DOCSLIB.ORG

Of Kings and Popes and Law

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Of Kings and Popes and Law: An Examination of the Church and State Relationship in England During the High Middle Ages and the Influence of that Relationship on the Structure and Processes of English Law by Jan Katherine Clark B.A., University of Calgary, 1976 M.Sc., University of Calgary, 1986 LL.B., University of Calgary, 1989 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF LAWS in the Faculty of Law © Jan Katherine Clark, 2012 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee Of Kings and Popes and Law: An Examination of the Church and State Relationship in England During the High Middle Ages and the Influence of that Relationship on the Structure and Processes of English Law by Jan Katherine Clark B.A., University of Calgary, 1976 M.Sc., University of Calgary, 1986 LL.B., University of Calgary, 1989 Supervisory Committee Professor Emeritus John McLaren, Co-Supervisor (Faculty of Law) Professor Hamar Foster, Q.C., Co-Supervisor (Faculty of Law) iii Abstract Supervisory Committee Professor Emeritus John McLaren, Co-Supervisor (Faculty of Law) Professor Hamar Foster, Q.C., Co-Supervisor (Faculty of Law) During the latter half of the 11th century through to the end of the 13th century, Europe was experiencing what is considered by some historians as “the” medieval renaissance, otherwise referred to as the European Renaissance of the Twelfth Century. The time appears to have been ripe for an explosion of cultural and intellectual advancement and change. Two fields that experienced significant development during that period were law and governance, both secular and ecclesiastical. In England, the period which most legal historians consider to be the key formative years of the common law was the reign of King Henry II. Indeed, Sir William Holdsworth credits Henry II for “substituting one common law for that confused mass of local customs of which the law of England had formerly consisted”. But as R.H. Helmholz said, “legal history, like any other, is a history of winners, and the history of the losing side is often overlooked. That we only hint of the history of the canon law by reference to the common law is a fact of life and not to be lamented”. However, he admonishes us not to ignore the intrinsic importance of the jurisdiction once exercised by the courts of the Church in the development of the law of England. I take up Helmholz’ challenge in this thesis and examine the relationship that developed between the English royal authorities and the Latin (Western) Christian Church from the beginning of the reign of Edward the Confessor to the end of the reign of King John. Through a review of cases reported by the Selden Society from the royal courts of Henry II, Richard I and John, I then focus my research on the 62 year period between the beginning of the reign of Henry II and the death of John, and consider the influence of the Church and State relationship on the structure and processes of the developing English royal law and its scope. iv Table of Contents Supervisory Committee ii ii Abstract iii iii Table of Contents iv iv Acknowledgements v vi Dedication vi vii Introduction 1 1 Chapter 1: Christianity and Kingship 13 13 The King and the Church in Anglo Saxon England 13 William is a Divine King 20 Henry is not a Divine King 24 King Henry is Dead, Long Live Queen Matilda! 31 Chapter 2: Conflict and Cooperation 35 35 A Time of Change 35 Church Reform and the Papacy 36 1. The Drivers of Change 36 2. The Case for Change 38 3. The Challenges 39 4. Implementation of the Process 40 The Reign of Henry II: The Early Years (1154-1164) 44 1. The Drivers of Change 44 2. The Challenges 46 3. Implementation of the Process 48 Cases Touching the Church in the Reign of King Henry II 57 1. The Early Years of Henry’s Reign (1154-1164) 57 2. Henry and Thomas 68 3. The Constitutions of Clarendon 80 v Chapter 3: The Maturing of the Law 84 84 The Later Years of Henry’s Reign (1165-1189) 84 Cases Touching the Church in the Reign of King Henry II 88 1. The Later Years of Henry’s Reign (1165-1189) 88 Innocent III and the Papal Reforms 95 The Reigns of Richard I and King John 100 Cases Touching the Church in the Reign of Richard I (1189-1199) 105 Cases Touching the Church in the Reign of John (1199-1216) 106 1. Court Christian and Other ‘Church’ Courts 106 2. Writ of Prohibition and Other Acts of Aggression! 109 Chapter 4: Conclusions and Thoughts 116 116 Bibliography 137 137 vi Acknowledgements My completion of this thesis is in a very large part due to the guidance, council and encouragement of Professor John McLaren. John’s love of legal history and his knowledge of that field of law are both immense. For the past three years he has taught me, questioned me, listened to me, humoured me, gently steered me and even made me the odd cup of tea. For all of that and a great deal more, my heart-felt thanks, John. Professor Hamar Foster was parachuted into this project part way through and did a yeoman’s job of getting up to speed and running with it. Thank you for your insights, your humour and your enthusiasm during our review sessions, and for sharing your knowledge and thoughts on this area of the law. It is evident you truly love the history of the law and your passion for legal history helped get me to the finish line. Dr. Tim Haskett introduced me to the development of the law in Europe during the early Middle Ages. Thank you for introducing me to Gratian, Aquinas, Brother William, Wormald, Berman and a host of other legal historians. You are an inspiring teacher. I also want to thank Lorinda Fraser, Graduate Assistant for the Faculty of Law for all her help, guidance and assistance throughout the past three years. But most of all, thank you for the wonderful way you deal with all of the graduate students; you have the patience of Job and are always so kind to each of us. I have to mention the confidence both Dr. Arthur Limbird and Professor Alastair Lucas must have had in me, to agree to provide letters of academic reference 25 years after I was either of their students. You both obviously know my capabilities better than I do, to show such support for me. Thank you so much. Finally, thank you to my husband, Carey Johannesson. I lost track of the number of times you read every Chapter, listened as I worked out every idea or theory and prodded me along whenever I hit the wall. I promise never to put you through this again. vii Dedication To my dear friends Patti and Richard Riegert, Carpe diem, my friends, carpe diem. And to my husband, Carey Johannesson, for all of your help, love, patience and humour. INTRODUCTION: The year was 1157. The setting was King Henry II’s royal court. The players were the King and his elite inner-circle of barons and bishops. The bishop of Chichester rose, and, at a nod from the king’s chancellor, Thomas Becket, began his case: “Jesus Christ, my lord King!”; he repeated, “Jesus Christ, our Lord!”; and then a third time, “Hear all and understand! Jesus Christ our Lord has established two abodes and two powers for the governance of the world: one is the spiritual, the other the material.” The bishop then proceeded to lecture Henry II on the “devolved” authority Jesus had placed on each pope from the Apostle Peter forward, to superintend the governance of the Church of God. It was, he concluded, impossible for any layman, indeed even for a king, to depose a bishop without the judgment and permission of the pope. “Very true”, said the King, “a bishop may not be deposed”. Then he made a gesture of pushing with his hands. “But, see, with a good push he could be ejected.” Everyone at court broke out laughing - except the bishop of Chichester.1 The bishop’s speech was actually his opening argument in a dispute with the abbot of Battle Abbey over the Abbey, its lands and its privileges. What is interesting about the scenario is that it was a matter involving two Church officials and Church lands being decided in the secular court of King Henry II - or was it just a secular court? And why the affected lecture on the “two abodes and two powers for the governance of the world” when the issue at hand was a simple land dispute? Five years on, in1162, a member of the clergy had seduced a girl and killed her father. It was a breach of the king’s peace that had occurred within the kingdom of England and therefore, according to Henry II, should be adjudicated in the king’s royal courts by his justices. In May of that year, Henry had appointed his good friend Thomas Becket as the archbishop of Canterbury; nevertheless, on behalf of the Church, Thomas challenged the King’s claim of jurisdiction. A scribe in the king’s court noted that it was the first “estrangement” between Henry and his archbishop. The king demanded that the cleric be examined by his judges in a lay court and judgment passed on him there.
Recommended publications
  • Tilly Goes to Church: the Religious and Medieval Roots of State Formation in Europe

