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Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11Th Edition Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, The Project Gutenberg EBook of Encyclopaedia Britan- nica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2, by Various This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 “Fairbanks, Erastus” to “Fens” Author: Various Release Date: June 17, 2011 [EBook #36452] Language: English *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA *** This text was converted to LaTeX by means of Guten- Mark software (version Jul 12 2014). The text has been further processed by software in the iTeX project, by Bill Cheswick. Contents 1 Produced by Marius Masi, Don Kretz and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net 1 2 ARTICLES IN THIS SLICE: 4 3 FOOTNOTES: 31 4 FOOTNOTE: 54 5 FOOTNOTES: 65 6 FOOTNOTE: 72 7 FOOTNOTES: 80 8 Conclusion as to Spencer’s hypothesis. 99 9 FOOTNOTES: 152 10 FOOTNOTES: 173 11 FOOTNOTES: 191 12 FOOTNOTES: 205 13 FOOTNOTE: 222 14 FOOTNOTES: 234 15 FOOTNOTES: 264 16 FOOTNOTE: 288 17 FOOTNOTE: 301 18 FOOTNOTES: 318 19 FOOTNOTE: 356 20 FOOTNOTES: 365 21 Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works 367 22 Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm 372 23 Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation 373 24 Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation 374 Chapter 1 Produced by Marius Masi, Don Kretz and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net Transcriber’s notes: (4) Macrons and breves above letters and dots below letters were not (1) Numbers following letters (without space) like C2 were originally inserted. printed in subscript. Letter subscripts are preceded by an (5) [root] stands for the root symbol; [alpha], [beta], etc. for greek underscore, like C_n. letters. (2) Characters following a carat (^) were printed in super- script. (6) The following typographical errors have been corrected: (3) Side-notes were relocated to function as titles of their ARTICLE Falliegraveres, CLÉMENT Armand: “He was respective elected on the first paragraphs. ballot by 449 votes against 371 for his opponent, Paul Doumer.” from ‘compaigns’. ‘against’ amended from ‘againt’. ARTICLE fasting: “Confucianism ought perhaps to be named as one. ARTICLE Farini, Luigi Carlo: “As a member of the Sar- dinian Zoroastrianism is frequently given as another, but hardly parliament and as a journalist Farini was one of the correctly.” ‘correctly’ amended from ‘corrrectly’. staunchest ARTICLE feather : “The plumage in nestling birds is still supporters of Cavour (q.v.), and strongly favoured the pro- further posal complicated by the fact that it may be almost, or entirely, that Piedmont should participate in the Crimean War, ...” ‘Crimean’ composed of pre-plumulae; that is to say, of down-feathers which amended from ‘Cimean’. are later succeeded by adult down-feathers.” ‘further’ ARTICLE farmers’ movement: “Nor could politics be ex- ameded from cluded, though officially tabooed; for economics must be considered by so- ‘futher’. cial ARTICLE Feltham, Owen : “He is famous chiefly as the idealists, and economics everywhere ran into politics.” author of a ‘tabooed’ volume entitled Resolves, Divine, Moral and Political, con- amended from ‘tatooed’. taining ARTICLE Farnese: “Of these the most famous was Pier- one hundred short and pithy essays.” ‘He’ amended from luigi Farnese ‘Hs’. (1503-1547), who served in the papal army in various cam- ARTICLE Feacutenelon, Franccedilois de SALIGNAC de paigns, but la Mothe : “Tender-hearted also took part in the sack of Rome in 1527.” ‘campaigns’ he might be in practice; but toleration he declares synony- amended mous with ‘cowardly indulgence and false compassion .”’ ‘compassion’ amended from ‘compasssion’. ARTICLE Feacutenelon, Franccedilois de SALIGNAC de la Mothe : “Followed thereon an independent philosophical Treatise on the Exis- tence of God, wherein Fénelon rewrote Descartes in the spirit of St Augustine.” ‘philosophical’ amended from ‘philsophical’. Encyclopaedia Britannica A dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information ELEVENTH edition Volume X, Slice ii Fairbanks, Erastus to Fens Chapter 2 ARTICLES IN THIS SLICE: Fairbanks, Erastus fascia FAKHR ud-din RAZI Faubourg Fairfax, Edward fascination fakir FAUCES Fairfax of Cameron, Ferdinando fascine Falaise Faucher, LÉONARD Joseph Fairfax of Cameron, Thomas fashion Falashas Fauchet, Claude Fairfield (Connecticut, U.S.A.) Fashoda Falcatildeo, Christovatildeo de Sousa Fauchet, Fairfield (Iowa, U.S.A.) Fast and loose Claude Fairhaven fasti Falck, ANTON REINHARD Faucit, Helena Fairholt, Frederick William