DOCSLIB.ORG

Introduction

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Introduction Notes Introduction 1 This was a generic term used in British India denoting a place beyond waters. 2 Bejoy Kumar Sinha, In Andamans: The Indian Bastille, Kanpur, 1939. 3 M.M. Kaye, Death in the Andamans, St Martin’s Minotaur, New York, 2000; Lee Langley, Persistent Rumors, Milkweed Editions, Minneapolis, 1992. The film Kalapani was released in 1996. 4 Begun as a mutiny, a popular rebellion against the British engulfed most of northern India in 1857. 5 David Arnold, ‘India: The Contested Prison’, in Frank Dikotter and Ian Brown, eds, Cultures of Confinement: A History of the Prison in Africa, Asia and Latin America, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 2007, pp. 147–184; and ‘The Self and the Cell: Indian Prison Narratives as Life Histories’, in David Arnold and Stuart Blackburn, eds, Telling Lives in India: Biography, Autobiography and Life History, Permanent Black, New Delhi, 2004, pp. 29–53; Frank Dikotter, Crime, Punishment and the Prison in Modern China, Columbia University Press, New York, 2002; Peter Zinoman, The Colonial Bastille: A History of Imprisonment in Vietnam, 1862–1940, University of California Press, Berkeley, 2001. 6 Bruce F. Adams, The Politics of Punishment: Prison Reforms in Russia, 1863–1917, Northern Illinois University Press, DeKalb, 1996, shows how Russian historio- graphy has played a role in making revolutionary martyrs of political prisoners. 7 Manu Goswami, Producing India: From Colonial Economy to National Space, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2004, p. 7. 8 Mountbatten was the last Viceroy of the British India (1947) and the first Governor-General of independent India (1947–48). 9 Nicholas Mansergh and Penderel Moon, eds, India: Transfer of Power, 1942–47, HMSO, London, Doc no. 132 (June 1947, pp. 253–255); 133 (June 1947, p. 255); 165 (June 1947, pp. 312–313); 190 (June 1947, pp. 353–354). 10 Jinnah’s telegram to Viceroy Mountbatten cited in a letter from the Viceroy to Secretary of State on 5 July 1947, in Mountbatten Collection, India Office Records (IOR) British Library, Mss Eur/F 200, no. 3. Jinnah complained about Mountbatten’s decision to hand over the Islands to India on the basis that the Andamans were ‘not part of India historically and geographically’, and that these islands occupied a strategic position on the sea route which was the main channel of communication between East and West Pakistan. 11 Jawaharlal Nehru, ‘Congress Comments on the Draft Announcement, Secret, New Delhi, 16 May 1947’, in Mansergh and Moon, India: Transfer of Power, vol. IX, doc. no. 464, pp. 855–857. 12 Some of the local writers are Govindsingh Pawar, ‘Editorial’, in Dweep Lahiri, 25, 2001; Gauri Shankar Pandey, The Cellular Jail, The National Memorial, Port Blair, 1987. 13 L.P. Mathur, History of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 1756–1947, Sterling Publishers, Delhi, 1968. 14 R.C. Majumdar, The Penal Settlement in Andamans, Government of India, 1975; Barindra Kumar Ghose, The Tale of My Exile, Pondicherry, 1922; V.D. Savarkar, 192 Notes 193 The Story of My Transportation for Life, translated by V.N. Naik, Bombay, 1950; Niranjan Sen, Bengal’s Forgotten Warriors, People’s Publishing House, Bombay, 1945; Bejoy Kumar Sinha, In Andamans: The Indian Bastille, 1939; Upendranath Bandhopadhyaya, Nirvasiter Atmakatha, National Publishers, Calcutta, 1967. 15 Clare Anderson, The Indian Uprising of 1857–8: Prisons, Prisoners and Rebellion, Anthem South Asian Studies, London, 2007; and ‘Sepoys, Servants and Settlers: Convict Transportation in the Indian Ocean, 1787–1945’, Frank Dikotter and Ian Brown, eds, Cultures of Confinement: A History of the Prison in Africa, Asia and Latin America, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 2007, pp. 185–220. 