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To the Church in the Twenty-First Century: the Last Supper As the Decisive Moment and Criterion of a Renewed Ecclesiology

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To the Church in the Twenty-First Century: the Last Supper As the Decisive Moment and Criterion of a Renewed Ecclesiology Université de Montréal From “This is My Body” to the Church in the Twenty-first Century: The Last Supper as the decisive moment and criterion of a renewed ecclesiology par Janos Glaser Faculté de théologie et de sciences des religions Thèse présentée à la Faculté de théologie et de sciences des religions en vue de l’obtention du grade de doctorat en études théologiques août 2010 © Janos Glaser, 2010 Université de Montréal Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales Cette thèse intitulée : From “This is My Body” to the Church in the Twenty-first Century: The Last Supper as the decisive moment and criterion of a renewed ecclesiology Présentée par : Janos Glaser a été évaluée par un jury composé des personnes suivantes : Jean-Claude Breton, président-rapporteur Alain Gignac, directeur de recherche Guy Lapointe, membre du jury Normand Provencher, examinateur externe i RÉSUMÉ Certains symptômes sont les indicateurs incontestés des très graves problèmes que connaît l’Église. S’ils existent aussi dans des confessions et des religions diverses, seuls seront examinés ici ceux qui concernent l’Église catholique. Parmi les plus significatifs figurent un fort déclin dans la participation à des activités religieuses comme les célébrations eucharistiques dominicales, surtout chez les jeunes, une pénurie presque catastrophique de prêtres ordonnés, une perte de prestige et d’influence de l’enseignement dispensé par l’Église. Ces symptômes varient en intensité selon les pays, mais les statistiques indiquent qu’ils se multiplient. Nombre de ces problèmes sont attribuables à l’extrême vélocité de changements qui surviennent partout et à l’apparente inaptitude de l’Église à s’adapter, en raison notamment de son attachement à la pensée néo-scolastique et à la tradition tridentine. Cette fidélité absolue à une tradition vieille de quatre cents ans l’empêche de se faire à un environnement en évolution rapide et radicale. Des changements appropriés s’imposent pratiquement partout dans l’Église. Or, pour que ceux-ci soient efficaces et respectueux de la nature propre de l’Église, la tradition est un guide qui ne suffit pas. S’appuyant sur les termes de l’encyclique Ecclesia de Eucharistia, « le moment décisif où elle (l’Église) a pris forme est certainement celui où a eu lieu l’institution de l’Eucharistie, dans la chambre à l’étage », la thèse présentée suit le plus près possible l’interprétation donnée aux paroles de Jésus, ceci est mon corps, telles qu’elles ont été prononcées la première fois. Selon cette évidence, il est permis d’affirmer que les caractéristiques définitoires de l’Église provenant de ces mots sont agape, unité, service. Tel doit être le principe directeur des changements. C’est sur une telle base que sont décrits les secteurs où les changements s’imposent ainsi que les aspects visés. Ces changements comprennent les points suivants : liturgie, sacrements, catéchèse, mystagogie, théologie, structure, gouvernance de l’Église et ses enseignements, évangélisation. Ces secteurs exigent des efforts sérieux dans la préparation des personnes touchées par ces changements et dans l’attention portée à l’exigence primordiale voulant qu’agape, unité et service soient les principes actifs et évidents régissant l’Église. Mots clés : agape, amour, ecclésiologie, Eucharistie, Jésus, pain, service, théologie, tradition, unité. ii ABSTRACT Unmistakable symptoms indicate some very serious problems in the Church. While they also plague other denominations and religions, this work deals specifically with the Roman Catholic Church. The most significant symptoms include a drastic decline in participation in religious activity, such as Sunday eucharistic celebrations, especially among younger people, a near- catastrophic shortage of ordained priests, and a loss of the prestige and influence of the teaching authority of the Church. The intensity of these symptoms varies in different areas of the world, but statistical data show that they are spreading. Many of the problems are due to the incredibly fast changes occurring in the world and the apparent inability of the Church to adapt to them, especially in its strong attachment to neo- scholastic thinking and Tridentine tradition. Exclusive reliance on a tradition developed four hundred years ago is unsuitable in a rapidly and radically changing environment. Appropriate changes are necessary in practically all areas of the