air trafficradar/maintenanc pulsed shortw

kH z to 300 z to o e diathe av e diathe rm ×r y

GH −n . rm e z) e y 57 - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:20 03 Oct 2021; For: 9781315186580, chapter2, 10.1201/9781315186580-3 are aboutare 20 water). Averagewith domestic levelsovens associated fields leakage exposure electric (e.g., materials other and food to sterilize used or soils, wasteradiation cereals, also is 915 use often premises commercial and microwave industrial in ovens used 2.2.1.1 58 well-known devices for food heating. Domestic ovens use frequencies of 2.45well-known devices for heating. frequencies food ovens Domestic use Microwave ovens, most Western found in commonly homes nowadays, one most of are the data. the fitted best that lines al., et 2016).(Vila regression modeled are Curves study INTEROCC the within collected Data sources. RF for various frequency versus fieldstrength Electric FIGURE 2.2 of stoves in use at the time. At distances between 10 between 30 and Atof at stoves time. distances use the in the operator theto and number distance levels greatlythe andfields on exposure depend ELF emit devices also These domestic settings. in well as as premises, commercial and 2.2.1.2 operator’s on the not devicesinformation is available literature. the to these in exposure al., et range(Kim 2012; al., MW et the 2006). Lagunas-Solar To knowledge, our however, 1994; Lecuyer, and Stuchly 1987). range, IF the inductionplatesIn or stoves (22–34 13.56, are used 27.12, 40.68 and al.,et 1974). Typical frequencies for disinfection. food used also devices are industrial RF microwave at operator’s the Industrial exposures ovens may lead to similar eye level (Elder mean exposure levels about are exposure 9 mean 200 400

E−field (V/m) M In 0 coae Ovens icrowave duction Cookingduction Stoves

01 V/ m (at average an of 20 distance 02

MH Frequency (MHz)

V/ z, in the lower the z, in range, RF 915 and or 2,450 03 m, with magnetic fields 4 around magnetic m, with

cm 04

) (Mantiply al., et 1997; al., Plets et 2016). kH z) are commonly found in industrial z) industrial found in commonly are 05

cm f cm rom the unit, electric fields electric unit, rom the Electromagnetic Fields Electromagnetic 0

A/ Source m (Allen al., et marine radi marine car radi

MH MH

GH z (21). RF z, within z, within o z, while o - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:20 03 Oct 2021; For: 9781315186580, chapter2, 10.1201/9781315186580-3 can reach 27 reach can RF range the fieldin inside a coil. magnetic Frequencies alternating astrong generating or to semiconductors heat Induction surfaces. eddy heaters by metals metal use currents for production spot welding the of of beams pipes, in and used tubes welding units arc welders, to heat/weld inductionsoldering devices used and high-frequency and metals, rangeinclude IF inductionheaters/furnaces, the equipment heating in Industrial induction 2.2.2.2 of operation 27 most frequency is common The glues resins. and plastics or cure plastics, fabrics, mainly wood,materials, paper. and weld, devices can These mold or seal sealers, heaters RF or welders, heaters, called to heatDielectric also used dielectric are tric field levelstric mean about 300 operator,levels the about around 5 field exposures magnetic mean with field electric levels are about 50 30to 300 range from 4to 50 devicesTypical rangefrom by these used frequencies to heat, and/or used are cure woodcurers pieces. for joining glue, used then dry is which forplastics al.,(Stuchly et heating used 1980). most subtypes common the are Glue heaters/ applicators shuttle trays, pressure-sealed machines, and turntables, appearance. Sealing separately.levels to measured be need isfields complexandmagnetic near-field,and the electric in the coupling between occurs et in identifiedmultiple workplace evaluations al.,et (Allen al.,1994;et Bini 1986; Conover 65 6.5 and although lower 13.56 as such frequencies 2.2.2.1 equipment. heating plastics, metals, inductionor as dielectric wood, such using materials or resins, applications to bond, industrial weld, in used or also seal are EMF High-frequency 2.2.2 Fields RF and IF Environmental encircle an arm or the abdomen with the cable because of the requirements of the specific specific of the cable abdomen or requirements the of the the with because arm an encircle when they cables, of the proximity especially and the operators get overexposed in can 3 reach can operational frequencies Mantiply al., et 1997). welders operate High-frequency usually at to 450 400 about are 0.6 units RF with levels associated exposure fieldproduceMagnetic penetration. fields mean with deeper strongermagnetic approximately 0.1 levels are about field exposure 30 mean electric units, curing incorporateRF the fiber radiation.source a of lamps UV which Near using fiber by optical Bangay,and 1986; al., et Stuchly 1980). Microwave (2.45 heating fields Magnetic of approximately 1 400 around mon of source fields excessive of RF (ICNIRP, emissions 1998b),with averageE-field levels up to 70frequencies