16 K.S. Singh, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, People of India Series, 12, Anthropological Survey of India, Madras, 1994; Clare Anderson, ‘Fashioning Identities: Convict Dress in Colonial South and Southeast Asia’, History Workshop, 52, Autumn 2001, pp. 153–174; and ‘Godna: Inscribing Indian Convicts in the Nineteenth Century’, in Jane Caplan, ed., Written on the Body: The Tattoo in European and North American History, Reaktion Books, London, 2000, pp. 102–117; and Legible Bodies: Race, Criminality and Colonialism in South Asia, Berg, UK, 2004. 17 Satadru Sen, Disciplining Punishment: Colonialism and Convict Society in the Andaman Islands, Oxford University Press, Delhi, 2000; ‘Policing the Savage: Segregation, Labor and State Medicine in the Andamans’ The Journal of Asian Studies, 58, 3, 1999, pp. 753–773; ‘Rationing Sex: Female Convicts in the Andamans’, South Asia, 30, 1, 1999, pp. 29–59. 18 Frederick Cooper, ‘Postcolonial Studies and Study of History’, in Ania Loomba et al., eds, Postcolonial Studies and Beyond, Duke University Press, Durham, 2005, pp. 401–422. 19 Florencia Mallon, Peasant and Nation: The Making of Postcolonial Mexico and Peru, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1995, p. 6. 20 Much in the same manner as Madagascar colonies. See Alison Games, ‘Oceans, Migrants, and Character of Empires: English Colonial Schemes in the Seventeenth Century’, Seascapes, Littoral Cultures, and Trans-Oceanic Exchanges, 12–15 Feb 2003, Library of Congress, Washington D.C., http://www.historycooperative.org/ proceedings/seascapes/index.html. 21 Alan Frost, Convicts and Empire: A Naval Question, 1776–1811, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1980 and Botany Bay Mirages: Illusions of Australia’s Convict Beginnings, Melbourne University Press, Carlton, 1994; Mollie Gillian, ‘The Botany Bay Decision, 1786: Convicts, Not Empire’, English Historical Review, 97, 1982, pp. 740–766; David Mackay, ‘Far-Flung Empire: A Neglected Imperial Outpost at Botany Bay 1788–1801’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 9, 2, 1981, pp. 125–145. 22 Ann Laura Stoler, ‘Colonial Archives and the Arts of Governance’, Archival Science, 2, 2002, pp. 87–109. 23 Delhi Historians’ Group, Communalization of Education: The History Textbook Controversy, New Delhi, 2001; Safdar Hashmi Memorial Trust, Communalisation of History: The Assault on History: Press Reportage, Editorials and Articles, New Delhi, 2002. 24 Partha Chatterjee and Anjan Ghosh, eds, History and Present, Permanent Black, New Delhi, 2002. 25 Sen, Disciplining Punishment, 2000. 26 Goswami, Producing India, 2004, pp. 4–20. 27 Robert J.C. Young, Postcolonialism: An Historical Introduction, Blackwell Publishers, Cambridge, MA, 2001; Bart Moore-Gilbert, Postcolonial Theory: Contexts, Practices, Politics, Verso, London, 1997; Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin, eds, 194 Notes The Post-colonial Studies Reader, Routledge, New York, 1995; Antoinette Burton, ed., After the Imperial Turn: Thinking with and Through the Nation, Duke University Press, Durham, 2003; Steven Englund, ‘The Ghost of Nation Past’, Journal of Modern History, 64, 2, June 1992, pp. 299–320; Frederick Cooper, Colonialism in Question: Theory, Knowledge, History, University of California Press, Berkeley, 2005, pp. 91–112. 28 David Harvey, Social Justice and the City, Edward Arnold, London, 1973, Conscious- ness and the Urban Experience, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1985; Paul Carter, The Road to Botany Bay: An Essay in Spatial History, Faber and Faber, London, 1987; Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space, Blackwell, Oxford, 1991 (English trans.); Derek Gregory, Geographical Imaginations, Blackwell, Cambridge, MA, 1994. 29 The idea and expression is borrowed from Paul Carter, The Road to Botany Bay, 1987. 