Notes Introduction 1 This was a generic term used in British India denoting a place beyond waters. 2 Bejoy Kumar Sinha, In Andamans: The Indian Bastille, Kanpur, 1939. 3 M.M. Kaye, Death in the Andamans, St Martin’s Minotaur, New York, 2000; Lee Langley, Persistent Rumors, Milkweed Editions, Minneapolis, 1992. The film Kalapani was released in 1996. 4 Begun as a mutiny, a popular rebellion against the British engulfed most of northern India in 1857. 5 David Arnold, ‘India: The Contested Prison’, in Frank Dikotter and Ian Brown, eds, Cultures of Confinement: A History of the Prison in Africa, Asia and Latin America, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 2007, pp. 147–184; and ‘The Self and the Cell: Indian Prison Narratives as Life Histories’, in David Arnold and Stuart Blackburn, eds, Telling Lives in India: Biography, Autobiography and Life History, Permanent Black, New Delhi, 2004, pp. 29–53; Frank Dikotter, Crime, Punishment and the Prison in Modern China, Columbia University Press, New York, 2002; Peter Zinoman, The Colonial Bastille: A History of Imprisonment in Vietnam, 1862–1940, University of California Press, Berkeley, 2001. 6 Bruce F. Adams, The Politics of Punishment: Prison Reforms in Russia, 1863–1917, Northern Illinois University Press, DeKalb, 1996, shows how Russian historio- graphy has played a role in making revolutionary martyrs of political prisoners. 7 Manu Goswami, Producing India: From Colonial Economy to National Space, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2004, p. 7. 8 Mountbatten was the last Viceroy of the British India (1947) and the first Governor-General of independent India (1947–48). 9 Nicholas Mansergh and Penderel Moon, eds, India: Transfer of Power, 1942–47, HMSO, London, Doc no. 132 (June 1947, pp. 253–255); 133 (June 1947, p. 255); 165 (June 1947, pp. 312–313); 190 (June 1947, pp. 353–354). 10 Jinnah’s telegram to Viceroy Mountbatten cited in a letter from the Viceroy to Secretary of State on 5 July 1947, in Mountbatten Collection, India Office Records (IOR) British Library, Mss Eur/F 200, no. 3. Jinnah complained about Mountbatten’s decision to hand over the Islands to India on the basis that the Andamans were ‘not part of India historically and geographically’, and that these islands occupied a strategic position on the sea route which was the main channel of communication between East and West Pakistan. 11 Jawaharlal Nehru, ‘Congress Comments on the Draft Announcement, Secret, New Delhi, 16 May 1947’, in Mansergh and Moon, India: Transfer of Power, vol. IX, doc. no. 464, pp. 855–857. 12 Some of the local writers are Govindsingh Pawar, ‘Editorial’, in Dweep Lahiri, 25, 2001; Gauri Shankar Pandey, The Cellular Jail, The National Memorial, Port Blair, 1987. 13 L.P. Mathur, History of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 1756–1947, Sterling Publishers, Delhi, 1968. 14 R.C. Majumdar, The Penal Settlement in Andamans, Government of India, 1975; Barindra Kumar Ghose, The Tale of My Exile, Pondicherry, 1922; V.D. Savarkar, 192 Notes 193 The Story of My Transportation for Life, translated by V.N. Naik, Bombay, 1950; Niranjan Sen, Bengal’s Forgotten Warriors, People’s Publishing House, Bombay, 1945; Bejoy Kumar Sinha, In Andamans: The Indian Bastille, 1939; Upendranath Bandhopadhyaya, Nirvasiter Atmakatha, National Publishers, Calcutta, 1967. 15 Clare Anderson, The Indian Uprising of 1857–8: Prisons, Prisoners and Rebellion, Anthem South Asian Studies, London, 2007; and ‘Sepoys, Servants and Settlers: Convict Transportation in the Indian Ocean, 1787–1945’, Frank Dikotter and Ian Brown, eds, Cultures of Confinement: A History of the Prison in Africa, Asia and Latin America, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 2007, pp. 185–220. 16 K.S. Singh, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, People of India Series, 12, Anthropological Survey of India, Madras, 1994; Clare Anderson, ‘Fashioning Identities: Convict Dress in Colonial South and Southeast Asia’, History Workshop, 52, Autumn 2001, pp. 153–174; and ‘Godna: Inscribing Indian Convicts in the Nineteenth Century’, in Jane Caplan, ed., Written on the Body: The Tattoo in European and North American History, Reaktion Books, London, 2000, pp. 102–117; and Legible Bodies: Race, Criminality and Colonialism in South Asia, Berg, UK, 2004. 17 Satadru Sen, Disciplining Punishment: Colonialism and Convict Society in the Andaman Islands, Oxford University Press, Delhi, 2000; ‘Policing the Savage: Segregation, Labor and State Medicine in the Andamans’ The Journal of Asian Studies, 58, 3, 1999, pp. 753–773; ‘Rationing Sex: Female Convicts in the Andamans’, South Asia, 30, 1, 1999, pp. 29–59. 18 Frederick Cooper, ‘Postcolonial Studies and Study of History’, in Ania Loomba et al., eds, Postcolonial Studies and Beyond, Duke University Press, Durham, 2005, pp. 401–422. 