DESIGN II / Chemtran General Reference Guide

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

DESIGN II / Chemtran General Reference Guide DESIGN IITM TM ChemTran General Reference Guide Version 16.0 WinSim® Inc. Advanced Engineering Software Copyright Notice Copyright 1995 - 2021 by WinSim Inc. All Rights Reserved. Copyright 1988 - 1995 by ChemShare Corporation DESIGN II for Windows, DESIGN II, and ChemTran are trademarks of ChemShare Corporation. Microsoft® and Windows® are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Therminol® is a registered trademark of Solutia Inc. Coastal AGR® is a registered trademark of Coastal Chemical Company. DGA (R) and Diglycolamine (R) are registered trademarks of Huntsman Corporation. aMDEA (R) is a registered trademark of BASF. AICHE (R) is a registered trademark of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers. ASME (R) is a registered trademark of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. WinSim is a registered trademark of WinSim Inc. The Design Institute for Physical Property Data and DIPPR are registered trademarks of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AICHE). Freon (R) and Suva (R) are registered trademarks of E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company. Information in this General Reference Guide is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of WinSim Inc. The software described in this User Guide is furnished under a license agreement and may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of the agreement. WinSim Inc. makes no warranty of any kind with regard to this material, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. WinSim Inc. shall not be liable for errors contained herein or for incidental consequential damages in connection with the furnishing performance or use of this material. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, for any purpose, without the express written permission of WinSim Inc. Release 16.0, May 2021 WinSim Inc. 8653 FM 2759, Richmond, TX 77469 281-545-9200 Telephone Website: www.winsim.com 281-545-9200 x106 Technical Support Email: [email protected] 281-545-8820 Fax Email: [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................... 1 EXECUTING DESIGN II FILES VIA THE COMMAND LINE ................................................................................................................................ 1 INPUT COMMANDS ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 INPUT SECTIONS ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 2 INPUT GUIDELINES ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 ENTERING NUMERICAL QUANTITIES ............................................................................................................................................................... 3 ENTERING EQUIPMENT MODULES ................................................................................................................................................................... 3 ENTERING DIMENSIONAL UNITS ..................................................................................................................................................................... 3 ENTERING COMMENTS ................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 SAMPLE DESIGN II OUTPUT ......................................................................................................................................................................... 4 EXAMPLE FLOWSHEET SIMULATION-DEBUTANIZER COLUMN DESIGN .......................................................................................................... 10 DESIGN II LIMITATIONS ............................................................................................................................................................................. 10 CHAPTER 2: DATABASE COMPONENTS ............................................................................................................................. 11 COMPONENT DATABASE SORTED BY ID ....................................................................................................................................................... 11 COMPONENT DATABASE - ID FROM 1 TO 99 ................................................................................................................................................. 11 COMPONENT DATABASE - ID FROM 100 TO 999 ........................................................................................................................................... 13 COMPONENT DATABASE - ID FROM 1000 TO 1999 ....................................................................................................................................... 13 COMPONENT DATABASE - ID FROM 2000 TO 2999 ....................................................................................................................................... 32 COMPONENT DATABASE - ID FROM 3000 TO 3999 ....................................................................................................................................... 34 COMPONENT DATABASE - ID FROM 4000 TO 4999 ....................................................................................................................................... 39 COMPONENT DATABASE - ID FROM 5000 TO 5999 ....................................................................................................................................... 44 COMPONENT DATABASE - ID FROM 6000 TO 6999 ....................................................................................................................................... 45 COMPONENT DATABASE - ID FROM 7000 TO 7999 ....................................................................................................................................... 45 COMPONENT DATABASE - ID FROM 8000 TO 8999 ....................................................................................................................................... 46 COMPONENT DATABASE - ID FROM 9000 TO 9999 ....................................................................................................................................... 48 COMPONENT DATABASE FOR MIXED AMINE ................................................................................................................................................. 49 COMPONENT PROPERTIES STORED ................................................................................................................................................................ 50 COMPONENT PROPERTIES ESTIMATION METHODS ........................................................................................................................................ 51 DESIGN II IONIC COMPONENT LIBRARY ..................................................................................................................................................... 