DOCSLIB.ORG

Design of a Radio Frequency Heating System For

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Design of a Radio Frequency Heating System For DESIGN OF A RADIO FREQUENCY HEATING SYSTEM FOR ELECTROLYTIC LIQUIDS AND SLUDGES by Md. Saimoom Ferdous B.Sc., Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, 2012 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF APPLIED SCIENCE in THE COLLEGE OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Electrical Engineering) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Okanagan) January 2015 © Md. Saimoom Ferdous, 2015 Abstract A radio frequency (RF) heating system has been designed to heat electrolytic liquids and sludges in a pressurized test vessel. The RF heating system is designed to heat a 400 ml load volume at a frequency of 13.56 MHz using a 1 kW RF generator. The primary application for the heating system is to conduct experimental work on the pretreatment of waste activated sludge, a byproduct of wastewater treatment plants. The dielectric properties of waste activated sludge were analyzed and it was determined that ionic conduction heating at a low frequency would be more efficient than microwave heating at a frequency of 2.45 GHz. The RF heating system was tested with sludge and salt water loads over a temperature range of 20°C to 120°C. Power transfer efficiency from the generator to the load was excellent and exceeded 86% over the entire temperature range for both loads. An important part of this work was the design of the RF applicator. The applicator consists of two circular electrodes mounted inside a Teflon cylinder to uniformly heat the load. The Teflon cylinder has seals and can heat loads under pressure. The load cylinder is enclosed in a coaxial housing and the geometry of the load cylinder and enclosure are designed to provide a nominal impedance of 50 Ω to match the RF generator impedance. The applicator has a thermocouple embedded in an electrode and a software control system is implemented in LabView to adjust the generator power for a target ramp rate or to maintain a steady state temperature. Extensive electromagnetic simulations were done to verify and optimize the applicator design. Analytic, simulation and experimental results are compared and very good agreement is obtained. ii Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents ......................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ................................................................................................................. vi List of Figures .............................................................................................................. vii List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................... xii Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... xiii Dedication ................................................................................................................... xiv Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................... 1 1.1 Literature Review.............................................................................................. 2 1.1.1 Heating Pretreatment Methods for Waste Activated Sludge .................... 2 1.1.2 Other Applications of RF Heating ............................................................ 3 1.2 Research Objectives .......................................................................................... 4 1.3 Overview of Chapters ....................................................................................... 5 Chapter 2: Selecting a Frequency for the RF Heating System ................................ 7 2.1 Conventional Heating versus Electromagnetic Heating ................................... 8 2.2 Principles of Electromagnetic Heating ............................................................. 9 2.2.1 Conductivity ............................................................................................ 10 2.2.2 Ohmic Heating ........................................................................................ 13 2.2.3 Dielectric Heating ................................................................................... 14 2.3 Electrical Properties of Materials.................................................................... 18 2.3.1 Relaxation, Dispersion and the Debye Model ........................................ 18 2.3.2 Electrical Models for Cells and Tissues.................................................. 21 iii 2.3.3 Dielectric Properties of Waste Activated Sludge .................................... 24 2.4 Selecting a Frequency for Heating Waste Activated Sludge .......................... 26 Chapter 3: Design of the RF Heating System .......................................................... 30 3.1 Electrical Properties of the Load..................................................................... 30 3.1.1 Waste Activated Sludge .......................................................................... 31 3.1.2 Equivalent Salt Water Loads .................................................................. 32 3.2 Heating Applicator Physical Design ............................................................... 36 3.3 Electrical Models of the RF Heating System .................................................. 43 3.3.1 Power Transfer ........................................................................................ 44 3.3.2 Equivalent Model for the Load ............................................................... 47 3.3.3 Electrical Model for the Enclosure ......................................................... 