30 R. Mukherjee and L. Subramanium, eds, Politics and Trade in the Indian Ocean World, Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1998; Satish Chandra, ed., Indian Ocean: Explorations in History, Commerce and Politics, Sage Publications, Delhi, 1987; Auguste Toussaint, History of the Indian Ocean, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1966; see H.P. Ray, The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003; David E. Sopher, The Sea Nomads: A Study of the Maritime Boat People of Southeast Asia, National Museum, Singapore, 1977; K.N. Chaudhuri, Asia Before Europe: Economy and Civilization of the Indian Ocean from the Rise of Islam to 1750, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990; Richard Hall, Empires of Monsoon: A History of the Indian Ocean and its Invaders, HarperCollins, London, 1996; Kernail Singh Sandhu, Indians in Malaya: Some Aspects of Their Immigration and Settlement (1786–1957), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1969; Clare Anderson, Convicts in the Indian Ocean: Transportation from South Asia to Mauritius 1815–53, Macmillan, Houndmills, 2000. 31 E. Valentine, Henry Bernstein and Tom Brass, eds, Plantations, Proletarians and Peasants in Colonial Asia, Frank Cass, London, 1992; Marina Carter, Servants, Sirdars and Settlers: Indians in Mauritius, 1834–74, Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1995; Shula Mark and Peter Richardson, eds, International Labour Migration: Historical Perspectives, published for the Institute of Commonwealth Studies by Maurice Temple Smith, London, 1984; Barbara Solow and Stanley L. Engerman, eds, British Capitalism and Caribbean Slavery: The Legacy of Eric Williams, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1987; Anderson, Convicts in the Indian Ocean, 2000; Anand Yang, ‘Indian Convict Workers in Southeast Asia in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries’, Journal of World History, 14, 2, 2003, pp. 179–208. 32 Shawkat M. Toorawa, The Western Indian Ocean: Essays on Islands and Islanders, The Hassam Toorawa Trust, Port Louis, 2007. 33 Frank Broeze, ed., Gateways of Asia: Port Cities of
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Andaman Islands Penal Colony: Race, Class, Criminality, and the British Empire*
    IRSH 63 (2018), Special Issue, pp. 25–43 doi:10.1017/S0020859018000202 © 2018 Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The Andaman Islands Penal Colony: Race, Class, Criminality, and the British Empire* C LARE A NDERSON School of History, Politics and International Relations University of Leicester University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: This article explores the British Empire’s configuration of imprisonment and transportation in the Andaman Islands penal colony. It shows that British governance in the Islands produced new modes of carcerality and coerced migration in which the relocation of convicts, prisoners, and criminal tribes underpinned imperial attempts at political dominance and economic development. The article focuses on the penal transportation of Eurasian convicts, the employment of free Eurasians and Anglo-Indians as convict overseers and administrators, the migration of “volunteer” Indian prisoners from the mainland, the free settlement of Anglo-Indians, and the forced resettlement of the Bhantu “criminal tribe”.It examines the issue from the periphery of British India, thus showing that class, race, and criminality combined to produce penal and social outcomes that were different from those of the imperial mainland. These were related to ideologies of imperial governmentality, including social discipline and penal practice, and the exigencies of political economy. INTRODUCTION Between 1858 and 1939, the British government of India transported around 83,000 Indian and Burmese convicts to the penal colony of the Andamans, an island archipelago situated in the Bay of Bengal (Figure 1).
