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Boniface VIII and Philip IV: Conflict Between Church and State

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Boniface VIII and Philip IV: Conflict Between Church and State By Mark Lowry Senior Seminar (HST 499W) June 6, 2008 Primary Reader: Dr. Lowe Secondary Reader: Dr. Sil Course Instructor: Dr. David Doellinger History Department Western Oregon University Lowry, 1 During the middle ages there were conflicts between church and state. From 1294-1303 Boniface VIII and Philip the IV, king of France had such an issue. The issue between the two men was of external and internal authority beginning in 1296 when Boniface asked all secular rulers to ask his permission first before taxing clergy in their lands. Neither Philip nor Boniface wanted to be controlled by the other, and they both wanted to have control over their realm, which is where the problem existed. Philip’s realm is France, but the realm of Boniface consists of churches around the world and clergy, and all Christians, all of which happen to be in France as well as other parts of the world. It is for this reason that Boniface VIII has been criticized for an attempt to gain power and influence over secular rulers at the end of the thirteenth and beginning of the fourteenth century; During Boniface VIII papacy, 1294-1303, he used the conflict with Philip, King of France, to expand the power of the Church, and protect the Church from secular rulers’ influence. Both, Philip King of France, and Boniface VIII felt that the other was attempting to gain control over their territory. Most of the primary sources are papal bulls that show Boniface was expanding on the power of the church and by doing so protecting the church. A papal bull is a papal proclamation, or a declaration from the pope to all of Christendom, secular ruler and commoner alike, which is to inform them all of a new church law. There is a difference of opinion concerning what Boniface VIII was truly doing by sending the bulls to Philip. Some historians feel Boniface VIII asserted dominance over Philip with the decrees of the bulls, and in doing so over all secular rulers. Others believe Philip put the Church in its rightful place, under the power of the Lowry, 2 state, or secular rulers. The one common denominator is that the conflict was about power, and neither one wanted to lose their power over the masses. The key to finding out the truth lies in the bulls Boniface VIII sent to Philip, and declared to all of Christendom. Each bull that Boniface VIII sent was a response to something that Philip did. The first bull Boniface decrees, Clericis Laicos, was the response from Boniface VIII to Philip for taxing the Church lands in France, which marked the beginning of the problem between the Church and France. The consequences of Clericis Laicos lead to the next bull that Boniface sent, Esti de Statu, in the following year 1297. This bull was more or less a concession from Boniface to Philip as a sign of good faith, where Boniface gives secular rulers some decision making abilities on taxing the churches. Boniface VIII was also dealing with some internal problems during 1297 as well, which posed more of a threat to the church and his papacy than Philip did. The next bull is a different bull then the two previous bulls sent by Boniface, it is a private bull called Ausculta Fili sent in 1301. This bull is a personal message sent only to Philip where Boniface tries to show concern for Philip, and some of the advice he receives. The last bull to be decreed was Unam Sanctam in 1302, and it was with this bull more controversy arose surrounding the true intentions of Boniface. There is another primary source that will be discussed but it is not a papal bull, it is charges of heresy brought upon Boniface VIII by Philip who instructed William of Plasains, a royal minister who was apart of Philip’s court, to write up formal charges against Boniface. The charges of heresy, sent in 1303, led to Philip sending William de Nogaret, Philip’s Royal minister, and mercenaries to go and arrest Boniface VIII. Lowry, 3 What is just as important is looking at what caused the need for the bulls. So, it is important to begin before the bull Clericis Laicos was sent, and in doing so it will be clear that Boniface VIII has been treated unfairly by historians, and was not attempting to overpower all secular rulers, but simply protecting the Church. In 1296 Philip IV of France, and Edward I of England were about to go to war over the duchy of Gascony. Both were in need of funds and an additional source of money would be to tax the clergy in their lands. However, “Ecclesiastical law insisted that secular rulers should not tax ecclesiastical revenues without clerical consent.”1 Boniface VIII could not allow this taxation to go on any further because neither Edward or Philip had asked permission and Boniface VIII had hoped that by cutting off a good part of there funds that the war would end. In 1296 Boniface VIII issued the bull Clericis Laicos. In Brian Tierney’s book The Crisis of Church and State 1050-1300 he provides a translated copy of the bull. The bull begins by stating, “That laymen have been very hostile to the clergy antiquity relates; and it is clearly proved by the experiences of the present time.”2 Boniface continues on by backing what he says and also begins to expand on the existing law, “we regret to say, some prelates of the churches and ecclesiastical persons, fearing where there should be no fear, seeking a temporary peace, fearing more to offend the temporal majesty than the eternal, acquiesce in such abuses, not so much rashly as improvidently, without obtaining 1 R.W. Southern, Western Society and The Church in the Middle Ages, (Grand Rapids, Mich: Erdmans, 1970), pg. 40. 2 Brian Tierney, The Crisis of Church and State 1050-1300, (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1964), pg. 175. Lowry, 4 authority or license from the Apostolic See.”3This bull was a reminder to the King of France, but even more importantly to all secular rulers, that secular rulers must first obtain the right from the clergy to tax the clergy in the secular rulers’ realm, and further more that some of the clergy in these realms are fearful of what may happen to them if they do not pay. As the bull clearly states the secular rulers must now receive papal authority to begin taxing the clergy in their lands. The bull also issues warning to “any prelates and ecclesiastical persons…who shall pay or promise or agree to pay to lay persons…without the authority of the same see: And also whatsoever emperors, kings, or princes, dukes, earls, or barons, powers, captains, or officials, or rectors…who shall impose, exact, or receive…by this same should incur sentence of excommunication.”4 The bull is clear that Boniface VIII will also lay down the consequence of excommunication to anyone who does not follow this reinforced law, which includes secular rulers and even ecclesiastical persons. However, according to T.S.R. Boase, “it was not as aggressive a move as is often represented.”5 There is nothing to say to the contrary, that Boniface VIII showed any aggression when he decreed the bull. Philip IV did not like this arrangement set up by Boniface at all for he thought, along with his advisors, that it was infringing on temporal matters. “As for spiritual matters…he [Philip] was inclined…humbly to receive the warnings of the Holy See as a 3 Tierney, pg 175. 4 Tierney, pg. 176. 5 T.S.R. Boase, Boniface VIII, (London, Constable, 1933), pg. 138. Lowry, 5 true son of the church.”6 Philip probably considered the “warning” but as stated previously Philip saw this as a temporal affair and, in response to this temporal matter as he saw it, stopped the export of gold and silver, or any other form of currency from France. This reaction by Philip cut off revenue to the papacy in Rome. The papacy relied heavily on the monetary gain that came from France. The Pope held out as long as he could but the amount of money the papacy was losing was too much and finally Boniface gave into the Philip. In 1297 Boniface VIII issued another bull, the Etsi de Statu. Again from the book by Brian Tierney, he provides a translated copy of the bull, which states, “that if some dangerous emergency should threaten the aforesaid King or his successors in connection with the general or particular defense of the realm, the above mentioned decree shall by no means extend to such a case of necessity.”7This bull gave the secular rulers the ability to tax the churches in their land in cases of emergency without papal authority. The bull went one step further by stating “a state of necessity may be left to the consciences of the aforesaid king and his successors.”8 The bull was clearly stating the secular rulers would now decide when a state of emergency was. For Philip, a victory had just been won. At the same time that Boniface was trying to smooth things out with Philip, Boniface was also dealing with the Colona Cardinals. The Colona family had members that were apart of the church, and had influence within the church as well being apart of 6 Edgar Boutaric, “The Importance of Italian Affairs” In Philip the Fair and Boniface VIII: state v.
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