51 3.4 Analytic and Simulated Results for Power Transfer Efficiency ..................... 55 Chapter 4: Experimental Results .............................................................................. 60 4.1 Design of the Experimental Test Bed ............................................................. 60 4.1.1 RF Generator ........................................................................................... 62 4.1.2 Coaxial Cable Interconnect ..................................................................... 64 4.1.3 Heating Applicator .................................................................................. 67 4.1.4 Temperature Measurement System ......................................................... 78 4.1.5 Control Software ..................................................................................... 80 4.2 Thermal Profiles of the RF Heating System ................................................... 83 4.2.1 Thermal Ramp Rate for a Salt Water Load ............................................ 83 4.2.2 Thermal Ramp Rate for Waste Activated Sludge ................................... 84 4.2.3 Thermal Settling Time for Heating at Constant Temperature ................ 86 iv 4.2.4 Thermal Gradient between the Electrodes .............................................. 88 4.3 Impedance and Power Transfer Measurements .............................................. 96 4.3.1 Salt Water Load ...................................................................................... 96 4.3.2 Waste Activated Sludge ........................................................................ 100 4.4 Comparison of Analytic, Simulated and Measured Results ......................... 102 Chapter 5: Conclusion ............................................................................................. 105 5.1 Contributions................................................................................................. 105 5.2 Future Work .................................................................................................. 107 Bibliography .............................................................................................................. 109 v List of Tables Table 3.1 Electrical properties of waste activated sludge at a frequency of 13.56 MHz and at a temperature of 25°C. ............................................................. 31 Table 3.2 Comparison of the electrical properties of salt water and waste activated sludge at a temperature of 25°C. ............................................................ 34 Table 3.3 Equivalent circuit and geometrical parameters for WAS and salt water loads at 25°C. ........................................................................................ 49 Table 3.4 Capacitance and inductance of the connecting coaxial cable. ............................... 52 Table 3.5 Intrinsic capacitance and inductance for the heating apparatus. ............................ 54 Table 4.1 Effect of EMI on temperature measurements. ....................................................... 79 Table 4.2 Ramp rate of the RF heating device with 0.03315 N salt water load. ................... 84 Table 4.3 Comparison of ramp rates for 0.03315 N salt water and 4.5% WAS. ................... 86 Table 4.4 Summary of maximum and minimum temperatures across a 0.03315 N salt water load. ..................................................................................... 94 vi List of Figures Figure 2.1 Conventional and electromagnetic heating temperature profiles across the load. 9 Figure 2.2 Conduction current flow through a metallic conductor. ....................................... 11 Figure 2.3 Ionic current flow through a salt water electrolyte. .............................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Simulation and Validation of Radio Frequency Heating of Shell Eggs Soon Kiat Lau University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected]
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Dissertations, Theses, & Student Research in Food Food Science and Technology Department Science and Technology Summer 7-28-2015 Simulation and Validation of Radio Frequency Heating of Shell Eggs Soon Kiat Lau University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/foodscidiss Part of the Food Science Commons, Mechanical Engineering Commons, and the Microbiology Commons Lau, Soon Kiat, "Simulation and Validation of Radio Frequency Heating of Shell Eggs" (2015). Dissertations, Theses, & Student Research in Food Science and Technology. 61. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/foodscidiss/61 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Food Science and Technology Department at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, & Student Research in Food Science and Technology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. i Simulation and Validation of Radio Frequency Heating of Shell Eggs by Soon Kiat Lau A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science Major: Food Science and Technology Under the Supervision of Professor Jeyamkondan Subbiah Lincoln, Nebraska August, 2015 ii Simulation and Validation of Radio Frequency Heating of Shell Eggs Soon Kiat Lau, M.S. University of Nebraska, 2015 Advisor: Jeyamkondan Subbiah Finite element models were developed with the purpose of finding an optimal radio frequency (RF) heating setup for pasteurizing shell eggs. Material properties of the yolk, albumen, and shell were measured and fitted into equations that were used as inputs for the model.