    [Show full text]
  • From Penal Settlement to Capital Town: Human Ecological Aspect of the Rise and Growth of Port Blair
    FROM PENAL SETTLEMENT TO CAPITAL TOWN: HUMAN ECOLOGICAL ASPECT OF THE RISE AND GROWTH OF PORT BLAIR KAILASH From Penal Settlement to capital town, unabated population pressure in Port Blair and its vicinity has affected the island's ecology and environment. However, a unique human ecology is progressing along with several environmental intricacies like potable water scarcity, insanitation and marine pollution. This study attempts to review the process of urbanisation in the Andamans on the one hand and the factors in human ecology of the capital town on the other. Dr. Kailash is a Lecturer, Unit for Urban Studies, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Deonar, Bombay. From the beginning of social existence on earth, man has abused the physical environment — whether it was the establishment of settlements or beginning of agricultural practices, mining and manufacturing industries or construction of dams, reservoirs, roads and large buildings and so on, it all happened against the established norms of ecosystem. In the Andamans, some of these activities took place since the beginning of the Penal Settlement in 1858 when there was large- scale depletion of forest land for the expansion of the settlement. This practice still continues over large areas in different islands. The growing population pressure from the Indian mainland is damaging the physical environment. The gradual expansion of urban phenomena from one island to another is taking place simul­ taneously. Thus, a unique cultural set up has evolved in the capital, Port Blair. The human adaptation and the controls over the adverse ecological conditions remained the focus of the study made by Lal 1962; Sen 1954,1957,1959 and 1962; and Sinha 1952.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1 Introduction and History of Mapping and Research
    Downloaded from http://mem.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 27, 2021 Chapter 1 Introduction and history of mapping and research P. C. BANDOPADHYAY Department of Geology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata-19, India [email protected] Abstract: This chapter examines the history of reconnaissance and geological mapping work on the Andaman and Nicobar islands. To understand early exploration it is necessary to review the driving forces for colonization, including the development of the Andaman Islands as a penal colony for political prisoners. Geological mapping conducted in the colonial era continued after India gained independence in 1947 and expanded in the 1980s to include hydrocarbon and mineral resources. More recent work has placed greater emphasis on supporting field observation data with geochronological, geochemical and petrological analyses. Gold Open Access: This article is published under the terms of the CC-BY 3.0 license. Floating in splendid isolation in the NE Indian Ocean, a curved more complete, integrated and comprehensive treatment of chain of islands, islets and rocks constitute the Andaman and the geology, stratigraphy and tectonics and a first systematic Nicobar archipelago, the central part of the Western Sunda attempt to understand the geomorphology. This first chapter Arc that extends from the outer-arc islands of Sumatra in the outlines the history of the islands and the early exploration south to highlands of the Indo-Burma Ranges (IBR) in the and mapping. north (Fig. 1.1). The north–south-aligned archipelago located at longitude 92–948 E and latitude 6–148 N is flanked by the Bay of Bengal to the west and by the Andaman Sea to the east.
    [Show full text]
  • International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
    INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES Report on Land Use in the ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS by D.N. McVean IUCN CONSULTANT Library CH - 1196 Gland With Financial Assistance from The Government of India and The United Nations Environmental Programme Morges, Switzerland Jwte, 1976 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ••••••••••••••••••••••ct•••• .. •••••·••••••••••11:e•••••••••• 1 SuDID8.ry ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4 ••••••• ,. fl •• fl " M .............. 6 •• a • • 1 ENVIRONMENTAL Il!PACT ASSESSMENT ....... " .. " .......................... 2 Effect of de.forestation on climate • " • ll ............................ 2 Accelerated soil erosion ........... ....... ... .. .... ................ 3 Water supplies, perennial and seasonal ... " ....................... 5 Forestry ···•~41~••••11•••••···········••t-•••····················· 7 Agriculture and settlement ••••••••••....••••• , • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • 9 Plantation agriculture ••••11•••·••!:ilf'• '!lr ••························· 11 Other development 12 ··············-~r.o••··················-····· CONSERVATION .......................... ., ...... ,_ ................... 14 Terrestrial habitats •••• S • e • I • IJ ... I ••• S e 4 I' ••• e ••• • ••••••••• I' ••••• 14 Marine habitats .............. ....... II. ....................... 17 Indigenous tribes • ' .. e • • llJo 1' • + "' • e .. + • • • • • • • • • ' ' • Ill- 4' .. t • • ... II 4 41 • •• • • 18 COMMEN'.i:S ON PREVIOUS REPORTS ...... ,.••••••••• ,.,. •••••••••••••••••••••• 41. 19 RECOMMENDATIONS
    [Show full text]
  • An Daman N I Co Bar Islands
    IMPERIAL GAZETfEER OF INDIA PROVINCIAL SERIES AN DAMAN AND N I CO BAR ISLANDS • SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING CALCUTTA . ,. • 1909 Price Rs:·~:_s, or 2s. 3d.] PREFACE THE articles in this volume were written by Lieut.-Colonel Sir Richard C. Temple, Bart., C.I.E., formerly Chid Com- • missioner, and have been brought up to date by the present officers of the Penal Settlement at Port Blair. · As regards the Andamans, the sections on Geology, Botany, and Fauna are based on notes supplied respectively by Mr. T. H. Holland, Director of the Geological Survey of India; Lieut.-Colonel Prain, I. M.S., formerly Superintendent of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Calcutta; and Major A. R. S. Anderson, I.M.S., formerly Senior Medical Officer, Port Blair. · Am~ng the printed works chiefly used ~ay be mentioned those of Mr. E. H. Man, C.I.E., and Mr. M. V. Portman, both formerly officers of the Penal Settlement. As regards the Nicobars, the sections on Geology, Botany, and Zoology are chiefly based on the notes of Dr. Rink of the Danish Ga!athea expedition, of Dr. von lfochstetter of the Austrian Novara expedition, and of the late Dr. Valentine Ball. The other printed works chiefly 11sed are those of Mr. E. H. Man, C.I.E., and the late Mr. de Roepstorff, an officer of the Penal Settlement. In both accounts. official reports have been freely used, while the article on the Penal Settlement at Port Blair is entirely based on them. For the remarks on the languages of the native population Sir Richard Temple is responsible.