51 CHAPTER 3: SPECIFYING FEED STREAMS ......................................................................................................................... 53 REAL FEEDS COMMAND DETAILS ................................................................................................................................................................. 53 REAL FEEDS COMMAND SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................................................. 55 REAL FEEDS STREAM PHASE SPECIFICATION ................................................................................................................................................ 55 REAL FEEDS HEATING VALUE COMMANDS .................................................................................................................................................. 55 PETROLEUM (PSEUDO) FRACTIONS ............................................................................................................................................................... 56 PETROLEUM FRACTION ESSENTIAL COMMANDS ........................................................................................................................................... 56 PETROLEUM FRACTION OPTIONAL COMMANDS ............................................................................................................................................ 57 FEEDS THERMODYNAMIC OPTIONAL COMMAND ........................................................................................................................................... 58 SPECIFYING AND REFERENCING A FEED STREAM .......................................................................................................................................... 59 CHAPTER 4: CRUDE BULK FEED STREAMS ......................................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Book of Abstracts
    An event by Book of Abstracts Rimini (Italy) November 19th – 21 st, 2018 Proceedings of the Merck & Elsevier Young Chemists Symposium XVIII edition Edited by: F. Bella, L. Botta, R. Cucciniello, A. D’Urso, P. Franco, E. Lenci, G. Mazzone, M. Schlich, A. Soldà, R. Spezzano, S. Staderini, and L. Triggiani Copyright © 2018 Società Chimica Italiana, Viale Liegi 48C, 00198- Roma ISBN: 978-88-94952-03-2 2 Welcome message Dear participants, welcome to the 18th edition of the Merck & Elsevier Young Chemists Symposium, formerly SAYCS and MYCS. This conference is an international scientific event organized by the Young Group of the Italian Chemical Society (SCI Giovani) with the financial support of Merck and Elsevier. This symposium is fully devoted to young researchers, such as MSc and PhD students, post-doc fellows and young researchers in companies. All the disciplines of Chemistry are covered: analytical, physical, industrial, organic, inorganic, theoretical, pharmaceutical, biological, environmental, macromolecular and electrochemistry. This year, a special emphasis will be given to chemistry from knowledge to innovation: how chemistry is increasingly present in all of the fields that are essential for human life, and how chemical fundamentals are pushing novel technologies? This year we have the exceptional number of 212 participants; we thank you for the great trust shown towards SCI Giovani, Merck and Elsevier. Enjoy the conference! Federico Bella Coordinator of SCI-Giovani HOW TO CITE YOUR WORK The scientific contributions of this conference are collected in an international volume with ISBN code. You can cite your work in this way: N. Surname, N. Surname, … and N.
    [Show full text]
  • Directive Effects in Abstraction Reactions of the Phenyl Radical Robert Frederick Bridger Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1963 Directive effects in abstraction reactions of the phenyl radical Robert Frederick Bridger Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Organic Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Bridger, Robert Frederick, "Directive effects in abstraction reactions of the phenyl radical " (1963). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 2336. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/2336 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This dissertation has been 63-5170 microfilmed exactly as received BRIDGER, Robert Frederick, 1934- DIRECTIVE EFFECTS IN ABSTRACTION RE­ ACTIONS OF THE PHENYL RADICAL. Iowa State University of Science and Technology Ph.D., 1963 Chemistry, organic University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan DIRECTIVE EFFECTS IN ABSTRACTION REACTIONS OF THE PHENYL RADICAL by Robert Frederick Bridger A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major Subject: Organic Chemistry Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. In Charge of Major Work Signature was redacted for privacy. Head of Major Depart me6jb Signature was redacted for privacy. Iowa State University Of Science and Technology Ames, Iowa 1963 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 3 RESULTS 6 DISCUSSION 36 EXPERIMENTAL 100 SUMMARY 149 REFERENCES CITED 151 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 158 iii LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Landolt-Börnstein Indexes of Organic Compounds Subvolumes A-I by V
    Landolt-Börnstein Indexes of Organic Compounds Subvolumes A-I By V. Vill, C. Bauhofer, G. Peters, H. Sajus, P. Weigner, LCI-Publisher and Chemistry Department of the University of Hamburg All printed index material has been used to build up the comprehensive Scidex database index developed by LCI Publisher GmbH, Hamburg For further information please visit www.lci-publisher.com From this database a CD-ROM and two online versions were derived. The first is attached to each of the printed subvolumes and the latter are offered for free use at the following addresses: Scidex Database online with graphical structure search on http://lb.chemie.uni-hamburg.de/ Or the easy to use html version on http://lb.chemie.uni-hamburg.de/static/ Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology New Series / Editor in Chief: W. Martienssen Index of Organic Compounds Subvolume A Compounds with 1 to 7 Carbon Atoms Editor: V. Vill Authors: V. Vill, G. Peters, H. Sajus 1 3 ISBN 3-540-66203-0 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Naturwissenschaften und Technik, Neue Serie Editor in Chief: W. Martienssen Index of Organic Compounds A: Editor: V. Vill At head of title: Landolt-Börnstein. Added t.p.: Numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology. Tables chiefly in English. Intended to supersede the Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen by H. Landolt and R. Börnstein of which the 6th ed. began publication in 1950 under title: Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Physik, Chemie, Astronomie, Geophysik und Technik.