    [Show full text]
  • Review on Microwave-Matter Interaction Fundamentals and Efficient Microwave-Associated Heating Strategies
    materials Review Review on Microwave-Matter Interaction Fundamentals and Efficient Microwave-Associated Heating Strategies Jing Sun 1, Wenlong Wang 2,* and Qinyan Yue 1,* 1 School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; [email protected] 2 National Engineering Laboratory for Coal-fired Pollutants Emission Reduction, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China * Correspondence: [email protected] (W.W.); [email protected] (Q.Y.); Tel.: +86-531-883-99370 (W.W.); +86-531-8836-5258 (Q.Y.) Academic Editor: Dinesh Agrawal Received: 3 January 2016; Accepted: 15 March 2016; Published: 25 March 2016 Abstract: Microwave heating is rapidly emerging as an effective and efficient tool in various technological and scientific fields. A comprehensive understanding of the fundamentals of microwave–matter interactions is the precondition for better utilization of microwave technology. However, microwave heating is usually only known as dielectric heating, and the contribution of the magnetic field component of microwaves is often ignored, which, in fact, contributes greatly to microwave heating of some aqueous electrolyte solutions, magnetic dielectric materials and certain conductive powder materials, etc. This paper focuses on this point and presents a careful review of microwave heating mechanisms in a comprehensive manner. Moreover, in addition to the acknowledged conventional microwave heating mechanisms, the special interaction mechanisms between microwave and metal-based materials are attracting increasing interest for a variety of metallurgical, plasma and discharge applications, and therefore are reviewed particularly regarding the aspects of the reflection, heating and discharge effects. Finally, several distinct strategies to improve microwave energy utilization efficiencies are proposed and discussed with the aim of tackling the energy-efficiency-related issues arising from the application of microwave heating.
    [Show full text]
  • Direct Process Heating Microwave and Radio Frequency
    Technical Information Document Direct Process Heating Microwave and Radio Frequency Technical Information Document 2019 Direct Process Heating Technical Information Microwave and Radio Frequency Document Introduction Dielectric heating uses electromagnetic waves and fields of varying frequencies to heat materials uniformly rather than applying heat from the outside. This means that the operation is more efficient. The most common use of dielectric heating is the domestic microwave oven. In a dielectric oven, heat is generated when high frequency microwaves or radio frequency (RF) electric fields interact with the molecules within the product, causing them to move. The oscillations of the waves trigger oscillations in the molecules of the material, which causes a release of energy that heats the product. The heating occurs throughout the product rather than the heat needing to penetrate the material from its surface. EECA commissioned Strata Energy Consulting and Efficient Energy International to produce this document which is one of a series on electrical heating. The Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority (EECA) endeavours to the best of our ability and knowledge to ensure that the information provided is accurate and current. However, we cannot accept any liability for the accuracy or content of material. The contents of this report should not be construed as advice. Readers should take specific advice from qualified professionals before undertaking any action as a result of information contained in this report. Reference to a specific commercial product, process or service, whether by trade or company name, trademark or otherwise, does not constitute an endorsement or recommendation by the New Zealand Government or EECA.
    [Show full text]
  • Microwave Vs Radio Frequency Heating
    MICROWAVE VS RADIO FREQUENCY HEATING Property of Ferrite Microwave Technologies, LLC – Do Not Distribute INDUSTRIAL, SCIENTIFIC AND MEDICAL (ISM) RADIO FREQUENCY (RF) BANDS These are the center frequencies for the ISM RF bands: Full Global Listing: Radio Frequency Heating • 6.765-6.795 MHz (center frequency 6.780 MHz) • 13.553-13.567 MHz (center frequency 13.560 MHz) • 6.780 MHz; 13.560 MHz; 27.120 MHz; 40.68 MHz • 26.957-27.283 MHz (center frequency 27.120 MHz) Microwave Heating • 40.66-40.70 MHz (center frequency 40.68 MHz) • 433.92 MHz (strictly controlled in Americas) • 433.05-434.79 MHz (center frequency 433.92 MHz) in Americas • 915 MHz (strictly controlled in Europe) • 902-928 MHz (center frequency 915 MHz) in EMEA • 2.450 MHz (most common for varied applications under 50 kW) • 2.400-2.500 MHz (center frequency 2.450 MHz) • 5.725-5.875 MHz (center frequency 5 800 MHz) • 5.800 MHz; 24.125 GHz; 61.25 GHz; 122.5 GHz ; 245 GHz • 24-24.25 GHz (center frequency 24.125 GHz) • 61-61.5 GHz (center frequency 61.25 GHz) Source: • 122-123 GHz (center frequency 122.5 GHz) https://www.ntia.doc.gov/files/ntia/publications/spectrum_wall_chart_aug2011. pdf • 244-246 GHz (center frequency 245 GHz) Property of Ferrite Microwave Technologies, LLC – Do Not Distribute DIELECTRIC HEATING EXPLAINED • Excluding materials which are good conductors of electricity, heat is generated when an object is subjected to an electromagnetic field. This is caused by dielectric losses.* • These losses are the result of the polarization of ionic particles in the material (millions of times per second) due to the oscillation of the electromagnetic field.