fasting Saville Fairmont Fastolf, Sir John FALCÓN Faujas de saint-fond, fair oaks fat BARTHÉLEMY Fairuzabadi fatalism falcon fault fairy fate Falcone, ANIELLO fauna fairy ring Fatehpur falconer, HUGH Fauntleroy, Henry Faithfull, EMILY Fatehpur Sikri falconer, William Faunus faith healing father Falconet, ÉTIENNE Maurice Faure, Franc- Faithorne, William fathers of the church cedilois Feacutelix FAIZABAD fathom falconry Faureacute, GABRIEL FAJARDO Fatimites faldstool Fauriel, Claude Charles Falerii Faust Falun FEATHERSTONE Falerio Faustina, Annia GALERIA Fama FEATLEY Daniel Falguiegravere, Jean Alexandre Joseph Famagusta Febronianism FAVARA familiar February Faliero, Marino Favart, Charles Simon FAMILISTS FEBVRE, Alexandre Falisci Faversham FRÉDÉRIC Falk, Johann Daniel Favorinus family Feacutecamp Falk, Paul Ludwig ADALBERT Favras, famine Fechner, GUSTAV Theodor Thomas de Mahy fan Fechter, Charles Albert FALKE, Johann FRIEDRICH GOTTLIEB fancy Feckenham, John Favre, Jean ALPHONSE Fang Fedchenko, Alexis PAVLOVICH Falkirk Favre, Jules Claude GABRIEL Fano federal government Falkland, Lucius Cary Favus Fanshawe, Sir Richard federalist party Falkland (burgh of Scotland) Fawcett, Henry Fantan Federici, Camillo Falkland islands Fawcett, John Fantasia fee fallacy Fawkes, Francis Falliegraveres, CLÉMENT Armand Fawkes, Fanti, MANFREDO FEHLING, HERMANN Guy von fall-line Faacutey, ANDRÁS Fanti Fehmarn FALLMERAYER, JAKOB Philipp Fayal Fantin-Latour, Jean THÉODORE Fehmic Fallopius, GABRIELLO Fayetteville courts (Arkansas, U.S.A.) Fanum Fortunae Fehrbellin Falloux, FRÉDÉRIC ALFRED Pierre Fayet- fan vault FEIJÓO Y MONTENEGRO, BEN- teville (North Carolina, U.S.A.) ITO JERÓNIMO FALLOW Fayrer, Sir Joseph Faraday, Michael FEITH, RHIJNVIS fallow-deer Fayum Farah (river of Afghanistan) Fejeacuter, GY- fall river Fazogli ORGY Falmouth Fea, Carlo Farah (town of Afghanistan) Felanitx false point Fearne, Charles Farazdaq Feldkirch false pretences feasts and festivals farce Feacutelibien, ANDRÉ Falticheni feather Fareham Felix (five popes) Farel, Guillaume Felix (bishop from Bur- Farquhar, George fencing gundy) FARR, William fender Farey, John Felix (Spanish bishop) Farragut, David Glasgow Feacutenelon, Fargo, William George Felix (of Valois) BERTRAND de SALIGNAC Fargo Felix, ANTONIUS Farrant, Richard Feacutenelon, Franccedilois Faria Y Sousa, MANUEL de Feacutelix, Lia de la Mothe Faribault Felixstowe Farrar, FREDERIC William Fenestella Faridkot fell, John Farren, Elizabeth FENESTRATION Faridpur fell Farren, William Fenians Farid ud-din ’attar fellah Farrer, Thomas Henry Farrer fennel Farina, SALVATORE Fellenberg, Philipp Farrier, and farriery FENNER, DUDLEY EMANUEL von Fars Fenny Stratford Farinato, Paolo Feller, Franccedilois Xavier de farthing Fenrir Farinelli felling farthingale fens Faringdon FELLOE fasces Farini, Luigi Carlo fellow farm fellows, Sir Charles Fairbanks, Erastus (1792-1864), American manufacturer, farm buildings felo de se was born in Brimfield, Massachusetts, on the 28th of Octo- farmer, Richard felony ber 1792. He studied law but abandoned it for mercantile farmers’ movement felsite pursuits, finally settling in St Johnsbury, Vermont, where Farnaby, Thomas felspar in 1824 he formed a partnership with his brother Thaddeus Farnborough, Thomas Erskine may Felsted for the manufacture of stoves and ploughs. Subsequently the scales invented by Thaddeus were manufactured ex- Farnborough felt tensively. Erastus was a member of the state legislature Farne islands Feltham, Owen in 1836-1838, and governor of Vermont in 1852-1853 and Farnese Felton, Cornelius Conway 1860-1861, during his second term rendering valuable aid Farnese, Alexander Felton, John in the equipment and despatch of troops in the early days Farnese, Elizabeth Feltre, Morto da of the Civil War. His son Horace (1820-1888) became presi- Farnham Feltre dent of E. & T. Fairbanks & Co. in 1874, and was governor Farnworth FELUCCA of Vermont from 1876 to 1878. Faro (town of Portugal) female Faro (game of cards) FEMERELL His brother, Thaddeus Fairbanks (1796-1886), inventor, was born at Brimfield, Massachusetts, on the 17th of Jan- Fairfax, Edward (c. 1580-1635), English poet, transla- uary 1796. He early manifested a genius for mechanics and tor of Tasso, was born at Leeds, the second son of Sir designed the models from which he and his brother man- Thomas Fairfax of Denton (father of the 1st Baron Fair- ufactured stoves and ploughs at St Johnsbury. In 1826 he fax of Cameron). His legitimacy has been called in ques- patented a cast-iron plough which was extensively used. tion, and the date of his birth has not been ascertained. The growing
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