RF heaters can be named depending on the material being heated and their general heated their and being material on the depending named be heatersRF can al., 1992; al., et Stuchly 1980; al., Wilénet 2004). heaters most considered com the RF are

D In util Heating dustrial eeti Heaters ielectric duction Heatersduction Welders and

MH m and maximum values up to 2,000 maximum m and z (Hitchcock, 2015).z (Hitchcock, levels, to E-fields, exposure especially High have been z although lower frequency units (50z although lower units frequency

MH m (Cooper, 2002).

V/ m for electric fields and fields m for0.1 electric to 0.7 z and some plastic sealers can work with frequency ranges between between work ranges can some plastic frequency sealers z and with

V/ m (Allen al., et 1994; Cooper, 2002; al., et Floderus 2002;

m. Lower frequency units can lead to higher exposure lead exposure to higher can m. Lowerunits frequency A/

MH m are also present around the sealer. Since exposure sealer. the exposure present around Since also m are z. Like with other types of welding equipment, types other with z. Like

MH z are also common. Some devices can reach reach common. Somedevices can also z are

A/ m at operator the position, where mean

Hz m (Hitchcock and Patterson, and m (Hitchcock 1995). ) are also commonly used, which which used, commonly also ) are

A/ m for magnetic fields(Joynerm for magnetic

MH m, with magnetic fields of magnetic m, with

GH z. Mean exposure levels exposure z. Mean z) can be used to cure z) to cure used be can

kH m and elec m and z, although

MH 59 z, - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:20 03 Oct 2021; For: 9781315186580, chapter2, 10.1201/9781315186580-3 f do not exceed 100 commonly 0.5 30 and between work are typical distances repairmen and performed. Surgeons et al.,et 2002; 2015; Hitchcock, al., et 2003; Liljestrand Mantiply al., et 1997). 0.5 2.4 and between are Common frequencies to cauterize or tissues. coagulate used devices are Electrosurgical 2.2.4.2 al.,et (Di source the Nallo fields near 2008).magnetic and mean magnetic fields about magnetic mean 5 and 10 tively. However, up levels reach to 5,000 can exposure maximum shortwaveous systems. Average field magnetic levels are about and0.20 0.70 2.2.4.1 to operatorshours. Therefore, considered exposure here. is only for longer emitted EMF patients, to the operators other exposed be therapists and can appliedally However, to patients to purposes. or achieve other relaxation muscle unlike by physiotherapists used commonly are health problems. specific to treat usu Heatis emit to EMF,designed specifically devices are These which exposures. EMF frequency lead to high- of disease treatment and diagnosis the of in equipment used Several types 2.2.4 ofcies 13.56 or 27.12 frequen with of industry, plasma equipment used processing are chips types various the In devices (2.45 patient, operator’s the reducing level. exposure Average levels microwave from exposure 1980; Farrow, and Shah 2013; al., et Stuchly 1982). approximately are source 60 operation. equipmentthe during Average field electric levels at aboutthe from one meter therapist the adjusts while cables,unshielded, of the typically vicinity the in tor may occur 27.12 shortwave continuous or pulsed are (13.56 used most technologies common The or levelsEmission and for80 E-fields 2 between range units. even well-maintained evaluations from have occur leakage can demonstrated RF that vaporcal deposition (CVD) deposition or equipment). metal sputtering and Someworkplace 2.2.3 Patterson,and 1995; Repacholi, 1981). thermy (0.1–3thermy al.,et 1990; Moseley Davison, 1981). and dia ultrasonic as such technologies, common Less task being performed.Power being task worker the 10 near densities around are 60 mately 40 rom the source. Thus, they can be exposed to mean electric field levels electric around to mean exposed be source.740 Thus, can rom the they The antenna design in microwave systems allows directing the beam directly toward the directly beam the microwave in design allows directing systems antenna The

MH m for magnetic fieldsm for al., magnetic et (Allen 1994;Mantiply al.,et 1997;al.,et Martin 1990;Mild,