    [Show full text]
  • Dielectric Heating
    3 Dielectric heating Horst Linn, Malte Möller 3.1 Physical and Technical Basis Dielectric heating is based on the use of microwaves or radio frequency (RF) waves for heating of insulating material. 3.1.1 Microwaves and Radio Frequency Waves Microwaves and RF waves are electromagnetic waves, comparable to light or radar waves. The frequency spectrum most commonly used for dielectric heating is in the range of 3 MHz to 30 GHz, corresponding to a wavelength of 100 m to 1 cm. The heating effect of high frequencies is based on the interaction of the electric and magnetic field, generated by the high frequency, with the insulating material. The applied field results in a displacement of charged particles in the insulating material, giving rise to induced dipoles. Dipoles (either induced dipoles or permanent dipoles like the water molecule) respond to the electric field, which results in a transfer of power from the electric field to the insulating material. This dissipated power results in a temperature increase of the material. The factors that influence the dielectric heating can be found in equation (1) [1]. P 2 f 0 E² V (1) P = power taken up by material; f = frequency of high frequency wave; 0 = electric field constant; “ = imaginary part of complex dielectric constant; E = electric field strength; V = material volume The main factors that influence the high frequency heating are: the frequency of the waves, the dielectric properties of the material, the incident high frequency power and the material volume. For a specific application where the material properties and the volume are given, the induced power can only be influenced by the frequency and the incident power.
    [Show full text]
  • Microwave Pasteurization and Sterilization of Foods
    CRC_DK3871_ch028.qxd 5/18/2007 21:27 Page 691 28 Microwave Pasteurization and Sterilization of Foods Jasim Ahmed and Hosahalli S. Ramaswamy CONTENTS 28.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................692 28.2 Principles of Microwave Heating................................................................................................692 28.2.1 Microwave Generation....................................................................................................693 28.3 Advantages of Microwave Heating ............................................................................................693 28.4 Factors Affecting Microwave Heating ........................................................................................694 28.4.1 Frequency........................................................................................................................694 28.4.2 Dielectric Properties........................................................................................................694 28.4.3 Moisture Content ............................................................................................................695 28.4.4 Mass ................................................................................................................................695 28.4.5 Temperature ....................................................................................................................695 28.4.6 Geometry and Location of Foods
    [Show full text]
  • Dielectric Heating As a Treatment for Wood Packaging Material
    www.ippc.int g N e . 04 / 2014 o N Dielectric heating as a treatment for wood packaging material Dielectric heating is a newly approved treatment for wood packaging material that uses heat from electromagnetic energy to disinfest the wood. The International Plant Protection Convention’s Commission on Phytosanitary Measures (CPM) approved dielectric heating as a phytosanitary treatment for wood packaging material as part of the International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) No. 15, Regulation of wood packaging material in international trade. This quick guide provides additional information on dielectric heating as a phytosanitary treatment for wood packaging material. It is for information only. What is dielectric heating? Dielectric heating uses electromagnetic waves – such as microwaves (MW) or radio-frequency (RF) waves – to create heat. Some of the electromagnetic energy converts into heat when it interacts with moisture, just like in the ordinary kitchen microwave oven. Dielectric heating How does dielectric heat treat wood packaging material? When wood is heated to the temperature, and within the time period, specified in ISPM 15 Annex 1, the heat kills the pests in the wood that need to be eliminated. Because wood contains moisture throughout its structure, dielectric heating simultaneously heats wood across the whole profile of the wood. As a result, dielectric heating differs from conventional heat treatment methods like air or kiln heating because those methods raise surface temperatures more quickly than the core. It takes time Dielectric heating for heat to be conducted from the surface of the wood to the core and so with conventional heat treatment it is necessary to monitor the temperature of the core of the wood to ensure that sufficient heating has occurred to eliminate the pests.