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The Poetics of Revolution: Cultures, Practices, and Politics of Anti-Colonialism in Iraq, 1932-1960

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The Poetics of Revolution: Cultures, Practices, and Politics of Anti-Colonialism in Iraq, 1932-1960 The Poetics of Revolution: Cultures, Practices, and Politics of Anti-Colonialism in Iraq, 1932-1960 by Kevin M. Jones A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in the University of Michigan 2013 Doctoral Committee: Professor Juan R. Cole, Chair Professor Geoff Eley Associate Professor Farina Mir Professor Andrew J. Shryock For Kate, for your patience, your love, and your laugh ii Acknowledgements I owe a tremendous debt of gratitude to the Department of History and the University of Michigan not only for the critical resources that have allowed me to complete this project in a timely manner, but for shaping my understanding of academic and historical scholarship. Fellowship funding from the Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies, the Eisenberg Institute for Historical Studies, and the Department of History allowed me to conduct extensive archival research and to devote my full attention to writing for several semesters. Lorna Altstetter, Diana Denney, and Kathleen King have provided immeasurable help in this process. Additional Arabic and Persian language study in Michigan, Wisconsin, Egypt, and Yemen was supported by a Critical Language Scholarship, two Foreign Language and Area Studies Fellowships, and a fellowship from the Center for Arabic Studies Abroad. I am deeply grateful for the opportunities provided by all of these institutions, organizations, and programs. My development as an historian and scholar of the modern Middle East was shaped by the incredibly community of scholars at the University of Michigan. I am particularly grateful to Kathryn Babayan, Michael Bonner, Juan Cole, Geoff Eley, Paul Johnson, Barbara Metcalf, Farina Mir, Gina Morantz-Sanchez, and Andrew Shryock for their roles in this process. I benefitted greatly from the tremendous intellectual community at the Eisenberg Institute. I was honored to participate in three different roundtable discussions at the Institute, and the thoughtful questions and advice that I received from faculty members and graduate students helped to strengthen the arguments of this dissertation. I am also grateful to the tremendous graduate student community in the Department of History, and particularly my fellow cohort members, for providing humor, advice, and insight throughout my years in Ann Arbor. My dissertation committee members, Juan Cole, Geoff Eley, Farina Mir, and Andrew Shryock, have provided essential assistance in shaping this dissertation. Their advice at the earliest stages of this process ensured that this project would be both manageable and consequential. Without their encouragement I would have taken fewer risks and produced a less interesting dissertation. Their willingness to work through busy and conflicting schedules to matt deadlines, frequently on short notice, is a sacrifice for which I am truly grateful. Each one of their bodies of scholarship has served, in very different by equally significant ways, as a guide and inspiration for me in my own endeavors, and their questions and comments have helped me iii to further develop and better express my own thoughts. It goes without saying that any flaws or shortcomings in this week are attributable to me alone. I am incredibly fortunate to have enjoyed the support of a wonderful and loving network of family and friends. I owe my work ethic and commitment to my mother, Mary Jones. Though I may sometimes have tested the limits, her constant encouragement of my intellectual curiosity has taken me across the world and soon will send me back home again. Her love and support means everything to me. My older brother Colin, sister-in-law Kathy, and my beloved twin sister Kelly have provided constant inspiration, emotional support, and desperately needed humor through difficult years, and I could not have maintained my sanity without them. Though none of my grandparents have lived to see this project to completion, I owe a debt of gratitude to all four of them for their love and encouragement throughout the years. To my extended network of family members - Bill and Becky, Joe, Mike, Chris and Ann, Kurt, Kim and Hugh, Mary Anne, Bethany and Chad, Chris and Leah, Sean, Taylor, Cam, and Mia - I thank you for brightening my holidays and understanding my absences from family holiday celebrations, weddings, and funerals when my research took me beyond easy travelling distance. The Woods and Shanahan families have treated me like a family member since the day that I met them. Jan Shanahan has given me humor, love, support, and meals since I started working on my dissertation. Robert Woods has been like a father to me, and I owe a great debt to him and Laura for helping to facilitate holiday travel and welcoming me into their home. Jessica and Charles have helped to make holidays both delicious and enjoyable. Colleen Woods has been a wonderful friend, colleague, and collaborator over the past seven years, and I cannot even begin to calculate my debt to her. Vince Messana, Noah Gardiner and Nancy Linthicum, Britt Newman, Andrew Ice, and Brad Wharton have all provided crucial friendship and support in academic or non-academic capacities. Harry and Ralphie have brought incalculable joy to my life, and I love them dearly. Finally, I owe everything that I have achieved to Kate Woods, my best friend and true love. While the journeys of this long project have taken me away to Washington and Wisconsin, to London, to Egypt and to Yemen, Kate has remained by my side, even if from a distance. Her selfless devotion to the poor, underprivileged, and suffering people of Washtenaw County has been a tremendous inspiration to me on both an intellectual and a personal level. Kate has made incredible personal and professional sacrifices for the sake of my project and my career, and I iv can only hope to repay that debt over the coming years. Her smile and laugh has made long and lonely Egyptian nights bearable, Baʿthist poetry tolerable, and Michigan winters enjoyable. This work is dedicated to you, with love and affection. v Table of Contents Dedication........................................................................................................................................ii Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................iii Abstract..........................................................................................................................................vii Introduction: 'For I Am Their Death'.........................................................................................................1 Chapter One: 'The Tomb Stirs': Anti-Colonialism and the Poetics of Resistance, 1932-1938................32 Chapter Two: 'When Did Nazism Enter This Shop?': Contesting Fascism in Iraq, 1939-1945...............85 Chapter Three: 'Leave Your Fields and Throw Away Your Sickle': Urban Migration, 1932-1958.........146 Chapter Four: 'A Horizon Lit with Blood': Public Poetry and Mass Politics, 1946-1952......................210 Chapter Five: 'This Is the Crowing of the Roosters': National Front Politics, 1952-1960.....................264 Conclusion: 'We Are What Flows in Every Soul and Spirit'...............................................................328 Bibliography................................................................................................................................342 vi Abstract This dissertation uses Iraqi poetry, memoirs, and newspapers alongside British and American archival documents to analyze the cultural dynamics of popular opposition to foreign political, economic, and cultural hegemony in the post-mandatory state. It argues that the varied instances of political, social, and cultural revolution during this period were rooted in a fundamental commitment to anti-colonialism and national liberation and illustrates the historical contingency of ideological conflict and sectarian commitments in nationalist narratives used by scholars to classify and categorize revolutionary movements as fragmentary expressions of local grievances and demonstrate the global dimensions of these revolutionary currents. By shifting attention from the domain of elite politics and the ideological debates of isolated intellectual circles toward the cultural arena of popular political poetry and the social dimensions of tribal disintegration, urban migration, and capitalist dislocation, the dissertation shows how popular poets appealed to diverse populations of peasants, workers, and students and helped to mobilize popular movements that transcended sectarian and class conflicts. The dissertation shows that the Iraqi public overwhelmingly refused to consider colonialism as part of the historical past as long as power remained in the hands of foreign officials and the old colonial elite and virtually all revolutionary currents in this period were aimed at eradicating the vestiges of colonialism. It illustrates the ways in which social change and cultural politics contributed to the development of mass politics and the emergence of a public sphere and fundamentally shaped revolutionary anti-colonial movements and challenged competing loyalties to class, sect, and ideology. The dissertation analyzes the social role of popular poetry in shaping national political discourse and mobilizing mass political action and contends that the binary dichotomies of Iraqist and pan-Arabist nationalism or radical and reactionary social ideologies have obscured
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