life of the Church. For these to be successful and also true to the nature of the Church, tradition alone is an insufficient guide. Based on the statement of the encyclical Ecclesia de Eucharistia, the “decisive moment in her [the Church] taking shape was certainly the institution of the Eucharist in the Upper Room,” this thesis returns as closely as possible to the interpretation given to the words of Jesus, this is my body, when they were first uttered. On the evidence available, it can be asserted that the defining characteristics of the Church, given by these words, are agape, unity and service. This must be the guiding principle of changes to be implemented. It is on this basis that the areas in which changes are needed and the aspects to be changed are described. These include liturgy, sacraments, catechesis, mystagogy, theology, the structure and governance of the Church, its teachings, and evangelisation. Within these areas serious effort must be made to properly prepare those involved in the changes and to focus on the pre-eminent requirement of making agape, unity and service the active and obvious principle that governs the Church. Keywords : agape, bread, ecclesiology, Eucharist, Jesus, service, theology, tradition, unity iii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables . vi List of Abbreviations . vi Dedication . vii Acknowledgements . viii Introduction . 1 I. The Condition of the Church 1.1 Introduction . 7 1.2 A letter to the Pope . 8 1.2.1 The author, Henri Boulad . 8 1.2.2 What the letter says . 9 1.2.3 Reactions to the letter . 11 1.2.4 Supporting evidence . 12 1.2.5 The lessons . 16 1.3 The Catechism of the Catholic Church . 17 1.3.1 Precursors of the CCC after Vatican II . 17 1.3.2 Compilation and publication of the CCC . 18 1.3.3 Reception . 26 1.3.4 Language and style . 27 1.3.5 Treatment of morality . 35 1.3.6 Ecumenism . 50 1.3.7 Conclusions . 54 1.4 The encyclical of John Paul II, Ecclesia de Eucharistia . 60 1.4.1 The encyclical and its importance . 61 1.4.2 Reception of the encyclical in the ecumenical community . 62 1.4.3 Presentation of ordained priesthood and its power in the encyclical . 72 1.4.4 Eucharist, source of life of the Church . 80 1.5 Summary conclusions . 91 II. “This is My Body” – The Decisive Moment in the Life of the Church 2.1 Introduction . 95 2.2 The historico-social and religious background of the meal . 99 2.2.1 Eating and eating together . 100 2.2.2 The significance and symbolism of bread and the bread-rite . 102 2.2.3 Conclusions . 105 2.3 The Passover meal . 107 2.3.1 The Last Supper and the Passover . 107 2.3.2 The Passover in history and in the first century . 114 2.3.3 Conclusions . 121 2.4 The institution narratives . 122 2.4.1 Scripture and history . 122 iv 2.4.2 The pericopes . 124 2.4.3 A synchronic reading . 125 2.4.4 Conclusions . 128 2.5 The bread-rite . 129 2.5.1 The words over the bread . 129 2.5.2 The function of bread . 136 2.5.3 Conclusions . 137 2.6 Participants at the Last Supper . 139 2.7 The Gospel according to John . 142 2.7.1 The Last Supper in John . 143 2.7.2 The washing of the feet (Jn 13: 3–15) . 144 2.7.3 Unity in Jn 13–17 . 148 2.7.4 “I am the way” (Jn 14:6) . 149 2.7.5 Love in the Farewell Discourse . 151 2.7.6 Implications . 152 2.7.7 Conclusions . 153 2.8 Witness of the first century CE . 154 2.8.1 Community . 156 2.8.2 Closeness and intimacy . 157 2.8.3 Salvation – living a new life . 159 2.8.4 Implications and conclusions . 161 2.9 Summary conclusions . 162 III. The Church in the Twenty-first Century 3.1 Introduction . 164 3.2 Liturgy . 166 3.2.1 What is liturgy? . 166 3.2.2 Liturgy: self-expression and guide . 167 3.2.3 Language and symbols . 168 3.2.4 Participation . 169 3.2.5 Conclusions: what is needed . 171 3.3 Sacraments and sacramental preparation . 172 3.3.1 Responsibilities . 172 3.3.2 Preparation . 173 3.3.3 Conclusions: what is needed . 174 3.4 The Church as the Body of Christ . 176 3.4.1 Christ and his Body . 176 3.4.2 Members of the Body of Christ . 177 3.4.3 Who is a member of the Body of Christ? . 179 3.4.4 The function of the Body of Christ . 182 3.4.5 Becoming and remaining a member of the Body of Christ . 184 3.4.6 Conclusions: what is needed . 190 3.5 The Church as community . 192 3.5.1 Christianity and community . 192 3.5.2 Community or communitas? . 193 3.5.3 The Church as a community of “washers of the feet” . 196 3.5.4 Conclusions: what is needed . 198 v 3.6 The missionary Church . 199 3.6.1 Evangelization within the Church . 199 3.6.2 Evangelization of the environment . 200 3.6.3 Successful evangelization . 201 3.6.4 Conclusions: what is needed . 202 3.7 The teaching Church . 204 3.7.1 Factors that precipitate changes in the world .
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