Western Cape Government Provincial Treasury
Regional Development Profile Cape Winelands District
2011 Working paper
To obtain additional information of this document, please contact:
Western Cape Provincial Treasury Budget Management: Local Government Private Bag X9165 7 Wale Street Cape Town tel: +27 21 483 3386 fax: +27 21 483 4680
This publication is available online at www.westerncape.gov.za
CAPE WINELANDS DISTRICT
Contents
Introduction 3 1. Demographics 4 1.1 Population Size 4 1.2 Age and Gender Distribution 6 1.2.1 Age Distribution 6 1.2.2 Gender Distribution 9 1.3 Population Groups 10 2. Social Development and Well-being 11 2.1 Education and Human Development 11 2.1.1 Literacy 12 2.1.2 Learner Enrolment 12 2.1.3 Access to training facilities 13 2.1.4 No fee schools 14 2.2 Healthcare Services 15 2.2.1 Healthcare Facilities 15 2.2.2 HIV/AIDS Treatment and Care 16 2.2.3 Child Health 18 2.2.4 Maternal Health 20 2.2.5 Community Based Services 22 2.3 Safety and Security 24 2.4 Poverty and Inequality 25 2.4.1 People Living in Poverty 25 2.4.2 Indigent Households 27 2.4.3 Gini coefficient 27 2.4.4 Human Development Index 29 2.5 Access to Housing 32 2.5.1 Access to Housing: Western Cape District/City Level 32 Comparison 2.5.2 Access to Housing: Local Municipalities within the 33 Cape Winelands District, 2001 and 2007 2.6 Access to Municipal Services 34 2.6.1 Water 34 2.6.2 Energy 36 2.6.3 Sanitation 38 2.6.4 Refuse Removal 39 2.7 Roads 41
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3. Economically Active Population 42 3.1 Labour Force 42 3.2 Unemployment 43 3.2.1 The Unemployment Rate 43 3.2.2 Characteristics of the Unemployed 44 3.3 Employment 45 3.3.1 Employment by Sector 45 4. Economic Structure and Performance 49 4.1 Value and Growth of the Economy 50 4.2 Sectoral Contribution and Growth 51 4.3 Growth Town Potential Study 52 5. Finance and Resource Mobilisation 53 5.1 Provincial Transfers 53 5.1.1 Provincial Payment and Estimates 55 5.2 National Division of Revenue Act (DoRA, 2011) 56 6. Environmental Challenges and Status Quo 57 6.1 Geographic Distribution 57 6.2 Air Quality Management 58 6.3 Water Quality 58 6.3.1 Waste Water Treatment 59 Cautionary Note 61
Tables
Table 1 Western Cape age and gender distribution, 2011 mid-year 7 population estimates Table 2 Cape Winelands District population groups, 2001 and 2007 10 Table 3 FET Facilities, Cape Winelands District 13 Table 4 No fee Schools, Western Cape Province 14 Table 5 No fee Schools, Cape Winelands District 14 Table 6 Number of Western Cape Healthcare Facilities, 2011 15 Table 7 HIV/AIDS Prevalence and Care, across the Western Cape 16 Table 8 HIV/AIDS Prevalence and Care across Cape Winelands 18 District Table 9 Child Health in the Western Cape: Full Immunisation and 19 Malnutrition, 2010/11 Table 10 Child Health in the Cape Winelands District: Full 20 Immunisation and Malnutrition, 2010/11
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Table 11 Maternal Health in the Western Cape: Mortality, Delivery to 21 women under 18 years and Termination of pregnancy, 2010/11 Table 12 Maternal Health: Mortality in the Cape Winelands District, 22 Delivery to women under 18 years and Termination of pregnancy, 2010/11 Table 13 Community Based Services by NPOs, Western Cape, 23 2010/11 Table 14 Community Based Services by NPOs, Cape Winelands, 23 2010/11 Table 15 Crime in the Cape Winelands District: April to March 24 2003/04 – 2010/11 Table 16 Indigent Households 27 Table 17 Gini coefficient 2001, 2007 and 2010 28 Table 18 Gini coefficient, Cape Winelands District 29 Table 19 HDI, Western Cape: 2001, 2007 and 2010 per district 30 Table 20 HDI, Western Cape: 2001, 2007 and 2010 per municipality 31 Table 21 Main type of energy source/fuel used for lighting by 37 households in Cape Winelands, 2001 and 2007 Table 22 Main Toilet facilities used by households in Cape 38 Winelands District, 2001 and 2007 Table 23 Main source of refuse removal services used by households 40 in Cape Winelands District, 2001 and 2007 Table 24 Western Cape Roads, at 15 July 2011 41 Table 25 Working Age Population and Labour Force details, Cape 42 Winelands District (Consolidated), 2001 and 2007 Table 26 Comparison of Labour Force Information across Western 43 Cape Municipal Areas, 2007 Table 27 Comparison of Labour Force Information across Western 43 Cape Municipal Areas, 2007 Table 28 Characteristics of the Unemployed, 2007 44 Table 29 Cape Winelands District, Sector value 1999 to 2010 50 (Constant 2005 prices) Table 30 GDP-R Growth, 1999 to 2009 (Constant 2005 prices) 50 Table 31 Average Annual Regional Growth Rate GDP-R Growth 52 Rates, 2005 – 2010 (Constant 2005 Prices, R’000s) Table 32 Provincial Transfers to the Cape Winelands District 54 Table 33 Provincial Payments and Estimates in comparison with 55 Transfers to the Cape Winelands District Table 34 National Transfers to the Cape Winelands District, 2011/12 56 MTREF Table 35 Municipal Boundaries, Cape Winelands District, 2011 57 Table 36 Blue Drop Scores, Cape Winelands District, 2010/11 59 Table 37 Green Drop Scores, Cape Winelands District, 2010/11 60