    [Show full text]
  • Biography of Babarao Savarkar
    Biography of Babarao Savarkar www.savarkar.org Preface Ganesh Damodar Savarkar was a patriot of the first order. Commonly known as Babarao Savarkar, he is the epitome of heroism that is unknown and unsung! He was the eldest of the four Savarkar siblings - Ganesh or Babarao; Vinayak or Tatyarao, Narayan or Balarao were the three Savarkar brothers; they had a sister named Maina or Mai who was married into the Kale family. Babarao was a great revolutionary, philosopher, writer and organizer of Hindus. The following account is largely an abridged English version of Krantiveer Babarao Savarkar, a Marathi biography written by DN Gokhale, Shrividya Prakashan, Pune, second edition, pp.343, 1979. Some part has been taken from Krantikallol (The high tide of revolution), a Marathi biography of Veer Vinayak Damodar (Tatyarao) Savarkar’s revolutionary life by VS Joshi; Manorama Prakashan, 1985. Details of the Cellular jail have been taken from Memorable Documentary on revolutionary freedom fighter Veer Savarkar by Prem Vaidya, Veer Savarkar Prakashan, 1997 and also from the website www.andamancellularjail.org. Certain portions dealing with Babarao’s warm relations with Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh founder Dr. Keshav Baliram Hedgewar have been translated from Dr. Hedgewar’s definitive Marathi biography by Narayan Hari Palkar; Bharatiya Vichar Sadhana, Pune, fourth edition, 1998. Pune, 28 May 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ...........................................................................................1 1 Early childhood.......................................................................7 1.1 Babarao and Tatyarao: ......................................................................... 8 2 Initial Revolutionary Activities...............................................10 2.1 Liberation of the soul or liberation of the motherland? ........................ 10 2.2 Mitramela and Abhinav Bharat: ........................................................... 11 2.3 First-ever public bonfire of foreign goods: ..........................................
    [Show full text]
  • Echinodermata Associated with Coral Reefs of Andaman and Nicobar Islands
    Rec. zoo!. Surv. India: 100 (Part 3-4) : 21-60, 2002 ECHINODERMATA ASSOCIATED WITH CORAL REEFS OF ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS D. R. K. SASTRY Zoological Survey of India, A & N Regional Station, Port Blair - 744 102 INTRODUCTION Coral reefs are an important ecosystem of the coastal environment. The reef ecosystem IS highly productive and provides substratum, shelter, food etc. to a variety of biota. Consequently a number of faunal and floral elements are attracted towards the reef ecosystem and are closely associated with each other to form a community. Thus the reefs are also rich in biodiversity. Among the coral reef associates echinoderms are a conspicuous element on account of their size, abundance and effect on the reef ecosystem including the corals. In spite of their importance in the coral reef ecosystem and its conservation, very few studies were made on the echinoderm associates of the coral reefs. Though there were some studies elsewhere, the information on reef­ associated echinoderms of Indian coast is meager and scattered (see Anon, 1995). Hence an attempt is made here to collate the scattered accounts and unpublished information available with Zoological Survey of India. Since the information is from several originals and quoted references and many are to be cited often, these are avoided in the text and a comprehensive bibliography is appended which served as source material and also provides additional references of details and further information. ECHINODERMS OF CORAL REEFS More than 200 species of echinoderms occur in the reef ecosystem of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. These belong to five extant classes with 30 to 60 species of each class.