    Tilly Goes to Church: the Religious and Medieval Roots of State Formation in Europe

    Tilly Goes to Church: The Religious and Medieval Roots of State Formation in Europe Anna Grzymala-Busse Stanford University August 31, 2020 Abstract How did the state arise in Europe? Canonical accounts argue that war made the state: inter state conflict led to taxation and state formation. These accounts focus on the early modern period and start with the territorial fragmentation as a given. Yet once we move back the analysis to the Middle Ages, a powerful actor appears: the Roman Catholic Church. The Medieval Church was a powerful rival to monarchs and rulers, challenging their sovereignty and the authority of nascent states, and deliberately fragmenting medieval Europe. It was also a rich source of human capital and administrative solutions, the building blocks of state institutions. Religious rivalry and emulation in the middle ages fundamentally shaped state formation in Europe. Very drafty version: Cite at your own risk Acknowledgments: I am grateful to Arun Advait and Hans Lueders for their expert research assistance. 1 1 Introduction How did the modern state arise? Charles Tilly's answer is as succinct as it is canonical: \war made the state and the state made war" (Tilly 1975, 42). In early modern Europe, violent rivalry among fragmented nascent states for territory and resources led them to tax their populations to extract resources. Rulers who succeeded in building up the administrative and military apparatus of war went on to consolidate their territorial gains and ensure the survival of their states. Yet pushing back the analysis a few centuries, to the Middle Ages, reveals new perspectives on this powerful and venerated \bellicist" account.
  • Philip David Handyside Class of 2006 “Rise