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Figures
Figure 1 Western Cape Population Growth Comparison across the 5 different districts for 2001, 2007 and 2011 projections Figure 2 Population of Cape Winelands District, 2001, 2007 & 2010 6 projections Figure 3 Cape Winelands population pyramids for 2001 and 2007 8 Figure 4 Cape Winelands racial group distribution, 2007 11 Figure 5 Cape Winelands learner enrolment numbers in 2007 to 12 2010 Figure 6 Poverty Overview – Western Cape, 1996 – 2010 26 Figure 7 Poverty Overview – Cape Winelands District, 1996 – 2010 26 Figure 8 Comparison of dwelling types across the Western Cape, 32 2001 and 2007 Figure 9 Dwelling type occupied by households in Cape Winelands 33 Figure 10 Dwelling type occupied per municipality in Cape 33 Winelands, 2001 and 2007 Figure 11 Comparison of access to piped water across the Western 34 Cape, 2007 Figure 12 Main source of water used by households in Cape 35 Winelands District, 2001 and 2007 Figure 13 Comparison of access to piped water in the Cape 35 Winelands District, 2007 Figure 14 Comparison of access to electricity across the Western 36 Cape, 2007 Figure 15 Access to electricity across the Cape Winelands District, 37 2007 Figure 16 Comparison of access to sanitation across the Western 38 Cape, 2007 Figure 17 Comparison of access to sanitation across the Cape 39 Winelands District, 2001 and 2007 Figure 18 Comparison of access to refuse removal services across 40 the Western Cape, 2007 Figure 19 Comparison of access to refuse removal services in the 41 Cape Winelands District, 2007 Figure 20 Employment by Sector, Cape Winelands District 2007 46 Figure 21 Employment by Sector, Cape Winelands District 47 (Disaggregated) 2007 Figure 22 Skill Level of the Employed, Cape Winelands District 48 (Consolidated), 2007 Figure 23 Skill Level of the Employed, Cape Winelands District 49 (Disaggregated) 2007 Figure 24 Sector Contribution to the Economy, 1999 to 2010 51 (Constant 2005 prices)
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Cape Winelands District
List of towns Ceres Paarl Robertson Stellenbosch Wellington Worcester
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Cape Winelands District at a glance
Population Number 2001 2007 % Share 2001 2007 Total 629 490 712 408 African 19.9 20.5 Male 308 124 347 542 Coloured 64.9 65.1 Female 321 366 364 866 White 15.0 14.0 Dependency ratio (%) 50.0 48.7 Indian/Asian 0.2 0.5 Socio-economic indicators: Education 2007 Literacy rate (%) 73.3 Health 2010 2011 Number of fixed PHC facilities 83 83 Number of Anti-Retroviral Treatment Centre 13 23
Crime (number of reported cases) 2006/07 2007/08 2010/11 Drug-related crimes 4 493 5 421 6 731 Sexual crimes 1 188 164 1 292 Murder 267 308 262
Poverty levels 2007 2010/11 2011/12 Number of indigent households 43 372 42 333
Unemployment rate (%) 2001 2007 Total 22.4 16.2 Male (% share) 45.3 Female (% share) 54.7 Labour concentration: Agriculture (24.2 %), Manufacturing (14.6 %) and Community, social and personal services (13.8 %).
Access to Basic Service Delivery (% share of households) 2001 2007 Formal dwellings 79.9 82.7 Informal dwellings 11.5 10.5 Electricity (used for lighting) 88.4 93.6 Flush toilets 86.4 93.5 Water (piped water) 95.7 97.7 Refuse removal (local authority/private) 72.9 72.9
Economy 1999 2010 GDP-R (R’bn) R18.368 R27.824 Largest sector contributor to GDP-R: Manufacturing (23.8 %); Finance, insurance, real estate and business services (23.4 %). GDP-R growth rate (average annual %) 1999 – 2010 District 4.1
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Introduction
Regional profiles provide the Western Cape municipalities with data and information which may assist in planning, budgeting and the prioritisation of municipal services. Municipalities across the Western Cape have different capacities and therefore will use the information in this publication to suit their own needs.