    [Show full text]
  • FAQ Welcome to Andamans. Your Convenience Is Our Prime Concern. Please Read Below to Get Answers to Your Most Frequent Queries A
    FAQ Welcome to Andamans. Your convenience is our prime concern. Please read below to get answers to your most frequent queries and prepare you trip to Andamans with these practical advices and tips. 1. Where Andaman Nicobar Islands Locates? The Andaman and Nicobar Islands, located in the south-east of the Indian mainland geographically, float in splendid isolation in the Bay of Bengal. Once a hill range extending from Myanmar to Indonesia, these picturesque undulating islands, islets numbering around 836, are covered with dense rain-fed, damp and evergreen forests and endless varieties of exotic flora and fauna. 2. How to find Andaman on map? Coordinates: 11.7401° N, 92.6586° E 3. How to Reach Andaman? By Air and Ship The Veer Savarkar Airport, an International Airport is located in the capital town of Port Blair, the gateway to Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Port Blair, is connected with Chennai, Kolkata, New Delhi and Bangalore by air. Air India, Go Air, Indigo, Vistara & Spice Jet Airlines operate regular flights. Foreign chartered flights are also permitted to land at Port Blair subject to the fulfilment of guidelines of the Directorate General of Civil Aviation. Regular passenger ship services are available to Port Blair from Chennai, Kolkata and Visakhapatnam and back. There are three to four sailings every month from Kolkata and Chennai to Port Blair and vice-versa. There is only one sailing for Visakhapatnam in a month. The voyage takes about 50 to 60 hours during fair weather. 4. Is the passport required for Andaman? No, Indian citizens do not require a passport to visit Andaman.
    [Show full text]
  • Vinayak Damodar Savarkar - Poems
    Classic Poetry Series Vinayak Damodar Savarkar - poems - Publication Date: 2012 Publisher: Poemhunter.com - The World's Poetry Archive www.PoemHunter.com - The World's Poetry Archive 1 Vinayak Damodar Savarkar(28 May 1883 - 26 February 1966) Vinayak Damodar Savarkar (Marathi: ?????? ?????? ??????), was an Indian freedom fighter, revolutionary and politician. He was the proponent of liberty as the ultimate ideal. Savarkar was a poet, writer and playwright. He launched a movement for religious reform advocating dismantling the system of caste in Hindu culture, and reconversion of the converted Hindus back to Hindu religion. Savarkar created the term Hindutva, and emphasized its distinctiveness from Hinduism which he associated with social and political disunity. Savarkar’s Hindutva sought to create an inclusive collective identity. The five elements of Savarkar's philosophy were Utilitarianism, Rationalism and Positivism, Humanism and Universalism, Pragmatism and Realism. Savarkar's revolutionary activities began when studying in India and England, where he was associated with the India House and founded student societies including Abhinav Bharat Society and the Free India Society, as well as publications espousing the cause of complete Indian independence by revolutionary means. Savarkar published The Indian War of Independence about the Indian rebellion of 1857 that was banned by British authorities. He was arrested in 1910 for his connections with the revolutionary group India House. Following a failed attempt to escape while being transported from Marseilles, Savarkar was sentenced to two life terms amounting to 50 years' imprisonment and moved to the Cellular Jail in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. While in jail, Savarkar wrote the work describing Hindutva, openly espousing Hindu nationalism.