Me Se

D E z) microwave and (915 miconductor Manufacturing Equipment Manufacturing miconductor etougcl Applications lectrosurgical

ahry Devices iathermy ia Applications dical V/ m for electric fields and fields m for0.3 electric

MH z), 120 25 and between for distances z), levels fieldof 1 exposure lead tomean electric can

MH z (e.g., chemi plasma etchers, plasma-enhanced plasma strippers, dry

z. Exposure levels may defer depending on the tasks being being levels tasks mayz. Exposure on the defer depending V/

MH m for pulsed shortwavem for pulsed 300 devices and m in the surroundings of an active of equipment an (Floderus surroundings the m in

A/ z or 2.45 m. Nurses’ mean exposure to electric fields, to electric however, exposure m. Nurses’ mean

A/ m for magnetic fieldsm for al., magnetic et (Allen 1994;Martin

GH z) diathermy. applica of the Overexposure

V/ m (Cooper, 2002; Ungers al., et 1984).

cm f cm rom the source, can be approxi be source,rom the can

V/ m for electric fields and fields m for electric Electromagnetic Fields Electromagnetic

m and 0.2m and V/ m for continu m

A/ 2 (Hitchcock (Hitchcock m, respec

V/ m of

cm cm m ------

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:20 03 Oct 2021; For: 9781315186580, chapter2, 10.1201/9781315186580-3 and 2450and therapies,chemo, surgery. immune and and Typical include 13.56, frequencies 27.12, 915, radio, as such techniques, other with conjunction in may used be Hyperthermia cells. levels to electric fields of operators and other technicians are around around 35 are fieldslevels of tooperators electric and technicians other applicators exposure Mean small treatment. allowfor amore localized hyperthermia o radar, of the roundings operators expos be can sur the performed. In activities on the depending radars differ these with associated levels surveillance).fieldexposure control, traffic Electric airport and weather airport radars (e.g., of commercial proximity the in tasks maintenance performing while occur powers 2015). (Hitchcock, modulated transmitting may high modes and Overexposures radars work microwave the (300 in band RF rangeof MHz–15 the (e.g., monitor and to objects detect moving used are Radars ships, or cars). aircrafts, Most 2.2.5 al.,et 1983). aboutrange are 0.2 200 and 50 (i.e., above 41 of cancer, treatment for the used by are applying heat excess units in Hyperthermia held 6 operator of to around a vehicle. or the attached range from Exposure can al.,(Bitran et 1992; Bradley, 1991; Fisher, 1993; al., et Lotz 1995). may latter hand- The be 80 around (Tell cockpits craft Nelson, 1974; and Tell al., et 1976), field exposures mean electric with roundings of the source. of the roundings fixed to 30 radars 1 2.2.4.4 orderin to reduction. promote exposure patients near/orassisting magnet) cables the magnet’snear the inside tube,manipulating levels (e.g., highest of the exposure with associated aware tasks of the repair/cleaning or (Bracken, 1994; al., et Smith 1984). should workers provided that Training be to ensure are 0.6 around are μ above field source.atlevels ELF the onemagnetic mean meter distances from of operators operators with levels the about associated are half technicians levels other and of nurses up active reach to 1T, device an near can 60 mT. levels around mean are while Exposure levels of exposure operators considered negligible.fieldscally maximum Static magnetic workers about be can 50 maintenance (from static fieldsRF fields to up to100 fields magnetic operators and may general publiceters the expose and electric to strong - (NMR) spectrom resonance nuclear and magnetic (MRI) imaging resonance Magnetic 2.2.4.3 Fields RF and IF Environmental and personnel and can lead to mean electric field exposures about field exposures lead0.5 electric to mean can and personnel and

f distance, while repair/maintenance tasks can lead to mean exposure levels repair/maintenance around lead while exposure f distance, to mean can tasks V/

V/ m are likely to occur at 5–10 to occur likely m are m at 1–10

adars H Mag cm f cm

MH yperthermia

V/ netic Resonance Imaging Resonance netic rom the source. Mean magnetic fields exposure levels at the same distance distance levels fields same the exposure at magnetic source. Mean rom the ° m; marine/naval near radars (Peak, 1975), about where exposures mean z. Hyperthermia devices are similar to diathermy equipment, although similar devices are z. Hyperthermia C) to kill cancer cells which tend to more be normal which sensitive to heat cells cancer than C) to kill

m fr T, while nurses and other technicians may be exposed to half this intensity intensity this to half may exposed be T, technicians other and nurses while