The areas covered in this profile include information on demographics, education, health, crime, poverty, housing, municipal services, labour force, economy, local government finance and environment management.
This profile uses data1 primarily sourced from Statistics South Africa, Global Insight, Bureau of Economics and administrative data from municipalities and sector departments. The data sourced from sector departments are the most recent while the latest survey data available at municipal level from Statistics South Africa’s 2007 Community Survey; comparisons are also made with the 2001 Census. The results from the 2011 Census will be eagerly awaited.
The format of the profile allows for easy readability with data being illustrated in tabular or graphic form, followed by the relevant trend analysis.
The information contained in this profile highlights information for the Cape Winelands District in relation to the broader province.
The Cape Winelands District comprises the district (or category C) municipality and 5 category B local municipalities: Witzenberg, Drakenstein, Stellenbosch, Breede Valley and Langeberg. The District Management Area (DMA) had been incorporated into the geographic boundaries of Witzenberg, Breede Valley and Langeberg with effect from 1 July 2011. Cape Winelands District covers 22 000 square kilometres which translate to a population density of 32.4 people for every square kilometre.
The Cape Winelands District is known particularly for its viniculture and its cellars are well known for the quality of wines produced and winning numerous international competitions. The Region is also increasingly marketing its tourism potential and taking advantage of the popularity of the wine route such as Route 62, which criss-crosses the region, along with numerous hiking trails. Agriculture and farming contributes significantly to the growth of the region and currently contributes 7.9 per cent to employment and 15.2 per cent to the regional GDP-R. Significant contribution is made by tourism although this is not easily quantifiable in the data provided.
1 A caveat to the data used to inform the analysis contained in this profile has been attached in the form of a cautionary note at the back of the profile.
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1. Demographics
Demographic change brings about a specific set of challenges and opportunities for planners, decision makers which can guide funding priorities. Demographic characteristics in a municipal service delivery environment, determines the extent and quantum of services to be delivered. Population figures helps to target plans and budget priorities more accurately and reduce the occurrence of fragmented and unfocussed planning within a context of limited resource availability.
Factors influencing the demographic fabric of the Western Cape include economic conditions, the burden of disease, healthcare, fertility levels, crime, services levels and development generally. In essence, effective functioning of the healthcare system, lower accident rates and good sanitation levels positively influences population growth. On the other hand, high mortality, reduced fertility, increased burden of disease and poor service delivery, could contribute to negative population growth.
This section outlines certain factors affecting the demography of the Western Cape and more specifically that of the Cape Winelands District. It provides a gauge of anticipated population growth trends since 2001, the gender and age distribution of the population and the racial distribution of the population.
1.1 Population Size
It is projected2 that the Western Cape population will marginally increase from 5 279 million people in 2007 to 5 288 million people in 2011.
The 2011 mid-year population anticipate that the Western Cape continue to experience an inflow of migrants. The Western Cape also appears to have the highest average life expectancy in the country for males and females in 2011 increasing from 57.6 years between 2001 and 2006 to 59.9 years on average between 2006 and 2011.3 Fertility levels appear to have declined from an average 2.92 children per woman in 2001 to 2.35 children in 2007 nationally which is likely to contribute to a slight decline in the growth amongst the younger age cohorts. Fertility in the Western Cape declined slightly from 2.5 per cent from 2001 to 2006 to 2.3 per cent from 2006 to 2011.
2 2011 Mid-year estimates, Statistics South Africa 3 Statistics South Africa, Mid-year population estimates 2011, 27 July 2011. This statistics are only made available at national level. It should be noted that this information is based on an estimate and may change as new data becomes available.
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Figure 1 illustrates the population growth trend between 2001, 2007 and 20114.
Figure 1 Western Cape Population Growth Comparison across the different districts for 2001, 2007 and 2011 projections
80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% City of Cape Cape
% of Western Cape PopulationWestern ofCape % West Coast Overberg Eden Central Karoo Town Winelands 2001 63.9% 6.2% 13.9% 4.5% 10.1% 1.3% 2007 66.3% 5.4% 13.5% 4.0% 9.7% 1.1% 2011 67.8% 4.9% 13.2% 3.7% 9.5% 0.9%
Source: 2001 Census, 2007 Community Survey and 2011 Projections based on calculations of the Department of Social Development
Cape Winelands District is the largest district, outside of the metro, in the Western Cape home to an estimated 13.2 per cent of the total population in 2011 followed by Eden with an estimated 9.5 per cent of the total population in 2011. The Cape Winelands population is projected to decline from 712 409 people in 2007 to 697 128 people in 20115.