    Philip David Handyside Class of 2006 “Rise

    Philip David Handyside Class of 2006 “Rise and Fall of the Knights Templar: From Power to Persecution” History (major) May 2006-10-24 With gratitude to E. Kurlander, K. Reiter, P. Steeves, and M. McNicholas Pledged: P. D. Handyside Approved: E. Kurlander, Faculty Advisor M. Venzke, Chair, History Senior Research Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for HY 499 Stetson University 6th December, 2005 Abstract Created around 1230 CE, the Poor Knights of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon were created in order to protect pilgrims on their journey through the new Christian kingdom in Palestine. Starting out as a small group, these warrior monks soon grew in power and prestige under the benefaction of St. Bernard and were charged with the protection of the Catholic Church by Pope Innocent II. Along with this favour bestowed upon them, the Templars quickly accumulated a great amount of wealth and territory across Europe. However, their power base was always in the Holy Land. The capture by Muslims of the city of Acre, the final Christian stronghold in Palestine, deprived them of this power base. Following this they were free to the predations of ambitious secular rulers, such as Philip IV of France. Philip, anxious to establish his authority and to acquire more revenue producing lands, was able to bring charges against the Templars accusing them of heresy which led to the eventual arrest and disbandment of the Knights Templar. The loss of their power base left the Templars vulnerable to condemnation by the society at large and, as such, they were unable to protect themselves, or be protected by others, when they came under threat.
  • The Heart of Peace: Christine De Pizan and Christian Theology

    The Heart of Peace: Christine De Pizan and Christian Theology

    The Heart of Peace: Christine de Pizan and Christian Theology The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Gower, Margaret Marion. 2015. The Heart of Peace: Christine de Pizan and Christian Theology. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:23845469 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Heart of Peace: Christine de Pizan and Christian Theology A dissertation presented by Margaret Marion Gower to The Committee on the Study of Religion in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of The Study of Religion Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts August 2015 © 2015 Margaret Marion Gower All rights reserved. Dissertation Advisor: Professor Amy Hollywood Margaret Marion Gower The Heart of Peace: Christine de Pizan and Christian Theology Abstract This dissertation argues that, across her corpus, Christine de Pizan (c.1364-c.1431) advanced a notion of the common good that is both, and inseparably, political and theological. The project critically analyzes Christine’s theological notions of human personhood, moral formation, prudential self-interest, and destructive preoccupation with personal good. It demonstrates that Christine responded to, retooled, and restructured authoritative texts and traditions in order to compose a constructive notion of the common good.
  • Satire and the Corpus Mysticum During Crises of Fragmentation

    Satire and the Corpus Mysticum During Crises of Fragmentation

    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles The Body Satyrical: Satire and the Corpus Mysticum during Crises of Fragmentation in Late Medieval and Early Modern France A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in French and Francophone Studies by Christopher Martin Flood 2013 © Copyright by Christopher Martin Flood 2013 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION The Body Satyrical: Satire and the Corpus Mysticum during Crises of Fragmentation in Medieval and Early Modern France by Christopher Martin Flood Doctor of Philosophy in French and Francophone Studies University of California, Los Angeles, 2013 Professor Jean-Claude Carron, Chair The later Middle Ages and early modern period in France were marked by divisive conflicts (i.e. the Western Schism, the Hundred Years’ War, and the Protestant Reformation) that threatened the stability and unity of two powerful yet seemingly fragile social entities, Christendom and the kingdom of France. The anxiety engendered by these crises was heightened by the implicit violence of a looming fragmentation of those entities that, perceived through the lens of the Pauline corporeal metaphor, were imagined as corpora mystica (mystical bodies). Despite the gravity of these crises of fragmentation, ii each met with a somewhat unexpected and, at times, prolific response in the form of satirical literature. Since that time, these satirical works have been reductively catalogued under the unwieldy genre of traditional satire and read superficially as mere vituperation or ridiculing didacticism. However, when studied against the background of sixteenth- century theories of satire and the corporeal metaphor, a previously unnoticed element of these works emerges that sets them apart from traditional satire and provides an original insight into the culture of the time.
  • History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: the Middle Ages