V/ om the source. Relatively high exposures are also possible air inside also are source. Relativelyom the exposures high

A/ m for hand-held devices. Security radars are used to detect vehicles to detect used radars are m for hand-held devices. Security m (Hagmann et al., et 1985;m (Hagmann Patterson, and Hitchcock 1995; Stuchly

m of d

V/ istance from the source; devices police the speed and from istance

MH m, while operators’ RF exposure has been typi been has operators’m, while exposure RF z). Average field electric levels RF repair/of ed to an average to an of 4

V/ z), pulse- using m at 250–500 m between 50 m between m in the sur the m in

V/ m for

61 m - - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:20 03 Oct 2021; For: 9781315186580, chapter2, 10.1201/9781315186580-3 and its frequency. Electric field strengths between 20 and 20 between 700 its and frequency. field Electric strengths levels power depend on the Exposure used. device of the technology on the depending radars to about 300 mobile phones DECT modern and phones 380 up work to 3 rangebetween the in 30 around rangefrom can levels personnel of mostexposure exposed up to 500 Analogical cordless telephones cordless 50 work around Analogical frequencies with (CB) band to of include vehicles two-wayattached citizen radios. radio types other and systems.commonly Transmitters communication airplane and phones,lar marine and telephones, cordless Portable activities. mercial talkies, cellu include systems walkie com and agencies, industrial other and staff, security by but maintenance services, also by police, used frequently to vehicles. andemergencyare or They fire, attached other overexposures. experiment or workers sources RF of the involved proximity the in repair/maintenance in can tasks people only living antennas, these fields byto the emitted some extent, exposed we all are vision, mobile phone, microwave satellite and radio systems, Although, among others. to radio, frequency for tele high used typically are antennas).broadcasting Fixed antennas 2007). (ITU, TableITU-Rthe defined as by purposes, for telecommunication RFs used 2.1 the describes agency, worldwidea United the Nations managed specialized has spectrum. RF of the use Telecommunications 1930s, the Since Union International of the (ITU-R), radio the section 2.2.6 10 to around exposed be radars can of directional proximity the Overall, soldiers in pulsed-modulated fields RF at 1–10 radars (mostly military from about literature the exposure EMF in exists information Little near transmitters attached to working vehicles attached at 800 transmitters near 20 around are levels radar cabins inside exposure higher. up be Mean totimes ten radars can non-directional with levels the associated while 2.2.5.1 62 ITU Band ITU Spectrum Radio for the Bands Frequency ITU 2.1 TABLE Extra highfrequency Super highfr Ultra highfr V High fr Medium fr Low fr V Ultra lowfr Extr Note: ery highfrequency ery lowfrequency Transmitters are typically mobile or devices, portable communication typically either handheld are Transmitters Telecommunication ground the on or equipmentbuilt (e.g., may to fixed be buildings emely lowfrequency

equency

ELF: Extremely lowfr equency Te

Mi equency lecommunication Transmitters Antennas lecommunication and equency

equency kW equency litary ). have Someavailable modeled and estimates shown that measurements R adars

V/ m for illumination radars (Degrave al., et m for illumination 2009; 1996). Szmigielski, equency; IF:Intermediate frequency; MW: Microwave; RF:Radiofrequency. Label EHF SHF UHF VHF HF MF LF VLF ULF ELF

GH z with a typical radiated power atypical z with of 1.5 Frequency Band Frequency

V/ m (Sobiech al., et 2017). RF/MW RF/MW RF/MW RF IF-RF IF IF IF IF ELF

MH z. Hand-held transmitters or z. Hand-held transmitters

V/ m have been measured m have measured been

MH Electromagnetic Fields Electromagnetic

V/ z, cellular/ while m for acquisition

Frequency Range Frequency kW a 30–300 3–30 300–3,000 30–300 3–30 300–3,000 30–300 3–30 300–3,000 30–300 , nd pulses nd pulses 500