The statistics suggests that the urban growth is high in relation to the growth in rural areas. The per cent share of the total population in each of the districts shows a decreasing trend whilst the per cent share of the total population shows steady growth in the City of Cape Town.
4 Population projections provided by the Population, Research and Development Unit of the Department of Social Development, generated October 2011. 5 Projections generated by the Population, Research and Development Unit.
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Figure 2 Population of Cape Winelands District, 2001, 2007 & 2010 projections
250 000 217 085 194 413 200 521 200 000
146 030 150 000 134 267 117 704
100 000 83 571 75 149 81 275 80 122
50 000
6 497 5 260 0 Witzenberg Drakenstein Stellenbosch Breede Valley Breede Cape Winelands River/Winelands DMA
2001 2007
Source: Stats SA, Census 2001, Community Survey 2007 and 2010 projections
The 2007 Community Survey highlights Drakenstein as being the most populous municipality in the Cape Winelands Region at 217 089, followed by Stellenbosch at 200 518 and Breede Valley at 134 270. The least populated municipal areas within the region was the DMA at 5 2656. The population of Stellenbosch demonstrates the largest increase amounting to average annual increase of 9.3 per cent from 117 715 in 2001 to an estimated of 200 518 in 2007.
1.2 Age and Gender Distribution
The age distribution of a population provides a crucial guide for differentiated policy options. Statistics of the age distribution of a particular population can assist in targeting resources more appropriately toward the relevant age groups.
1.2.1 Age Distribution
Age and Gender Distribution of the Western Cape
According the 2011 mid-year population estimates7, nationally 31.3 per cent of the population constitutes children and 7.7 per cent are persons aged 65 years and older8. In the Western Cape children are estimated at 29.1 per cent and 6.1 per for persons aged 65 years and older.
6 Note that the disaggregated total population figures for the municipalities in Figure 2 does not equate to the total population figure quoted in Figure 1, due to an anomaly in the database. 7 Statistics South Africa, Mid-year population estimates 2011, 27 July 2011. 8 Elderly includes the age group 65 years and older.
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Table 1 Western Cape age and gender distribution, 2011 mid-year population estimates
Age Male Female Total 0-4 257 255 250 755 508 010 5-9 269 110 263 919 533 029 10-14 254 230 242 837 497 067 15-19 228 250 226 454 454 704 20-24 231 402 227 828 459 230 25-29 232 105 242 724 474 829 30-34 217 115 215 654 432 769 35-39 198 783 203 737 402 520 40-44 149 403 164 750 314 153 45-49 125 458 145 969 271 427 50-54 111 341 135 771 247 112 55-59 91 642 110 169 201 811 60-64 74 846 94 173 169 019 65-69 56 130 71 261 127 391 70-74 40 046 49 217 89 263 75-79 25 431 33 322 58 753 80+ 17 572 29 204 46 776 Total 2 580 119 2 707 744 5 287 863
Source: Statistics South Africa, 2011 mid-year population estimates
The statistics reveals that a large share of the population can be located amongst the younger population and declines steadily amongst the older age cohorts. An estimated 35.2 per cent of the total Western Cape population is dependent on the 64.8 per cent economically active group.
Age and Gender Distribution of the Cape Winelands District
The population pyramid for the different districts in the Western Cape tend to have a wide bottom base that gradually narrows amongst the older age cohorts. The wide base at the bottom pyramid indicates a high fertility rate. The pyramid narrows toward the top which indicates a higher death rate amongst the older generations than among the younger people. This represents a natural trend in healthy demographics
Figure 3 illustrates changes in the regional population distribution by age and gender over the period 2001 to 2007.
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Figure 3 Cape Winelands population pyramids for 2001 and 2007
Source: StatsSA, Census 2001 and Community Survey 2007
The different age cohorts can typically be broken into three main categories: children (0 - 14 years); economically active population (15 - 64 years); and persons aged 65 years and older. These statistics provides important insights into the age groups, where the bulk of the population is located.
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In 2007, the Regional population composition was as follows: 198 101 children at 27.8 per cent, 478 956 economically active (67.2 per cent) and 35 351 persons aged 65 years and older consisting of 5 per cent of the total population.
The youth9 of 253 165 people represented 35.5 per cent of the population in 2007 and together with the children represent 451 266 people or 63.3 per cent of the Regional population. Children and the economically active population grew at an average annual rate of 0.8 per cent respectively between 2001 and 2007 compared to 3.3 per cent growth for the persons aged 65 years and older.
Accordingly, the child dependency ratio marginally decreased from 43.1 per cent in 2001 to 41.4 in 2007 whilst the age dependency ratio increased from 6.9 per cent to 7.4 per cent over the same period. The overall dependency ratio thus decreased slightly from 50 per cent in 2001 to 48.7 per cent in 2007.