19 Florencia Mallon, Peasant and Nation: The Making of Postcolonial Mexico and Peru, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1995, p. 6. 20 Much in the same manner as Madagascar colonies. See Alison Games, ‘Oceans, Migrants, and Character of Empires: English Colonial Schemes in the Seventeenth Century’, Seascapes, Littoral Cultures, and Trans-Oceanic Exchanges, 12–15 Feb 2003, Library of Congress, Washington D.C., http://www.historycooperative.org/ proceedings/seascapes/index.html. 21 Alan Frost, Convicts and Empire: A Naval Question, 1776–1811, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1980 and Botany Bay Mirages: Illusions of Australia’s Convict Beginnings, Melbourne University Press, Carlton, 1994; Mollie Gillian, ‘The Botany Bay Decision, 1786: Convicts, Not Empire’, English Historical Review, 97, 1982, pp. 740–766; David Mackay, ‘Far-Flung Empire: A Neglected Imperial Outpost at Botany Bay 1788–1801’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 9, 2, 1981, pp. 125–145. 22 Ann Laura Stoler, ‘Colonial Archives and the Arts of Governance’, Archival Science, 2, 2002, pp. 87–109. 23 Delhi Historians’ Group, Communalization of Education: The History Textbook Controversy, New Delhi, 2001; Safdar Hashmi Memorial Trust, Communalisation of History: The Assault on History: Press Reportage, Editorials and Articles, New Delhi, 2002. 24 Partha Chatterjee and Anjan Ghosh, eds, History and Present, Permanent Black, New Delhi, 2002. 25 Sen, Disciplining Punishment, 2000. 26 Goswami, Producing India, 2004, pp. 4–20. 27 Robert J.C. Young, Postcolonialism: An Historical Introduction, Blackwell Publishers, Cambridge, MA, 2001; Bart Moore-Gilbert, Postcolonial Theory: Contexts, Practices, Politics, Verso, London, 1997; Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin, eds, 194 Notes The Post-colonial Studies Reader, Routledge, New York, 1995; Antoinette Burton, ed., After the Imperial Turn: Thinking with and Through the Nation, Duke University Press, Durham, 2003; Steven Englund, ‘The Ghost of Nation Past’, Journal of Modern History, 64, 2, June 1992, pp. 299–320; Frederick Cooper, Colonialism in Question: Theory, Knowledge, History, University of California Press, Berkeley, 2005, pp. 91–112. 28 David Harvey, Social Justice and the City, Edward Arnold, London, 1973, Conscious- ness and the Urban Experience, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1985; Paul Carter, The Road to Botany Bay: An Essay in Spatial History, Faber and Faber, London, 1987; Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space, Blackwell, Oxford, 1991 (English trans.); Derek Gregory, Geographical Imaginations, Blackwell, Cambridge, MA, 1994. 29 The idea and expression is borrowed from Paul Carter, The Road to Botany Bay, 1987. 30 R. Mukherjee and L. Subramanium, eds, Politics and Trade in the Indian Ocean World, Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1998; Satish Chandra, ed., Indian Ocean: Explorations in History, Commerce and Politics, Sage Publications, Delhi, 1987; Auguste Toussaint, History of the Indian Ocean, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1966; see H.P. Ray, The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003; David E. Sopher, The Sea Nomads: A Study of the Maritime Boat People of Southeast Asia, National Museum, Singapore, 1977; K.N. Chaudhuri, Asia Before Europe: Economy and Civilization of the Indian Ocean from the Rise of Islam to 1750, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990; Richard Hall, Empires of Monsoon: A History of the Indian Ocean and its Invaders, HarperCollins, London, 1996; Kernail Singh Sandhu, Indians in Malaya: Some Aspects of Their Immigration and Settlement (1786–1957), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1969; Clare Anderson, Convicts in the Indian Ocean: Transportation from South Asia to Mauritius 1815–53, Macmillan, Houndmills, 2000. 31 E. Valentine, Henry Bernstein and Tom Brass, eds, Plantations, Proletarians and Peasants in Colonial Asia, Frank Cass, London, 1992; Marina Carter, Servants, Sirdars and Settlers: Indians in Mauritius, 1834–74, Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1995; Shula Mark and Peter Richardson, eds, International Labour Migration: Historical Perspectives, published for the Institute of Commonwealth Studies by Maurice Temple Smith, London, 1984; Barbara Solow and Stanley L. Engerman, eds, British Capitalism and Caribbean Slavery: The Legacy of Eric Williams, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1987; Anderson, Convicts in the Indian Ocean, 2000; Anand Yang, ‘Indian Convict Workers in Southeast Asia in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries’, Journal of World History, 14, 2, 2003, pp. 179–208. 32 Shawkat M. Toorawa, The Western Indian Ocean: Essays on Islands and Islanders, The Hassam Toorawa Trust, Port Louis, 2007. 33 Frank Broeze, ed., Gateways of Asia: Port Cities of