GHz MHz kHz

GHz MHz kHz Hz

MHz kHz Hz V/ Hz, m - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:20 03 Oct 2021; For: 9781315186580, chapter2, 10.1201/9781315186580-3 10 to about exposed be can antennas repair/maintenance energized near performing tasks far-field conditions corresponds to an electric field strength of around 4 around of fieldstrength far-field an electric to corresponds conditions TV br TV br Shortwave transmission Roof-top pagingantennas Radio br Radio br Navigational antennas Mobile communication–L Mobile communication–UMTS Mobile communication–GSM DECT (analogue) DECT (digital) Source of TelecommunicationCharacteristics Antennas/Transmitters 2.2 TABLE Note: 8 boats, Fast as such Patrolby marine Boats (Basteal., et 2010). 2 and Frequencies between for navigational purposes used are antennas and transmitters high-frequency Similar 2.2.6.2 1999; Mantiply al., et 1997). 200 towers 50 and the near between levels have ground band on the exposure frequency shown mean forMeasurements this band. broadcasting AM most used commonly the being latter bands, (MF) the quency fre lated medium (AM) the (LF) and low include radio the frequency also bands, which al.,et 1997). one amplitude of is band the (HF) modu shortwave The frequency or high (i.e., relatively antennas living to the close those ~ 2006; al., et Michelozzi 2002) have average shown that levels field of exposure magnetic tions). at general population of levels (Altpeter the looking the al., ofet Studies exposure communica broadcasts by private governmentscommercial and military organizations, worldwide, of (e.g.,information source type on the depending radio amateur operators, afew of watts to toShortwave transmit several from kilowatts hundreds use stations 2.2.6.1 section. this in described further Ruggera, 1979).transmitters and antennas of the characteristics the Table 2.2 summarizes Patterson, and exceeded be (Hitchcock 1995; EPA, and sometimes its can Lambdin 1979; lim exposure head recommended so users, the of near the occur emissions transceivers’ Fields RF and IF Environmental to similar average tovalues similar levels, up to 400 maximum with

oadcasting oadcasting m, although maximum values up to 100m, although maximum cordless telecommunications. UMTS: Universalmobiletelecommunicationssystem;LTE: Long-term evolution;DECT: Digitalenhanced FM: Frequency modulated; z and powers between 10 and 250 W are typically used. Mean exposure levels on the exposure Mean used. powers 10z and typically between 250 Ware and oadcasting – AM oadcasting –FM

S Na otae Transmission hortwave vigational Transmitters Antennas and TE AM: Amplitude modulated;GSM:Globalsystemformobilecommunications;

V/ m. Subjects working on the masts can be exposed exposed be can working masts on the m. Subjects VHF UHF HF HF-VHF/UHF-MW MF-HF HF-VHF VLF-LF UHF-MW UHF-MW UHF-MW HF-VHF UHF-MW Frequency Band Frequency

V/ m have also been recorded (Mantiplym have been also 500

m) a

V/ re around 10 around re mA/m (which in m (Allen al., et 1994; Conover,

V/ Frequency Range Frequency 54–216 470–854 3–300 152–929 500–1,700 87.5–108 10–70 450–3,700 700–3,500 380–1,900 50 900–2,400 m). Workers

MHz

MHz kHz

MHz

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, , M. C , Protection Board Protection agentsregard CEC physical directive (Chilton, Didcot, to proposed the : Oxon C.M.H. short-wave (6–22 Schwarzenburg shut-down study.Schwarzenburg Bioelectromagnetics Royal Norwegian Navy—An approach to a dose assessment. Bioelectromagnetics Navy—An assessment. approachRoyal to adose Norwegian national non-ionizing radiation workshop Radiation Hygiene Federal Office for Radiation Protection D 8042 8042 D Munich-Neuherberg Protection Radiation for Hygiene Office Federal Radiation sure measurements of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics electromagnetic of radiofrequency measurements sure Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry Prot. Radiat. stations. base UMTS GSM and around exposure lic ( Ontario in used radars traffic Energy . sealers from plastic that leak fields electric RF workers to intense Protection Service Occupational Health & Saety Branch Ontario Ministry of Labour Ministry Ontario Branch &Saety Health Occupational Service Protection , J.F.B. , V. S.G. M.E. , , , Checcucci E.-S. Mild , , , , EMF-emitting sources, with applications in medicine, telecommunication, and applications and sources, telecommunication, medicine, with in EMF-emitting J.H. Chadwick van der Zande der van , C. 21 ( Charron 1994 , , , , 33 Schubert , and Matthes , and Röösli K.H. ). ). – , 40 Review of occupational exposure to optical radiation and electric and magnetic fields with fields magnetic and electric and radiation to exposure optical occupational of Review A. , and Moen , and , . , , , ).

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