An estimated 35.2 per cent of the total Western Cape population is dependent on the 64.8 per cent economically active group in 2011.
1.2.2 Gender Distribution
The 2011 mid-year population estimates that 52 per cent of the population is female and 48 per cent male. Life expectancy nationally is estimated to have increased to 54.9 years for males and 59.1 years for females.10 This trend will contribute to an increase amongst the older age cohorts.
The gender ratio for Cape Winelands District in 2001 was 95.9 males per 100 females and decreased to 95.3 males per 100 females in 2007. The male population increased by an average annual rate of 2 per cent from 308 124 males in 2001 to 347 542 males in 2007. The female population increased from 321 366 people in 2001 to 364 866 people in 2007, at an average annual rate of 2.1 per cent. The 2007 Community Survey highlights the fact that the number of females exceeds the number of males for every category of the gender age cohort except ages 5 - 9 years; 20 – 24 years; and 40 – 44 years in the Cape Winelands Region.
9 Youth are defined as persons aged 15 - 34 years. 10 Statistics South Africa, Mid-year population estimates 2011
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1.3 Population Groups
The historical and emerging South African context has particular relevance for how municipal services are packaged in order to prevent perpetuation of previous policy considerations. Migration patterns, in turn have implications for current and future demand for municipal services. In addition, population disaggregation provides insights into the service levels of the various racial groups to the employment opportunities and government services. These dynamics hold implications for government planning, including the delivery of education, health, housing and basic services.
The population distribution in Cape Winelands District remained more or less the same between 2001 and 2007. All the population groups, with the exception of the white population group, recorded marginal increases in the share of the total population. The population group decreased by 1.0 percentage point from 15.0 per cent in 2001 to 14.0 per cent in 2007.
Table 2 Cape Winelands District population groups, 2001 and 2007
Percentage Percentage Average Population Population for Breakdown Breakdown Annual Group 2001 of Population of Population Growth 2001 2007 % African 124 975 19.9% 20.5% 2.6% Coloured 408 764 64.9% 65.1% 2.1% Indian or Asian 1 542 0.2% 0.5% 13.0% White 94 208 15.0% 14.0% 0.9% Total 629 489 100.0% 100.0% 2.1%
Source: StatsSA, Census 2001 and Community Survey 2007
Table 2 highlights Cape Winelands Region’s disaggregated population per racial group. The 2001 Census reflects a total population of 629 489 while the 2007 Community Survey estimates a population size of 712 411. In 2001, the largest population group was the Coloured population, which accounted for 64.9 per cent of the total population, followed by the African population and White population at 19.9 per cent and 15 per cent, respectively.
The Community Survey of 2007 highlighted that the Coloured racial group remained the largest population group at 65.1 per cent of the total population in 2007. The African and White population groups retained their positions as the 2nd and 3rd largest population groups as Africans and Whites accounted for 20.5 per cent and 14.0 per cent respectively of the total population in 2007.
The Indian/Asian population group account for less than 1 per cent of the total population in 2001 and 2007.
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Figure 4 Cape Winelands racial group distribution, 2007
Cape Winelands District 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Cape Winelan ds Witzenberg Drakenstein Stellenbosch Breede Valley Langeberg DMA White 14.0% 12.7% 14.9% 18.6% 7.9% 11.7% Indian or Asian 0.5% 0.0% 0.8% 0.5% 0.3% 0.1% Coloured 65.1% 68.4% 64.8% 54.9% 74.4% 72.3% Black 20.5% 18.9% 19.6% 26.0% 17.4% 15.9%
Black Coloured Indian or Asian White
Source: StatsSA, Community Survey 2007
As illustrated in Figure 4 the racial group distribution is uniformly distributed across the Cape Winelands District municipalities, with all municipalities having a predominately Coloured population. The race groups are found to have more or less a similar proportion in all municipalities of the region. Africans are proportionately the second most populous race group in all municipalities, followed by Whites and Indians/Asians.
2. Social Development and Well-being
2.1 Education and Human Development
Education and training improves access to employment opportunities and helps to sustain and accelerate overall development. It expands the range of options from which a person may choose, creating opportunities for a fulfilling life. The level of education of the population in a region influences among others its welfare through indirect positive effects on health and life expectancy.
Selected indicators affecting the education and skill levels in communities to be discussed in this section are the literacy rate and access to training facilities in the municipal area. An indication of the number of no fee schools in the District is also included; this gives a sense of the extent to which the Department of Education has identified and prioritised support to households who are unable to make a contribution towards the costs of education.