    [Show full text]
  • BGA244 Binary Gas Analyzer User Manual
    BGA244 Binary Gas Analyzer User Manual Revision 1.10 Certification Stanford Research Systems certifies that this product met its published specification at the time of shipment. Warranty This Stanford Research Systems product is warranted against defects in materials and workmanship for a period of one (1) year from the date of shipment. Service For warranty service or repair, this product must be returned to a Stanford Research Systems authorized service facility. Contact Stanford Research Systems or an authorized representative for a RMA (Return Material Authorization) Number before returning this product for repair. These are available at www.thinksrs.com under Support, Repair/Calibration. All users returning a BGA244 back to the factory for repair and/or service must submit a correctly completed “Declaration of Contamination of Equipment” form, available as part of the RMA process. The SRS personnel carrying out repair and service of the BGA244 must be informed of the condition of the components prior to any work being performed. Warning All returns to SRS must be free of harmful, corrosive, radioactive or toxic materials. Dedication In memory of Jim Williams, 1948 - 2011: Legendary Author and Analog Design Guru Information in this document is subject to change without notice. Copyright © Stanford Research Systems, Inc., 2016-2018. All rights reserved. Stanford Research Systems, Inc. 1290-C Reamwood Avenue Sunnyvale, California 94089 Phone: (408) 744-9040 Fax: (408) 744-9049 Email: [email protected] www.thinksrs.com Printed in the
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent (15) 3,647,432 Holstead (45) Mar
    United States Patent (15) 3,647,432 Holstead (45) Mar. 7, 1972 (54) CARBAZOLYLMETHANEDYE SALTS 3,503,740 3/1970 De Selms et al..........................96/15 ASSENSTAERS FOR PHOTOCONDUCTOR COMPOSTIONS Primary Examiner-George F. Lesmes 72) Inventor: Colin Holstead, 37 Abbotts Road Abbotts Assistant Examiner-John C. Cooper, Langley, Walford, England Attorney-William H. J. Kline, James R. Frederick and Fred 22 Filed: Oct. 22, 1969 L. Denson 21 Appl. No.: 868,600 57 ABSTRACT 52 U.S.C.......................................96/16,96/1.5, 96/1.7, Tris(9-alkylcarbazol-3-yl)methane dyes and tris(9-arylcar 260/215 bazol-3-yl)methane dyes enhance the sensitization of 51 int. Clk........................................G03g S/06, G03g 5/08 photoconductive layers containing various photoconductors. 58 Field of Search.............................................96/1.5-1.7; These materials are particularly useful in elements used in 260/315 electrophotographic processes. 56 References Cited 15Claims, NoDrawings UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,448,705 l/1970 Fox et al................................96/1.6 3,647,432 1. 2 It is a further object of this invention to provide a process CARBAZOLYLMETHANEDYE SALTS ASSENSTIZERS for using novel sensitized photoconductive elements. FORPHOTOCONDUCTOR COMPOSITIONS These and other objects are accomplished by using either a This invention relates to electrophotography, and in par tris(9-alkyl carbazol-3-yl)methane dye or a tris(9-arylcar ticular to novel sensitized photoconductive compositions and bazol-3-yl)methane dye as a sensitizer for a photoconductive elements having coated thereon such compositions. composition. The carbazole nucleus of these dyes can be The process of xerography, as disclosed by Carlson in U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Thesis-1967-S562e.Pdf
