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Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis STUDIA HISTORICA UPSALIENSIA

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Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis STUDIA HISTORICA UPSALIENSIA ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Studia Historica Upsaliensia 250 Utgivna av Historiska institutionen vid Uppsala universitet genom Margaret Hunt, Jan Lindegren och Maria Ågren Omslagsbild: Jonas Andersson Omslagslayout: Camilla Eriksson, Grafisk service Fredrik Thisner Indelta inkomster En studie av det militära löneindelningsverket 1721–1833 Abstract Thisner, F. 2014. Indelta inkomster. En studie av det militära löneindelningsverket 1721–1833. (Alloted Income. The Military Allotment Establishment in Sweden 1721–1833). Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Studia historica Upsaliensia 250. 241 pp. Uppsala. ISBN 978-91-554-9002-7 The purpose of this study is to examine the newer Military Allotment Establishment and thereby to eluci- date in detail one of the linchpins of the redistribution system of the Swedish state. The question being researched is how this resource-system functioned in practice in Sweden during the 1721–1833 period. The Allotment Establishment was one of the cornerstones of the Swedish state: substantial parts of both the military forces and the civil administration were paid and maintained by it. It was thus a large and important societal institution. Its “heyday” overlapped with a time of relatively extensive economic transformation. However we currently have major gaps in our understanding of how the system worked in practice. This study of the Allotment Establishment thus provides key insights into how an important part of the early modern Swedish state functioned. The study has been conducted through a comparison be- tween four allotted infantry regiments, located in four regions with different economic conditions. The Military Allotment Establishment performed in a heterogeneous way. In some areas, the sala- ries it provided were high, whereas in other they were less beneficial. This was due to the fact that the composition of the allocated taxes varied. Taxes paid in cash were sensitive to inflation, taxes paid in grain were the most favourable ones. Other reasons had to do with differing agricultural developments, where the revenue from allotted farms in some areas developed more positively than others over time. These differences increased over time. It has also been shown that the allotment farms were run in different ways in different parts of the realm. In Uppland, a grain producing region home to many manors, these farms were generally leased out, whereas in Västerbotten, a more peripheral region dom- inated by husbandry, they were often run by their allotment holders. One central finding is that the system as such was heavily market integrated. This result implies that the rationality behind the system might not, as previously has been assumed; necessarily have to do with the structure of the output of the Swedish economy, but rather with limitations in the fiscal organisation. Keywords: Early Modern Economic History, Early Modern Agrarian History, Early Modern Military history, Miltary Allotment Establishment, Resource system, Redistribution, Salary system, In kind payment, Taxation, Market integration, Alloted farms, Tenants, Leaseholders, Officers, Älvsborg, Up- pland, Dalecarlia, Västerbotten. © Författaren 2014 ISSN 0081-6531 ISBN 978-91-554-9002-7 Printed in Sweden by Danagård LiTHO AB, 2014 Distributor: Uppsala University Library, Box 510, SE-751 26 Uppsala, SWEDEN www.uu.se, [email protected] Till Natalie, Emilie & Jakob Innehåll Förord ............................................................................................................. 11 Inledning ......................................................................................................... 13 1 Inkomster genom indelning .......................................................................... 15 Absolutistiska reformer och ett agrart omfördelningssystem ................................ 15 Feodalism med förbehåll ............................................................................... 17 Indelningsverkets huvudkomponenter ............................................................... 20 Det militära löneindelningsverkets kronologi ..................................................... 24 Tidigare forskning: det yngre indelningsverket och framväxten av en ny ekonomisk ordning ............................................................................................ 26 Tidigare forskningsståndpunkter: löntagarna, lönesystemet och samhället ........................................................................................................... 30 Indelningsverket och samhällsstrukturen ....................................................... 30 Den indelte löntagaren: mellan statstjänarroll och gentlemannatillvaro .......... 32 Studiens huvudfråga ........................................................................................... 35 Operationalisering: indelningen som socialt, institutionellt och ekonomiskt system............................................................................................. 37 En aktie med god prognos: bostället................................................................... 37 Intäkter från räntor ............................................................................................ 39 Indelningens intäkter byggs samman.................................................................. 40 Studiens delfrågor och disposition ...................................................................... 42 2 Studiens ramverk: metod och källor ............................................................. 43 Avgränsningar och urval .................................................................................... 43 Urval efter intäktsstruktur .................................................................................. 44 Regementenas geografiska placering och jordbrukets regionala variationer ......... 47 Uppsala län: spannmålsproduktion och specialisering .................................... 48 Älvsborgs län: boskap och binäringar ............................................................. 50 Dalarna: befolkningsökning, växelbruk och binäringar ................................... 51 Västerbotten och Norrbotten: jordbruk i subarktiskt klimat .......................... 52 Undersökningsområdena i sammandrag ........................................................ 54 Ett infanteriregementes anatomi: grad, befattning och lön .................................. 55 Förändringar i tjänstestrukturen: vad är egentligen en officerslön? ................. 57 Metodologiska överväganden ............................................................................. 60 Indelningsverket som forskningsproblem ....................................................... 60 Centrala källor .............................................................................................. 62 3 Kol, smör och spannmål: indelta räntor vid fyra förband ............................. 67 Indelningsverket: skattesystem och lönesystem ................................................... 67 Grundskatterna ................................................................................................. 68 Räntetagare och räntegivare: något om skattebetalandets villkor .................... 69 Förvandling av räntepersedlar ........................................................................ 71 Avlösning, kronovärde och markegångsvärde ................................................. 73 Att hantera fluktuationer: restantier, reservhemman och nödtaxor .......................... 77 Kronotiondespannmål – lönesystemets säkraste komponent ............................... 78 Guldgruva, nitlott eller stokastiskt system? Tidigare forskningsståndpunkter kring indelta räntor ............................................................................................ 80 Räntornas volymer och sammansättning ............................................................ 82 En kolbaserad ekonomi: räntesystemet vid Dalregementet ............................. 84 Västerbottens regemente: smör, spannmål och pengar ................................... 86 Infanteriet vid Mälaren: Upplands regemente ................................................ 88 Där slätten slutade och skogen började: Älvsborgs regemente......................... 89 Naturalöner möter marknaden: att göra pengar av persedlar............................... 91 Dalregementet: kol och kapital ...................................................................... 93 Västerbottens regemente: smör på köl ........................................................... 94 Upplands regemente – en del av Mälardalens handelssystem .......................... 98 Älvsborgs regemente: nasare och handel i Sjuhäradsbygden ........................... 99 Fyra regementens räntor vid 1800-talets början ................................................. 102 Sammanfattning .............................................................................................. 104 4 Kornbod och smörbytta: bostället som lönemedelsproducent..................... 107 Boställssystemets huvuddrag ............................................................................ 107 Boställssystemets förutsättningar och betydelse .............................................. 111 Att uppskatta avkastning: boställsuppskattningskommitténs utredning ...... 118 En inventering av kornboden: Upplands regemente ...................................... 119 Västerbottens regemente: smörbyttan i norr ................................................. 122 Älvsborgs regemente och hälftenbruksprincipen ..........................................
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