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2.1.1 Literacy
Literacy is used as a concept to indicate a minimum education level attained. A simple definition of literacy is the ability to read and write, which has been translated into the successful completion of a minimum of 7 years of formal education. Since most learners start school at the age of 7 years, the literacy rate is calculated as the proportion of those 14 years and older who have successfully completed a minimum of 7 years of formal education. The literacy rate of Cape Winelands District in 2007 was 73.3, well below the overall provincial literacy rate of 82.4 per cent.
2.1.2 Learner Enrolment
Population dynamics, which include knowledge of the current population profile as well as some sense of projected learner growth, provide a basis for sound education planning.
Figure 5 Cape Winelands learner enrolment numbers in 2007 to 2010
146 000 145 417 145 000 144 000 143 000 141 367 142 000 141 394 140 609 141 000 140 000 139 000 Number of Learners of Number 138 000 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year
Learner enrolment numbers per Grade
6 816 Grade 12 6 305 13 026 Grade 9 11 968
11 770 Grade 8 9 935 12 096 Grade 6 11 255
Grade 3 11 540 Learner category 12 263 8 495 Grade R 5 602
0 2 000 4 00 0 6 00 0 8 00 0 10 0 00 12 000 14 000
Num be r of Le arners
2010 2007
Source: Department of Education, 2010
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Figure 5 shows the trends in enrolment numbers of learners residing in Cape Winelands District between 2007 and 2010. The number of learners enrolled in schools in this region amounted to 141 394 learners in 2007 and increased to 145 417 learners in 2010. The increase in enrolment numbers from 2007 to 2010 amounts to an average growth rate of 0.94 per cent.
Learner enrolment over the three years has fluctuated with the minimum enrolment reached in 2009 after which an increase is observed in 2010.
In 2010, there were 4 6150 (31.7 per cent) learners in the foundation phase (Grades R to 3), 49 070 (33.7 per cent) in the primary phase (Grades 4 to 7) and 49 444 learners (34 per cent) in the secondary phase (Grades 8 to 12).
2.1.3 Access to training facilities
Access to higher education and further education and training institutions is essential to equip individuals to access employment opportunities.
There were two hundred and seventy six (276) schools within the Cape Winelands District. The region furthermore has three ‘focus schools”. These are Desmond Mpilo Tutu Secondary with 1 441 learners and 38 educators, Klein Nederburg Secondary with 1 420 learners and 46 educators and New Orleans Secondary with 1 476 learners and 47 educators. The ‘focus schools’ target engineering and technology as their curricula focus. In total 4 335 learner’s benefitted from technical education in 2010.
Table 3 FET Facilities, Cape Winelands District
College Name Institution Name/Campus Municipality Cape Winelands Boland College Boland College Central Office Stellenbosch Boland College Caledon Theewaterskloof Boland College Paarl Drakenstein Boland College Stellenbosch Campus Stellenbosch Boland College Worcester Breede Valley Total 5
Source: Western Cape Department of Education
Cape Winelands District has one university (i.e. Stellenbosch University) and a few Further Education and Training institutions located within its boundaries. The Stellenbosch University, one of the leading South African universities, is based in Stellenbosch Municipality.
Boland Further Education and Training College has a main campus in Stellenbosch and eight satellite campuses in Paarl, Worcester, Caledon and Stellenbosch. The courses offered include the development of critical skills in Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, Tourism and Eco-tourism, Entertainment, Hi-tech Enterprises, Finance, Film- making, cheeses and dairy products secondary production, fruit juices, Jewellery Design/Manufacturing and Security Practices.
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2.1.4 No fee schools
No fee schools make provision for learners who live in low income communities where the majority of learners are unable to make a financial contribution towards the cost of education. No fee school status ensures extra state support to schools where contributions in the form of school fees are not possible.
Table 4 No fee Schools, Western Cape Province
Total number of Percentage of No Fee Schools schools No Fee Schools
Cape Winelands 191 276 69.2 Central Karoo 22 28 78.6 City of Cape Tow n 178 738 24.1 Eden 140 197 71.1 Overberg 61 81 75.3 West Coast 80 130 61.5 Total 672 1 450 46.3
Source: Department of Education, 2010
In the Western Cape, 46.3 per cent of all schools (this includes primary, intermediate and secondary schools) are no-fee schools. An inter-district comparison across the Western Cape shows that the Central Karoo District has the largest proportion of no- fee schools (78.6 per cent), followed by the Overberg District (75.6 per cent), Eden District (71.1 per cent) and the Cape Winelands District (69.2 per cent).
Table 5 No fee Schools, Cape Winelands District
Missing Total Percentage of Yes No information/ number of No Fee Schools Blank schools
Cape Winelands 191 85 276 69.2% Central Karoo 22 6 28 78.6% City of Cape Town 178 558 2 738 24.1% Eden 140 57 197 71.1% Overberg 62 20 82 75.6% West Coast 80 50 130 61.5% 672 776 2 1 450 46.3% Total Source: Department of Education, 2010
Of the 191 ‘no fee’ schools in the Cape Winelands District Langeberg has the most with 49 ‘no fee’ schools in the municipal area followed by Drakenstein (40), Breede Valley (37), Witzenberg (29), Stellenbosch (27). The DMA also had 9 no fee schools which will be absorbed into the local municipality.