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of Radio Frequency Heating of Fresh Fruits Influenced Yb Dielectric Properties
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Biological Systems Engineering: Papers and Publications Biological Systems Engineering 2008 Characterization of Radio Frequency Heating of Fresh Fruits Influenced yb Dielectric Properties Sohan Birla University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] S. Wang Washington State University Juming Tang Washington State University, [email protected] G. Tiwari Washington State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/biosysengfacpub Part of the Biological Engineering Commons Birla, Sohan; Wang, S.; Tang, Juming; and Tiwari, G., "Characterization of Radio Frequency Heating of Fresh Fruits Influenced yb Dielectric Properties" (2008). Biological Systems Engineering: Papers and Publications. 213. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/biosysengfacpub/213 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biological Systems Engineering at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biological Systems Engineering: Papers and Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Published in Journal of Food Engineering 89 (2008), pp. 390–398; doi: doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2008.05.021 Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. Used by permission. Submitted 29 January 2008; revised 29 April 2008; accepted 3 May 2008; published online 24 May 2008. Characterization of Radio Frequency Heating of Fresh Fruits Influenced by Dielectric Properties S. Birla, S. Wang, J. Tang, and G. Tiwari Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6120, USA. Corresponding author — Juming Tang, 213 LJ Smith Hall, Pullman, WA 99164-6120, USA Phone: 509-335-2140; fax: 509-335-2722; e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Because of its fast and volumetric nature, radio frequency (RF) heating has been looked upon as a way to overcome the problems associated with conventional heating methods used for disinfestation of fruits.
    [Show full text]
  • Radio Frequency Heating : Application in Food Processing and Preservation
    Agricultural Engineering Today, Vol. 29 (1-2): 2005 . Radio Frequency Heating : Application in Food Processing and Preservation Pramod Rail, Chhaya Rail, S.K. Jha2and Amar Singh3 ABSTRACT Radio frequency (RF) heating is an emerging technology in food processing and preservation due to its distinct advantages like uniform heat distribution, large penetration depth, low energy consumption, and providing safe and good quality food products. RFheating could be applied for baking, drying, thawing offrozen foods, pasteurization and sterilization, blanching ofvegetables, postharvest insectcontrol and aseptic processing of particulate food. A review of the major application of RF heating in food processing has been presented in this paper. Introduction Radio Frequency (RF) heating is done in the MHz partofthe electromagnetic spectrum. The frequencies of 13.56 and 27.12 MHz are used for industrial heating applications. Foods are heated by transmitting electromagnetic energy through the food placed between an electrode ~d the ground. RF drying has been successfully used in the textile and furniture industries and its use has progressively grown in other industries www.IndianJournals.com such as food processing and paper manufacturing. Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale Downloaded From IP - 14.139.224.90 on dated 23-Dec-2020 RF heating applications in the food processing industry has been recognized since the 1940s. The initial attempts to use RF energy were for cooked processed meat, to heat bread and to dehydrate vegetables. RF post-baking ofbiscuits, cereals and RF drying offoods are well-established applications. These RF systems have been recognized to be70% efficient in removing moisture in comparison to 10% efficiency in conventional ovens (Mermelstein, 1997).