    AN EXAMINATION OF THE MECHANISM OF THE REACTION OF TRITYL ACETATE WITH PHENYLMAGNESIUM BROMIDE-PROOF OF RADICAL INTERMEDIATES By RUSSELL DWAYNE SHUPE I/ Bachelor of Science Oklahoma State University . Stillwater, Oklahoma 1965 Submitted to the faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE July, 1967 T h112'f:/5 I 9/o 7 5 St::, ,-:1,_._p~· c.op, , .. , '1RUHOMA STAl£ UN/fifft~Tff L4BiRARY JAN 18 l~-8 AN EXAMINATION OF 'i;HEMECHANISM OF THE REACTION OF TRIT'lL ACETATE WITH PHENYLMAGNESIUM BROMIDE-PROOF OF RADICAL INTERMEDIATES Thesis Approved: Thesis Adviser ~ n n flw., ...... _ Dean of the Graduate College 660279 ii ACKNOW:LEDGMENTS The authot: wishes to express his gratitude to Dr. K. Darrell Berlin, for his enthusiasm, zeal .and particularly his aura of pleasantness, while so ,competently directing the research without which this thesis . would not have been possible. Appreciation is also extended to· Dr. O. C. Dermer for his meticu­ lous critic~sm of the manuscript of thts thesis as well as for his help­ ful suggestions throughout the course of study here. The author would also like to express acknowledgment to several fellow chemists. for their valuable technical assistance during the course ·of this study; particularly t:o Dr. Ronald D. Grigsby,-Dr •. Earl D. Mitchell, .Jr., Dr. George R. Waller, Lenton G. Williams .and Robert B. Hanson, as·well as many other chemistry graduate students at the Okla­ homa State University. Gratitude ts also extended to the Nation.al Aeronautics and Space _Administration for financial assistance in the form ·of a· fellowship during my course of studies here.
    [Show full text]
  • C4ta03015j1.Pdf
    Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Journal of Materials Chemistry A. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014 Electronic Supplementary Information Facile synthesis of azo-linked porous organic frameworks via reductive homocoupling for selective CO2 capture Jingzhi Lu and Jian Zhang* Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA E-Mail: [email protected] Table of Contents 1. Materials and measurements S2 2. General synthetic procedures S3 3. FT-IR spectra S9 4. 13C NMR spectra S13 5. Powder X-ray diffraction S16 6. Thermal gravimetric analysis of azo-POFs S17 7. Additional gas adsorption data for azo-POFs and ene-POFs S18 S1 1. Materials and measurements Trityl chloride (97%), aniline (99.5%), isopentyl nitrite (96%), 50% hypophosphorous acid solution, fuming nitric acid (99.5%) and tetrahydrofuran (THF, 99%) were obtained from Sigma- Aldrich. Tetraphenylethylene (98%), Sodium hydroxide (pellet, 98%), zinc powder (99.9%) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.9%) were purchased from Alfa Aesar. Acetic acid (glacial), concentrated hydrochloride acid and concentrated sulfuric acid were obtained from Fisher Scientific. Ethanol (200 proof) was purchased from Decon Lab. All chemicals were used without purification unless otherwise noted. Solution NMR was performed on either a Bruker FT-NMR spectrometer (400 MHz) or a Bruker FT-NMR spectrometer (300 MHz). Solid-state CP/MAS 13C NMR spectra were collected on a Bruker Avance III three-channel spectrometer. Infrared spectroscopy was performed on a Nicolet Avatar 360 FT-IR. UV-Vis absorption spectra were obtained on an Aligent Cary 300 facility with DRA-CA-30I solid-state sample holder.
