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Sociolinguistic Geographies in Galicia, Spain a Thesis Submitted to Kent

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Sociolinguistic Geographies in Galicia, Spain a Thesis Submitted to Kent Sociolinguistic Geographies in Galicia, Spain A thesis submitted To Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts By Kathryn Laura Hannum August 2016 © Copyright All rights reserved Except for previously published materials Thesis written by Kathryn Laura Hannum B.S., San Jose State University, 2011 M.A., Kent State University, 2016 Approved By David H. Kaplan Advisor Scott Sheridan Chair, Department of Geography James L. Blank Dean, College of Arts and Sciences TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................... III LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... V LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................... VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... VII CHAPTER 1-INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 2- THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NATIONAL IDENTITY, LANGUAGE, AND EDUCATION ...................................................................................................................... 7 NATIONALISM & REGIONALISM TODAY ...................................................................................... 8 LANGUAGE ................................................................................................................................ 17 EDUCATION ................................................................................................................................ 23 CHAPTER 3- ORIGINS AND EMERGENCE OF SPANISH NATIONALISM ................ 28 A BRIEF HISTORY OF SPAIN AND ITS HISTORIC NATIONALITIES ................................................ 29 Basque Country ..................................................................................................................... 35 Galicia ................................................................................................................................... 37 THE FRANCO ERA ...................................................................................................................... 41 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................. 45 CHAPTER 4- REGIONAL CONVERGENCE AND SOCIOLINGUISTIC IMPACT IN GALICIA ..................................................................................................................................... 47 SPANISH POLITICAL ECONOMY .................................................................................................. 49 European Union Incorporation ............................................................................................ 51 GALICIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY ................................................................................................. 54 Galician Convergence .......................................................................................................... 55 GALICIAN LAND USE CHANGE ................................................................................................... 58 SOCIOLINGUISTIC IMPLICATIONS OF ECONOMIC CONVERGENCE ............................................... 65 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................................ 70 CHAPTER 5-LANGUAGE, SCHOOLS, AND EDUCATIONAL POLICY IN GALICIA 72 POST 1978 LANGUAGE POLICY & DEVELOPMENTS ................................................................... 73 Bilingual Public Service and Education in Spain ................................................................. 76 GALICIAN LANGUAGE PLANNING .............................................................................................. 79 Galicia’s Bilingual Education Policy ................................................................................... 83 III GALICIAN USAGE TODAY .......................................................................................................... 86 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................................ 89 CHAPTER 6- LANGUAGE BEHAVIOR IN URBAN AND RURAL SCHOOLS .............. 90 RESEARCH DESIGN .................................................................................................................... 91 Site ......................................................................................................................................... 92 Samples & Sample Size ......................................................................................................... 93 Instruments & Raw Data ...................................................................................................... 95 Data Treatment ..................................................................................................................... 96 GEOGRAPHICAL LANGUAGE NORMS .......................................................................................... 97 Language Practices ............................................................................................................ 100 Code Switching ................................................................................................................... 103 ATTITUDES TOWARD THE LANGUAGE LAWS AND THE XUNTA ................................................ 109 CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................................................... 114 CHAPTER 7- LANGUAGE, LANDSCAPE, AND NATIONAL IDESNTIY IN GALICIA ..................................................................................................................................................... 116 DEVELOPMENT OF GALICIAN NATIONAL IDENTITY ................................................................. 117 A Global Galicia ................................................................................................................. 119 Celtic Galicia ...................................................................................................................... 121 LINGUISTIC NATIONALISM ....................................................................................................... 126 Linguistic Sentiment Among Galician Educators ............................................................... 129 CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................................................... 136 CHAPTER 8- CONCLUSION ................................................................................................ 139 CLASSROOM LANGUAGE PRACTICES ....................................................................................... 139 LANGUAGE ATTITUDES ............................................................................................................ 142 IMPLICATIONS .......................................................................................................................... 143 WORKS CITED ....................................................................................................................... 146 APPENDIX A ............................................................................................................................ 163 APPENDIX B ............................................................................................................................ 164 FULL LIST OF WORDS FROM FINAL INTERVIEW QUESTION (THESE WORDS GENERATE THE P.136 WORD CLOUD) ............................................................................... 164 APPENDIX C ............................................................................................................................ 166 APPENDIX D ............................................................................................................................ 168 IV LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1. SPANISH REGIONAL GDP AS PERCENTAGE OF EU GDP PER CAPITA (OECD 2012) ............................................................................................................................... 51 FIGURE 2. EUROPEAN UNION INVESTMENT IN GALICIA (ENI 2015) ..................... 55 FIGURE 3. REMUNERATION BY SECTOR IN GALICIA (ENI 2015) ............................ 56 FIGURE 4. FALLOW FIELD CHANGES 1984-2014 (USGS LANDSAT 5&7) MAP COMPILED BY AUTHOR ....................................................................................................... 61 FIGURE 5. EXAMPLE OF LAND FRAGMENTATION (USGS LANDSAT 7 MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD 2014) .................................................................................................................. 62 FIGURE 6. URBAN GAINS SINCE 1984 (USGS LANDSAT 5&7). MAP COMPILED BY AUTHOR ..................................................................................................................................... 63 FIGURE 7. LANGUAGE USE BY VENUE POPULATION (IGE 2004) ............................. 67 FIGURE 9. PERCENTAGE OF GALICIAN SPEAKERS IN EACH MUNICIPALITY IN 2001 (DATA: IGE 2010) ............................................................................................................. 69 FIGURE 10. PERCENTAGE OF GALICIAN SPEAKERS IN EACH MUNICIPALITY IN 2011 (DATA: IGE 2013) ............................................................................................................
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