    [Show full text]
  • The Jarawa and Their Society
    Chapter - 3 The Jarawa and Their Society 3.1. The term Jarawa in common parlance was synonymous with hostility and nudity in pre-1997 days. In the Aka-bea Andamanese language the word ‘Jarawa’ means “stranger”. But the Jarawas call themselves as “Ang” while the non- tribals are termed as “eenem” by Jarawas. The Jarawa language is yet to be studied in depth. However, preliminary studies indicate that the sound system of the Jarawa language attests 13 vowel phonemes and 26 consonant phonemes. The word system of the language attests six words classes namely noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb and particle (Raja Singh 2002:116-119). The Jarawas are characterized by the physical features of short stature, dark skin, frizzly and wooly hair, broad to round head shape. 3.2. The Jarawa tribe inhabits today the Western region of South Andaman and Middle Andaman Islands. It has three socially discernable territorial divisions viz. Northern Group occupying Western part of Middle Andaman Island, Southern Group and Central Group occupying Western part of South Andaman Island. The Northern Group is known among the Jarawas as Tanmad and as ‘Kadamtala Jarawa’ among non-tribals. Southern Group is known as Boiab among Jarawas and non- Jarawas call them as ‘Tirur Jarawas’. The Central Group is known as Thidong among the Jarawa and among non-Jarawas it is known as ‘R. K. Nallah Jarawas’. Demography 3.3. The multi-disciplinary Research teams enumerated 266 Jarawas altogether. 84 in Southern Group (Boiab), 78 in Central Group (Thidong) and 104 in Northern Group (Tanmad). The Age - sex distribution among the Jarawas is indicated in Table 3.1.
    [Show full text]
  • National Revolutionism to Marxism – a Narrative of Origins of Socialist Unity Centre of India
    NATIONAL REVOLUTIONISM TO MARXISM – A NARRATIVE OF ORIGINS OF SOCIALIST UNITY CENTRE OF INDIA Dr. Bikash Ranjan Deb Associate Professor of Political Science Surya Sen Mahavidyalaya Siliguri, West Bengal, India [email protected] INTRODUCTION: The national revolutionary movement, one of the early trends of ‘Swadeshi Movement’, constituted a significant aspect in the history of the Indian freedom movement. The colonial rulers, however, preferred the term ‘terrorism’1 to denigrate the movement. For the purpose of the present study, let us confine the term ‘national revolutionism’ following Gopal Halder, ‘to describe a pattern of activity pursued for a prolonged period of thirty years, from 1904 to 1934’. (Halder, 2002: 195; Habib, S. Irfan, 2017: 2)2 Imbued with the spirit of unrelenting fight against British imperial power in India, the national revolutionaries tried to set before the people of the country a bright example of personal courage and heroic self-sacrifice, and thereby wanted to instill a mood of defiance in the minds of the people in the face of colonial repression. The national revolutionaries represented the uncompromising trend of Indian freedom movement in terms of both their willingness and their activities for complete national freedom and people’s liberation from colonial exploitation, by arousing revolutionary upsurge. But this was not the dominant trend of the national freedom struggle. The reformist and compromising section of the Indian National Congress (INC) playing the role of ‘reformist oppositional’ was the
    [Show full text]
  • The Science of the Andamans and the Sign of the Four
    THE SCIENCE OF THE ANDAMANS AND THE SIGN OF THE FOUR The distorted racial hierarChy of British imperial anthropology [ReCeived February 11th 2019; accepted January 5th 2020 – DOI: 10.21463/shima.14.2.14] Arup K. Chatterjee O.P. Jindal Global University, Haryana, India <[email protected]> ABSTRACT: This artiCle examines the diChotomous relationship between racial hierarChies effeCted by imperial sCience, on the one hand, and the subversive potential of the sCientifiC knowledge gleaned from the Andaman Islands, on the other, in ViCtorian Britain. Knowledge about the Andaman Islands and its ‘savage’ aboriginal tribes had been etChed onto British ConsCiousness sinCe the establishment of Britain’s naval base in Greater Andaman (present-day Port Blair), in 1789, followed by a Century of anthropologiCal, ethnologiCal, zoologiCal and linguistiC and explorations into the Andamanese people. When Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s The Sign of the Four began being serialised in 1890, a fantastiCal knowledge of manners and physiognomy of the Andamanese was remarkably familiar to London, through Colonial histories, a wide array of photographs in British periodiCals, and iconic Clay sCulptures of the aboriginals displayed at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in 1886. While British imperialism wanted to projeCt its inexhaustible sCientifiC and teChnoCratiC powers Counterpoising them against the untameable and (supposedly) prehistoriC life of the Andaman Islands, The Sign of the Four ruptured that disCourse. I argue that, in the CharaCter of the little Andamanese “hell-hound,” Tonga, Doyle presents an example of the failure of imperial sCientifiC prowess to appropriate the savage identity into its raCial and hierarChical disCourse.
    [Show full text]