    History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: the Middle Ages

    History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1294-1517 Author(s): Schaff, Philip (1819-1893) Publisher: Grand Rapids, MI: Christian CLassics Ethereal Library Description: Philip Schaff©s History of the Christian Church excels at providing an impressive and instructive historical treatment of the Christian church. This eight volume work begins with the early Church and ends at 1605 with the Swiss Reforma- tion. Schaff©s treatment is comprehensive and in depth, dis- cussing all the major (and minor!) figures, time periods, and movements of the Church. He includes many footnotes, maps, and charts; he even provides copies of original texts in his treatment. One feature of the History of the Christian Church that readers immediately notice is just how beautifully written it is--especially in comparison to other texts of a sim- ilar nature. Simply put, Schaff©s prose is lively and engaging. As one reader puts it, these volumes are "history written with heart and soul." Although at points the scholarship is slightly outdated, overall History of the Christian Church is great for historical referencing. Countless people have found History of the Christian Church useful. Whether for serious scholar- ship, sermon preparation, daily devotions, or simply edifying reading, History of the Christian Church comes highly recom- mended. Tim Perrine CCEL Staff Writer Subjects: Christianity History i Contents Title Page 1 Preface 2 History of the Christian Church, Volume VI 4 Introductory Survey 4 The Decline Of The Papacy And The Avignon Exile 7 Sources and Literature 8 Pope Boniface VIII. 1294-1303 13 Boniface VIII.
  • THE LOST SOUL of the BODY POLITIC a Dissertation by JESSE ALLEN CHUPP Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&

    THE LOST SOUL of the BODY POLITIC a Dissertation by JESSE ALLEN CHUPP Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&

    THE LOST SOUL OF THE BODY POLITIC A Dissertation by JESSE ALLEN CHUPP Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 2012 Major Subject: Political Science THE LOST SOUL OF THE BODY POLITIC A Dissertation by JESSE ALLEN CHUPP Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved by: Chair of Committee, Cary J. Nederman Committee Members, Robert Harmel Judith Baer Leah DeVun Head of Department, James Rogers May 2012 Major Subject: Political Science iii ABSTRACT The Lost Soul of the Body Politic. (May 2012) Jesse Allen Chupp, B.S., Indiana Wesleyan University; M.A., Ball State University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Cary J. Nederman The modern nation-state is the product of a gradual process in which the religiously concerned medieval political and ecclesiastical synthesis became more secular and centralized. Mirroring this external institutional development, the theoretical conception of the state changed from one of a natural organic unity of diverse corporate members, often described metaphorically as a Body Politic, to a consent-based compact among atomized individuals. This change can be traced in the Body Politic metaphor of four authors: John of Salisbury, Christine de Pizan, Johannes Althusius, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. In this project, I argue that the Body Politic metaphor, particularly the inclusion or exclusion of a soul of the Body Politic, is uniquely appropriate for capturing the complexity of political life in general across differing levels of aggregation and for elucidating the political and religious commitments of the authors who employ it, as they critique their own contemporary political and religious institutions and describe their ideal societies.
  • The Situation of Dominican Political Thought and Activities in France and England

    The Situation of Dominican Political Thought and Activities in France and England

    THE SITUATION OF DOMINICAN POLITICAL THOUGHT AND ACTIVITIES IN FRANCE AND ENGLAND by BARRIE ALFRED BRILL B.A., University of British Columbia, 1966 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of History We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA May, 1968 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his represen• tatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of History The University of British Columbia Vancouver 8, Canada Date May 2nd, 1968 THESIS ABSTRACT Chairman: Father T. J. Hanrahan. Title: The Situation o£ Dominican Political Thought and Activities in France and England. Examiners: This thesis investigates the political thought and activities of the French and English Dominicans. It began historically with a question concerning the nature of the work of John of Paris. Can his De potestate regia et papali be described as a fundamentally theological and philosophical exposition? Such a description would seem to imply a partial separation from the political situation in which he wrote and would see his treatise in relation to the vast mass of the theological literature of the day.
  • THE POCKET GUIDE to the Popes 

