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THE PHILOSOPHY of the ENLIGHTENMENT by John Grier Hibben, Professor of Logic, Princeton Uni- Versity

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THE EPOCHS OF PHILOSOPHY Edited by John Grier Hibben, Princeton University The aim of the series on The Epochs of Philosophy is to present the significant features of philosophical thought in the chief periods of its development. There is no attempt to give a complete account in every case of the men or their works which these various periods have produced ; but rather to esti- mate and interpret the characteristic contributions which each age may have made to the permanent store of philosophical knowledge. Such a process of interpretation, therefore, must be necessarily selective. And in the light of the specific pur- poses of this series the principle of selection suggests itself, namely, to emphasise especially those doctrines which have appeared as effective factors in the evolution of philosophical thought as a whole. Moreover, these various periods are inti- mately connected; the history is a continuous one. While there are several distinct epochs of philosophy, there is but one movement of philosophical thought, and it is hoped that the present series will serve, in some slight measure at least, to deepen the impression of that fundamental unity which char- acterises the progress of philosophy through the many phases of its development. VOLUMES AND AUTHORS THE BEGINNINGS OF GREEK PHILOSOPHY By F. J. E. WooDBRiDGE, Professor in Columbia University. THE PLATONIC PHILOSOPHY By A. E. Taylor, Professor of Moral Philosophy, St. Andrew's University. THE ARISTOTELIAN PHILOSOPHY By Paul Shorey, Professor of Greek, University of Chicago. a THE EPOCHS OF PHILOSOPHY STOIC AND EPICUREAN By R. D. Hicks, Fellow and late Lecturer Trinity College, Cambridge. (Now ready.) NEO-PLATONISM AND CHRISTIANITY By F. W. BussELL, Vice-Principal of Brasenose College, Oxford. THE MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY (Author to be announced later.) THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE RENAISSANCE By Charles M. Bakewell, Professor of Philosophy, Yale Uni- versity. THE RISE OF THE HISTORICAL METHOD IN PHILOSOPHY By J. E. Creighton, Professor of Logic and Metaphysics, Cornell University. THE PHILOSOPHY OF RATIONALISM By Frank Thilly, Professor of Ethics, Cornell University. THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT By John Grier Hibben, Professor of Logic, Princeton Uni- versity. (Now ready.) THE CRITICAL PHILOSOPHY By JosiAH RoYCE, Professor of the History of Philosophy, Harvard University. THE IDEALISTIC MOVEMENT OF THOUGHT IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY By J. B. Baillie, Professor of Moral Philosophy, Aberdeen Uni- versity. An additional volume (title to be announced later) is ex- pected from A. S. Pringle-Pattison, Professor of Logic and Metaphysics in the University of Edinburgh. THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT *AXX', «S (pl\e, fjv S' iyd, jiirpov rdv toioiJtwv iiraKeivov Kal OTioOv Tov 6vTos ov ndpv ixerplus yiyverar dreXis ydp oidiv ovdevbs nirpov. —PLATO, Republic, VI, 504, C. EPOCHS OF PHILOSOPHY0f¥l^^ MAR 1. 7 1910 A. THE PHILOSOPHY^%i£W^ OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT BY >/ JOHN GRIER HIBBEN, Ph.D., LL.D. STUART PROFESSOR OF LOGIC, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 1910 Copyright, 1910, by CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS Published February, igzo TO MY DAUGHTER PREFACE The age of the Enlightenment has a peculiar in- terest and value for the student of the history of philosophy. The philosophical output of this pe- riod is unusually rich and significant, embracing as it does the classical writings of Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Leibniz, Rousseau and Kant, and therefore may well be studied for the material which these separate contributions severally contain. But, more than this, the eighteenth-century philosophy is a period in which a great movement of thought is ex- hibited, and that, too, on a large and conspicuous stage, England, France, Germany form its settings. It begins with Locke and is completed in Kant. And whatever significance Kant may possess for the philosophical world to-day attaches also to this period, for this period served to open the way for the critical philosophy of the great master which is its appropriate culmination. Moreover, the practical influences of the philosoph- ical discussions of this age are of such extent and importance as to engage the attention of the ordi- nary reader of history, as well as that of the more special worker in the field of philosophy. In Eng- land religious controversy, political theory, and moral standards were profoundly affected by the philosophical tendencies of the day; in France the social and political doctrines became involved with the philosophical, and they were not without a dominating influence upon the popular mind, not viii PREFACE only throughout the period preceding the Frencn Revolution, but also during the years of its progress as well; in Germany the same tendencies manifested themselves in theological controversy on the one hand, and in the quickening of poetical insight and interpretation on the other, so that poets became