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2.2 Healthcare Services
Good health is vital to achieving and maintaining a high quality of life. A diverse range of factors play a role in ensuring the good health of communities and those diseases, especially preventable and communicable ones, are kept at bay. Some of the factors include lifestyle features that also depend on the provision of high quality municipal services, such as clean water and sanitation. It is the function of healthcare services not only to restore bad health, but also to ensure that communities do not contract preventable diseases.
This section on healthcare services focuses on particular health outcomes and speaks to the ability of the healthcare system to deal with these pertinent issues.
Although healthcare is provided by both public and private institutions, it is noted that the information from the Department of Health pertains only to public sector healthcare institutions. Any privately provided facilities or services are not reflected in the information from the Department of Health.
2.2.1 Healthcare Facilities
Access to healthcare facilities is directly dependent on the number and spread of healthcare facilities within a geographic space. South Africa’s healthcare system is geared in such a way that people have to move from primary, to secondary and tertiary levels of healthcare. The first point of contact would be at the primary healthcare level. Primary healthcare facilities include Community Health Centres (CHCs), Community Day Centres (CDCs) and Clinics, including satellite and mobile clinics.
Table 6 Number of Western Cape Healthcare Facilities, 2011
Community List of facilities at Community Satelite Mobile District Regional Health Clinics February 2010 Day Centres Clinics Clinics Hospitals Hospitals Centres West Coast District 0 0 26 24 19 7 0 Cape Winelands District 054482042 Overberg District 012391440 Eden District 0 5 35 13 23 6 1 Central Karoo District 0183840 City of Cape Town 9378721595 Western Cape 9 49 223 78 89 34 8
Source: Western Cape Department of Health Annual Performance Plan 2011/12
Of the 490 public healthcare facilities located in the Western Cape, 83 are in Cape Winelands Districts. Cape Winelands has 5 community day centres, 44 clinics, 8 satellite clinics, 20 mobile clinics, 4 district hospitals and 2 regional hospitals.
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Within the Cape Winelands District, Drakenstein Municipality has the largest number of PHC facilities at 24, followed by Breede Valley at 17, Witzenberg at 16, Langeberg at 15 and Stellenbosch Municipality at 12. The DMA has a relatively small population and therefore only has one PHC facility.
Cape Winelands furthermore has 10 ambulance facilities located across the region with 2 in Witzenberg, 1 in Drakenstein, 1 in Stellenbosch, 3 in Breede Valley and 3 in Langeberg.
2.2.2 HIV/AIDS Treatment and Care
According to the 2009 National HIV Survey the estimated HIV prevalence for the Western Cape was 16.9 per cent (CI 95%: 13.8 – 20.5%). The weighted Provincial Survey estimate from the larger sub-district survey was 16.8 per cent (95% CI: 16.0 - 17.7%). The highest HIV prevalence estimates remain amongst the age groups of 25 - 29 and 30 - 34 years.
The information presented here shows how the metro and different health districts in the Western Cape responded to the healthcare need with respect to HIV/AIDS treatment and care. Although treatment and care is essential in managing the disease, in the case of HIV/AIDS the need and importance of preventative care must be emphasised, especially since there is still no known cure to date. In preventative care, the department is planning to distribute 122 million male and 1 million female condoms and deliver on-going campaigns to encourage the practice of safe sex11.
Concurrent HIV infection is the biggest risk factor for TB.
Table 7 HIV/AIDS Prevalence and Care, across the Western Cape
Number of Number of ART ART Anti- Anti- PCR test Accept HIV transmission Patient Patient Retroviral Retroviral result - PCR test rate of infants Load; Load; Treatment Treatment positive 2010/11 2010/11 June 2010 June 2011 (ART) Sites; (ART) Sites; 2010/11 June 2010 June 2011
West Coast District 2 149 3 205 4 17 22 507 4.34 Cape Winelands 8 477 9 750 13 23 41 1 204 3.41 District Overberg District 2 386 3 259 4 6 13 522 2.49 Eden District 6 777 7 847 9 23 34 1 005 3.38 Central Karoo District 559 674 2 3 3 56 5.36 City of Cape Town 59 734 75 652 49 61 275 8 855 3.11 Western Cape 80 082 100 387 81 133 388 12 149 3.19
Source: Western Cape Department of Health, 2010 and 2011
11 Department of Health, Annual Performance Plan 2011/12: 8
16 CAPE WINELANDS DISTRICT
At the end of June 2011, the Province highlighted that it provides anti-retroviral treatment (ART) to over 100 000 persons. Although this may appear to be a relatively high number, when compared to the Province’s estimated total population aged 15 years and older, it only represents approximately 2.3 per cent12. Comparing this to the estimated Western Cape prevalence rate of 16.9 per cent as indicated above, it is apparent that there is still a lot of work to be done in ensuring that an even greater proportion of the population get tested and receive treatment. The Department has set HIV screening target of 1.2 million for the year13.