    [Show full text]
  • Selective Methylative Homologation: an Alternate Route to Alkane Upgrading John E
    Published on Web 08/13/2008 Selective Methylative Homologation: An Alternate Route to Alkane Upgrading John E. Bercaw,‡ Nilay Hazari,‡ Jay A. Labinger,*,‡ Valerie J. Scott,‡ and Glenn J. Sunley*,# Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratories of Chemical Synthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, and BP Chemicals Limited, Hull Research and Technology Centre, Kingston Upon Hull, North Humberside HU12 8DS, England Received April 24, 2008; E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract: InI3 catalyzes the reaction of branched alkanes with methanol to produce heavier and more highly branched alkanes, which are more valuable fuels. The reaction of 2,3-dimethylbutane with methanol in the presence of InI3 at 180-200 °C affords the maximally branched C7 alkane, 2,2,3-trimethylbutane (triptane). With the addition of catalytic amounts of adamantane the selectivity of this transformation can be increased up to 60%. The lighter branched alkanes isobutane and isopentane also react with methanol to generate triptane, while 2-methylpentane is converted into 2,3-dimethylpentane and other more highly branched species. Observations implicate a chain mechanism in which InI3 activates branched alkanes to produce tertiary carbocations which are in equilibrium with olefins. The latter react with a methylating species generated from methanol and InI3 to give the next-higher carbocation, which accepts a hydride from the starting alkane to form the homologated alkane and regenerate the original carbocation. Adamantane functions as a hydride transfer agent and thus helps to minimize competing side reactions, such as isomerization and cracking, that are detrimental to selectivity. Introduction upgrading light hydrocarbons such as n-hexane to diesel- range linear alkanes.5,6 The catalytic conversion of abundant but relatively inert alkanes into higher value chemicals has been a longstanding The dehydrative condensation of methanol to hydrocarbons challenge for chemists and the petrochemical industry.
    [Show full text]
  • THE THREE NITRO-TRIPHENYLAMINES. (I) Theoretical Part. Hitherto, Only One Mono-Nitro Derivative of Triphenylamine Has Been Known
    2006 JEAN PICCARD AND LOUIS M. LARSEN. [CONTRIBUTIONFROM THE KENTCHEMICAL LABORATORY OF THE UNIVERSITYOF CHICAGO.] THE THREE NITRO-TRIPHENYLAMINES. BY JGAN PICCARD AND LOUISM. LARSEN. Received July 9, 1917. (I) Theoretical Part. Hitherto, only one mono-nitro derivative of triphenylamine has been known; it was prepared by Herz’ in the year 1890 by the treatment of triphenylamine with nitric acid. Although this method of preparation contains no proof as to whether it is an ortho, a meta, or a para derivative, it was, nevertheless, listed in the literature as the para. For a purpose,2 which will be discussed later, Piccard and Kharasch, needed the p-nitro- triphenylamine. Since we could not find in the literature any proof for the constitution of the compound prepared by her^,^ nor a general method for the preparation of the nitro-triphenylamines, we tried to prepare p-nitro-triphenylamine by the introduction of phenyl groups into p-nitran- iline. The substance thus produced was indeed identical with the product prepared by Herz. Against our proof, however, the objection could be raised, that a rearrangement might have taken place in the course of the reaction (heating for 30 hours at 200” in the presence of potassium car- bonate). Were this last objection valid, then we could not obtain, when starting from the three mono-nitranilines, three different mono-nitro- triphenylarnines. Hence we phenylated 0- and m-nitraniline as well as p-nitraniline and obtained three isomeric mono-nitro-triphenylamines. Absolute proof is thus given that our three derivatives are, respectively, the ortho, the meta, and the para compounds.