philosophers, and philosophers became poets. The movement of philosophical thought in this age, more- over, is typical of great movements of thought gen- erally, and in this aspect is both illuminating and suggestive as a representative historical study. The tendencies which here prevail, the characteristic dif- ferences in point of view, as well as the complement- ary relation of opposed opinions, are all repeated again and again in the various political, social, reli- gious, moral, and philosophical controversies which emerge through every significant period in the his- tory of thought. I wish to take this opportunity of expressing my indebtedness to my friend and colleague. Professor Norman Smith, whose suggestions and criticism have proved invaluable to me in the preparation of this book. J. G. H. Princeton, January 30, 1910. CONTENTS CHAPTER I PAGE The Age of the Enlightenment ... 3 The period from Locke's Essay to Kant's Critique, 3; char- acteristic features of the eighteenth-century philosophy, 3; the Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 6; the three stages of the movement of thought in this century, 7; ideahsm of Berkeley, 9; materialistic movement in England and France, 10; scepticism of Hume, 11; the function of scepticism in the development of thought, 12; the rationalism of Leibniz, 13; Kant's w^ork of reconstruc- tion, 15; influence of Rousseau, 16; ofl&ces of the practi- cal reason, 16; practical influences of the Enlightenment, 18; deism, 19; utilitarianism, 19; individualism in politics, 20; Kant's contribution to the practical problems of this age, 21; references, 24. CHAPTER H Locke's Inner and Outer World ... 25 Locke's love of truth, 25; origin of the Essay, 26; an appeal for intellectual freedom, 27; his method, psychological, 27; Locke's inner world, sensation and reflection, 29; mind, regarded as passive in receiving the sensory mate- rials of know^ledge, 31; its later activity, mechanical, 34; the mind's organising function, 38; Leibniz's criticism of Locke, 38; intellectualism of Locke, 39; canon of philo- sophical criticism, the idea of self ; 40; , 42 Locke's outer world, 44; reality of knowledge, 44; primary and sec- ondary qualities of matter, 46; nature of substance, 48; idea of God, 51; concept of causation, 53; influence of Locke, 55; references, 56. X CONTENTS CHAPTER III Berkeley's Idealism 57 Relation to Locke, 57; no material substance, 59; no ab- stract ideas, 60; no distinction between primary and sec- ondary qualities of matter, 60; theory of vision, 61; Berkeley's idealism explained, 62; idea of God, 66; doc- trine of spiritual substance, 68; causation, 69; universal language of nature, 71; criticism of Berkeley, 72; notion and idea, 73; idealism of the Siris, 75; anticipations of Kant, 80; Berkeley in America, 81; references, 84. CHAPTER IV Hume's Scepticism 85 Relation to Locke and Berkeley, 85 ; his argument a reducHo ad absurdum of Locke's position, 87; Huxley on Hume, 87; impressions and ideas, 88; Hume's fundamental canon of criticism, 89; doctrine of causation, 90; doc- trine of substance, 93; idea of self, 95 ; criticism of Hume, 97; abstract ideas, 99; function of imagination in thought, 100; Hume, sceptical of his own scepticism, 102; relation to Kant, 104; effect upon Thomas Reid, 108; ref- erences, no. CHAPTER V The Materialistic Movement in England AND France in Relation to Locke, in; David Hartley, 112; Joseph Priestley, 116; Voltaire's Lettres sur les Anglais, 119; Condillac, 120; Helvetius, 122; Lamettrie, 123; Diderot, 124; Holbach, 131; Cabanis, 134. CHAPTER VI Rousseau's Philosophy of Feeling . 136 Relation to the Encyclopcedists, 136; his early materialism, 136; his protest on behalf of feeling, 138; Profession of faith of the Savoyard Vicar, 141; man regarded as a machine, 144; Rousseau's Discourses, 145; Conlrat Social, 148; reason and feeling, 150; individualism, 152; CONTENTS xi PAGE Confessions, 153; feeling and conduct, 154; Rousseau's pragmatism, 157; influence upon Kant, 158; refer- ences, 160. CHAPTER VII The Philosophy of Leibniz 161 Relation to Locke, 161; i\itNouveaux Essais, 162; Leib- niz's rationalism, 163; the Characteristica Universalis, 164; symbolic logic, 165; doctrine of substance, 166; substance as entelechy, 169; doctrine of the monads, 170; theidentity of indiscernibles, 171; appetition, 172; repre- sentative function of the monads, 173; perception, 174; theory of causation, 176; relation of monads to God, 177; pre-established harmony, 178; relation of mind to body, 181; parallelism, 183; efficient and final causes, 183; world of nature and world of divine purpose, 184; Leib- niz's theory of knowledge, 185; Kant's task, 188; sub- stance as a centre of force, 188; doctrine of evolution, 190; summary, 193; references, 193. CHAPTER VIII The Conflict of Typical Philosophical Influences in Germany 194 Kant's characterisation of the Aufkldrung, 194; influence of LeibfiizandWolfif, 194; influenceof Locke, 195; pietism, 195; the poet-philosophers, 196; Wolff's philosophy and influence, 197; Lessing and his philosophy, 200; Woljen- huttler Fragmente, 203; Herder, 206; influence of Spi- noza, 208; Thomasius, 210; popular philosophers, 210; Mendelssohn, 211; Nicolai, 212; empirical philosophy of Tetens, 212; summary, 213; references, 214.
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