    [Show full text]
  • Electric & Induction Heating
    Electric & Induction Heating Introduction: Electric heating is any process in which electrical energy is converted to heat. Common applications include heating of buildings, cooking, and industrial processes .An electric heater is an electrical appliance that converts electrical energy into heat. The heating element inside every electric heater is simply an electrical resistor, and works on the principle of Joule heating: an electric current through a resistor converts electrical energy into heat energy.Alternatively, a heat pump uses an electric motor to drive a refrigeration cycle, drawing heat from a source such as the ground or outside air and directing it into the space to be warmed. Definition Dielectric heating (also known as electronic heating, RF heating, high-frequency heating) is the process in which radiowave or microwave electromagnetic radiation heats a dielectric material. This heating is caused by dipole rotation. Power For dielectric heating the generated power density per volume is calculated by Induction heating Induction heating is the process of heating an electrically conducting object (usually a metal) by electromagnetic induction, where eddy currents are generated within the metal and resistance leads to Joule heating of the metal. An induction heater (for any process) consists of an electromagnet, through which a high-frequency alternating current (AC) is passed. Heat may also be generated by magnetic hysteresis losses in materials that have significant relative permeability. The frequency of AC used depends on
    [Show full text]
  • Review on the Study of Dielectric Properties of Food Materials
    American Journal of Engineering and Technology Management 2020; 5(5): 76-83 http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajetm doi: 10.11648/j.ajetm.20200505.11 ISSN: 2575-1948 (Print); ISSN: 2575-1441 (Online) Review on the Study of Dielectric Properties of Food Materials Wondemu Bogale Teseme 1, *, Helen Weldemichael Weldeselassie 2 1Department of Food Technology and Process Engineering, Institute of Technology, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia 2Department of Food Process Engineering, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia Email address: *Corresponding author To cite this article: Wondemu Bogale Teseme, Helen Weldemichael Weldeselassie. Review on the Study of Dielectric Properties of Food Materials. American Journal of Engineering and Technology Management . Vol. 5, No. 5, 2020, pp. 76-83. doi: 10.11648/j.ajetm.20200505.11 Received : October 19, 2020; Accepted : November 5, 2020; Published : November 23, 2020 Abstract: Dielectric properties of foods are used to explain interactions of foods with electric fields. It determines the interaction of electromagnetic waves with matter and defines the charge density under an electric field. For engineering point of view, dielectric properties are the foremost important physical properties related to radio frequency and microwave heating, it is critical to possess knowledge of the dielectric properties of materials in products and process development and, within the modern design of dielectric heating system for the need of desired process. Dielectric properties are often categorized into two: dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor. Dielectric constant is the ability of a material to store microwave energy and dielectric loss factor is the ability of a material to dissipate microwave energy into heat. Dielectric properties of food materials are required for various applications in food industry like microwave (at 915 or 2450 MHz), radio wave (at 13.56, 27.12 or 40.68 MHz) and magnetic field processing.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction: Dielectric Heating Is a Widely Used Electromagnetic Heating Technology. Vibrational Energy (Heat) Is Induced in Th
    Modeling Dielectric Heating: A First Principles Approach R. W. Pryor, Ph.D. Pryor Knowledge Systems, Inc., Bloomfield Hills, MI, USA Introduction: Dielectric heating is a widely The model uses the Electric Currents used electromagnetic heating technology. (ec) and the Heat Transfer in Solids (ht) Vibrational energy (heat) is induced in the Modules to determine the voltage material by the application of an RF field. needed to heat the whey gel to the This model explores the physical effects pasteurization range (71.7 C for 15 when different frequencies within the sec.). Solving this model required a internationally allocated bands[1] are utilized two-step process: 1) Electric currents to pasteurize whey gel (≈gelled milk) in order using the Frequency domain solver and to determine the most efficient parameters. 2) Heat transfer using the Stationary Solver. Table 1 and Figure 4 show the resulting voltage values and fit curve. Figure 1. Whey gel pasteurization channels ’ Figure 2. Permittivity Figure 3. Permittivity Imag- Computational Methods: A material s Real Data and Fit Curve inary Data and Fit Curve electronic heating behavior is represented by its relative permittivity (dielectric constant), i.e. the difference between the material ’ s permittivity relative to that of free space, a fundamental constant whose value is: Table 1. Input Voltage to Figure 4. Input Voltage vs. The permittivity of a material is: Reach Pasteurization T Frequency at a constant T For complex materials that have intrinsic phase delays and energy losses, the relative Conclusions: The results confirm that in permittivity is represented by a complex materials with a large volumetric fraction of number, such as: water, the required input voltage decreases as a function of frequency.
    [Show full text]