    THE POCKET GUIDE to the Popes 

    THE POCKET GUIDE TO the Popes RICHARD P. McBRIEN Contents Introduction 1 The Popes 11 Index of Names 339 About the Author Other Books by Richard P. McBrien Credits Cover Copyright About the Publisher introduction This book contains the abridged profiles of all of the popes of the Catholic Church organized chronologically according to the dates of their respective terms of office. For the complete profiles, readers should consult the full edition, originally published in hard cover by HarperSanFrancisco in 1997, subsequently released in paperback in 2000, and finally issued in an updated edi- tion that includes Pope Benedict XVI in 2006. The full edition contains many original features; this abridged edition is limited to profiles of individual popes that rely upon secondary source material for their factual and historical content. For a listing of these sources and an explanation of how they were incorporated into the pro- files, the reader should consult the Preface and the Select Bibliography of the full edition. WHAT IS A POPE? The offi ce occupied by the pope is known as the papacy. The pope’s principal title is Bishop of Rome. In addition to his immediate pastoral responsibilities as Bishop of Rome, the pope also exercises a special ministry on be- half of the universal Church. It is called the Petrine min- istry, because the Catholic Church considers the pope to be the successor of the Apostle Peter. As such, he has the 2 the pocket guide to the popes duty to preserve the unity of the worldwide Church and to support all of his brother bishops in the service of their own respective dioceses.
  • Reformation Theology

    Reformation Theology

    REFORMATION THEOLOGY REFORMATION THEOLOGY A READER OF PRIMARY SOURCES WITH INTRODUCTIONS Edited by Bradford Littlejohn with Jonathan Roberts Copyright © 2017 The Davenant Institute All rights reserved. ISBN: 0999552704 ISBN-13: 978-0999552704 Front cover image taken from Hermann Wislicenus, Luther vor Karl V. auf dem Reichstag zu Worms 1521 (1880; Imperial Palace of Goslar) Cover design by Rachel Rosales, Orange Peal Design Dedicated to the memory of the 16th-century martyrs who gave their lives for truth and the glory of God TABLE OF CONTENTS General Introduction iii About this Edition xii 1 Boniface VIII, Clericis Laicos (1296) and Unam Sanctam (1302) 1 2 Marsilius of Padua, Defender of the Peace (1324), excerpts 11 3 John Wycliffe, Trialogus (1384), Bk. IV, chs. 2–6 (on the Eu- 24 charist) 4 The Council of Constance, Sacrosancta (1414) and Frequens 47 (1417) 5 John Hus, On the Church (1413), chs. 1–3, 10 60 6 Desiderius Erasmus, Julius Excluded from Heaven (1517), excerpt 95 7 Martin Luther, Ninety-Five Theses (1517) 117 8 Martin Luther, A Letter to the Christian Nobility of the German 130 Nation (1520), Introduction and The Three Walls of the Ro- manists 9 Martin Luther, The Babylonian Captivity of the Church (1520), The 148 Sacrament of the Altar 10 Pope Leo X, Exsurge Domine (1520) 181 11 Martin Luther, The Freedom of a Christian (1520) 195 12 Michael Sattler, The Schleitheim Articles (1527) 236 13 Thomas More, A Dialogue Concerning Heresies (1529), Bk. I, chs. 245 19-23 14 Philipp Melanchthon, Apology of the Augsburg Confession (1531), 272 Article IV: Of Justification 15 Thomas Cajetan, Four Lutheran Errors (1531) 302 16 John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536/1559), Pref- 320 atory Address; Book I, chs.
  • Medieval World History