    [Show full text]
  • Supporting Information
    Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for ChemComm. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015 Supporting Information A Novel 3D Covalent Organic Framework Membrane Grown on a Porous α-Al2O3 Substrate under Solvothermal Conditions Hui Lu, Chang Wang, Juanjuan Chen, Rile Ge, Wenguang Leng, Bin Dong, Jun Huang, and Yanan Gao* 1. Synthesis of tetra-(4-anilyl)-methane (TAM) Tetra-(4-anilyl)-methane was synthesized according to the literature[S1]. Typically, a mixture of triphenylmethylchloride (9.18 g, 33 mmol) and aniline (8.4 g, 89 mmol) was heated to 200 °C for 5 minutes and cooled to 90 °C. And then, 100 mL of (2 mol/L) HCl solution and 45 mL of methanol were added to the reaction system. The reaction was refluxed briefly. The gray solid was obtained and filtered. The solid was then dissolved in a mixture of 65 mL of ethanol and 10 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid. The mixture was cooled to -10 °C and 8 mL of isoamylnitrite was then added. The mixture was stirred for about 30 minutes, and 15 mL of 50% hypophosphorous acid was added at -10 °C and heated to reflux. A light green solid was filtered and washed with a solution of ethanol/dioxane (4:1, v:v) to get compound 1. To compound 1 (7.5 g, 23.4 mmol), 40 mL of fuming nitric was added dropwise at -10°C with vigorous stirring. To this mixture, 12 mL of acetic anhydride and 25 mL of acetic acid was slowly added and stirred for 15 minutes. After that, the mixture was diluted with 50 mL of acetic acid and filtered off.
    [Show full text]
  • Moses Gomberg
    NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES M O S E S G OM B ERG 1866—1947 A Biographical Memoir by J O H N C . BAILAR, JR. Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoir COPYRIGHT 1970 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES WASHINGTON D.C. MOSES GOMBERG February 8,1866-February 12,1947 BY JOHN C. BAILAR, JR. OSES GOMBERG, one of the world's truly great organic M chemists, was born in Elizabetgrad, Russia, on February 8, 1866, and died in Ann Arbor, Michigan, on February 12, 1947—four days after his eighty-first birthday. Aside from the fact that his parents were George and Marie Resnikoff Gom- berg, and that he had a younger sister, Sonia, almost nothing is known of his family. In his mature life, he rarely, if ever, spoke of his boyhood, and even his closest friends did not know what sort of life he led before coming to America. It is known only that he attended the Nicolau Gymnasium in Elizabetgrad from 1878 to 1884. In the latter year, his father was accused of political conspiracy and, in order to avoid arrest and imprisonment, he fled from Russia to the United States, sacrificing all of his property in Russia. The son, although only eighteen years of age, was also under suspicion, and he either accompanied his father to America, or followed soon afterwards. There is no record of their flight from oppression, and we do not know whether they were allowed to depart peaceably and in comfort, or had to flee in secret.
    [Show full text]
  • Points for N-C7H16, 2,2-(CH3)2C4H8, and 2,2,4-(CH3)3C5H9 Fall Off the Line to Which Most Other Violet Solutions Conform
    EFFECT OF METHYL GROUPS UPON THE SOLVENT POWER OF ALIPHATIC LIQUIDS BY JOEL H. HILDEBRAND AND JoHN DYMOND UNWVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY Read before the Academy October 11, 1966 In 1950, the senior author published' a short paper on "An Irregularity in the Solvent Powers of Paraffins" in which he called attention to the fact that their solu- bility parameters, 5, calculated from energy of vaporization, AEVaP, are too small to give correct values for heats of mixing by the term in the simple solubility equation for regular solutions,2 v24,2(51-52)2. v2 denotes molal volume of liquid solute, 1, is volume fraction of solvent; the 8's are (AEv`P/v)l/2. They are better solvents for iodine and poorer for fluorocarbons than their 8-values indicate. In the meantime, evidence has accumulated that this anomaly of paraffins occurs with many of their mixtures with nonpolar substances. Hiraoka and Hildebrand,' in 1963, illustrated this graphically by a plot of log x2 versus (52 - 51)2. X2 is the solubility of iodine expressed as mole fraction. The points for n-C7H16, 2,2-(CH3)2C4H8, and 2,2,4-(CH3)3C5H9 fall off the line to which most other violet solutions conform. Shinoda and Hildebrand4 in 1965 determined values for additional aliphatic solvents and showed that the pure cyclic compounds, cyclopentane, cis- and transdecalins, fall on the line, as does cyclohexane, but that methyl- and dimethylcyclohexane do not, nor does n-hexadecane. We showed also that the entropy in all these cases is virtually regular, and that the divergence must therefore be attributed to failure of the term(52 - 51) 2 to give the correct enthalpy in the case of aliphatic liquids whose molecules contain methyl groups.
    [Show full text]