    Medieval World History

    TEACHER’S MANUAL for Medieval World History by Fred Hanko Calvin Kalsbeek Harry Langerak Agatha Lubbers Peter VanDer Schaff Published by The Federation of Protestant Reformed Christian Schools 1985 PREFACE The History Workshop worked for a total of 18 months on the Teachers’ Manual for Ancient World History. The Teachers’ Manual for Medieval History took us seven years; and we make no claim that the work is finished. It was our desire to create another set of materials that teachers can use as they make their daily lesson plans. We hope that these units are of practical use. It was also our desire to understand medieval history in the light of Scripture and the Confessions. We wished to help Protestant Reformed teachers make their teaching more Scriptural, more Reformed. Perhaps this, more than anything else, explains why the work on the Middle Ages took so much longer than the materials on ancient history. Feudalism, France, England, Islam are not mentioned explicitly in God’s Word, as are Egypt, Babylon, and Philistia. We were concerned that our application of Scripture not be artificial or appear “tacked on.” And so, at every meeting, the members of the workshop engaged in thoughtful and challenging, though time consuming, discussion as to how Reformed teachers should present the history of medieval Europe. We offer these units along with the sincerely meant challenge to our colleagues to improve on what we have done. It was with unmixed regret that we found that we would have to disband the workshop before the work was finished. We have left for another day the preparation of teaching materials on several topics that are important to the understanding of the Middle Ages — the rise of towns and capitalism, Jews during the Middle Ages, Italy, Spain, the Renaissance.
  • PAPAL COINAGE to 1605 NOTES on PAPAL COINAGE the Papal Mint Is the Pope's Institute for the Production of Hard Cash

    PAPAL COINAGE to 1605 NOTES on PAPAL COINAGE the Papal Mint Is the Pope's Institute for the Production of Hard Cash

    PAPAL COINAGE To 1605 NOTES ON PAPAL COINAGE The Papal Mint is the pope's institute for the production of hard cash. Papal Mint may also refer to the buildings in Avignon, Rome and elsewhere which used to house the mint. (The Italian word for mint is Zecca). The right to coin money being one of the regalia (sovereign prerogatives), there can be no papal coins of earlier date than that of the temporal power of the popes. Nevertheless, there are coins of Pope Zacharias (741-52), of Gregory III (Ficoroni, "Museo Kircheriano"), and possibly of Gregory II (715-741). There is no doubt that these pieces, two of which are of silver, are true coins, and not merely a species of medals, like those which were distributed as "presbyterium" at the coronation of the popes since the time of Valentine (827). Their stamp resembles that of the Byzantine and Merovingian coins of the seventh and eighth centuries, and their square shape is also found in Byzantine pieces. Those that bear the inscription GREII PAPE — SCI PTR (Gregorii Papæ — Sancti Petri) cannot be attributed to Pope Gregory IV (827-44), because of the peculiarity of minting. The existence of these coins, while the popes yet recognized the Byzantine domination, is explained by Hartmann (Das Königreich Italien, Vol. III), who believes that, in the eighth century, the popes received from the emperors the attributes of "Præfectus Urbis". Under the empire, coins that were struck in the provinces bore the name of some local magistrate, and those coins of Gregory and of Zacharias are simply imperial Byzantine pieces, bearing the name of the first civil magistrate of the City of Rome.
  • On Politics, Book One Study Guide, 2013 Steven Alan Samson Liberty University, Ssamson@Liberty.Edu

    On Politics, Book One Study Guide, 2013 Steven Alan Samson Liberty University, [email protected]

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Liberty University Digital Commons Liberty University DigitalCommons@Liberty University Faculty Publications and Presentations Helms School of Government 2013 Alan Ryan: On Politics, Book One Study Guide, 2013 Steven Alan Samson Liberty University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/gov_fac_pubs Part of the Other Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons, Political Science Commons, and the Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration Commons Recommended Citation Samson, Steven Alan, "Alan Ryan: On Politics, Book One Study Guide, 2013" (2013). Faculty Publications and Presentations. Paper 423. http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/gov_fac_pubs/423 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Helms School of Government at DigitalCommons@Liberty University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Liberty University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 ALAN RYAN: ON POLITICS, BOOK ONE STUDY GUIDE, 2013-14 Steven Alan Samson INTRODUCTION: THINKING ABOUT POLITICS Outline A. RELEVANCE OF GREEK FORMS TO A GLOBAL AGE (xi-xix) 1. R. W. and A. J. Carlyle, History of Mediaeval Political Theory in the West 2. Question of Intellectual Unity 3. Herodotus a. Whether the Persians had, in the end, defeated the Greeks 1) Greek view of Persia: a system of slaves b. G. W. F. Hegel on oriental despotism c. Persia as the prototype of the modern nation-state d. Essence of the modern state 1) Centralized bureaucracy 2) Bureaucratic management 3) Efficient delivery of public services e.