After the City of Cape Town, the highest anti-retroviral treatment (ART) patient load can be found in Cape Winelands District with 8 477 patients on the database of the Department of Health in June 2010, increasing to 9750 patients representing 9.7 per cent of the total patient load of the Western Cape in June 2011. Cape Winelands District had 13 anti-retroviral treatment sites, which is the highest number of sites after the metro. An additional 10 anti-retroviral treatment sites was added to this region by June 2011, to keep pace with the growing demand for treatment in the area.
In addition, to improving the quality of life of the patient, anti-retroviral treatment to mothers both before and at birth decreases the chances of infants contracting HIV from their mothers. In the Western Cape, the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test to establish HIV infection showed a 3.2 per cent mother-to-child transmission rate. The Department of Health has set a 3 per cent target in the mother-to-child transmission rate for the current year14. The HIV transmission rate of infants in the Cape Winelands Districts was 3.4 per cent in 2010/11, which will required a reduction of 0.4 per cent to meet the departments target for this year. The HIV transmission rate of infants in the Cape Winelands Districts is higher than that of the metro but lower still than that of Central Karoo District and West Coast District. The achievement of this target or any reduction in the mother-to-child transmission rate is directly dependent on the number of women who are aware of their HIV positive status and receive treatment. This again emphasises the importance of knowing ones HIV status and encouraging the HIV screening.
12 Based on 2011 population projection totals from the Demographics section above. 13 Department of Health, Annual Performance Plan 2011/12: 8 14 Department of Health, Annual Performance Plan 2011/12: 47
17 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROFILE 2011
Table 8 HIV/AIDS Prevalence and Care across Cape Winelands District
Number of Number of ART ART Anti- Anti- PCR test HIV Accept Patient Patient Retroviral Retroviral result - transmission PCR test Load; Load; Treatment Treatment positive rate of infants 2010/11 June 2010 June 2011 (ART) Sites; (ART) Sites; 2010/11 2010/11 June 2010 June 2011
Cape Winelands District 8 477 9 750 13 23 41 1 204 3.4
Witzenberg Local 1 061 1 376 1 2 1 89 1.1 Municipality Drakenstein Local 3 103 3 515 5 5 7 390 1.8 Municipality Stellenbosch Local 1 532 2 030 3 3 12 249 4.8 Municipality Breede Valley Local 2 166 2 126 3 6 15 353 4.2 Municipality
Breede River/Winelands 615 703 1 7 6 123 4.9 Local Municipality
Cape Winelands DMA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0
Source: Western Cape Department of Health, 2010 and 2011
In 2011 Drakenstein had the highest ART patient load in Cape Winelands District followed by Breede Valley and Stellenbosch. These areas also had the most anti- retroviral treatment centres; 5 in Drakenstein and 6 in Breede Valley and 3 in Stellenbosch. Relative the population size and prevalence of HIV/AIDS it would appear that Breede Valley has a disproportionately amount of treatment centres in 2011. The number of treatment centres in Breede Valley doubled from 3 to 6 between 2010 and 2011 whilst the HIV/AIDS treatment declined by 1.0 per cent. The commitment to the treatment of HIV/AIDS in Breede Valley could be the cause for the decline in HIV/AIDS prevalence in this municipal area. Langeberg followed by Witzenberg has the lowest prevalence of HIV/AIDS with 1 376 and 703 people being treated in 2011. It is however notable that the HIV transmission rate of infants was highest in Langeberg (4.9%) which is cause for concern with respect to the HIV/AIDS trend in this municipality. Witzenberg has the lowest HIV transmission rate of infants.
2.2.3 Child Health
Children, infants and especially new-born babies are particularly vulnerable to malnutrition and the contraction of infectious diseases, many of which are preventable or can be treated. The prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission has already been discussed above.
Two other indicators of child health will be discussed here, namely, immunisation and malnutrition. Immunisation protects both adults and children against preventable infectious diseases; the administration of a vaccine stimulates the body’s own immune system to protect the person against subsequent infection or disease. Malnutrition (either under- or over nutrition) refers to the condition whereby an individual does not receive adequate amounts or receives excessive amounts of nutrients; however, the indicator looked at here focus on underweight children.
18 CAPE WINELANDS DISTRICT
Immunisation15
The National Department of Health has set an immunisation target of 90 per cent against which the results from the Western Cape can be benchmarked. The Western Cape’s 2011/12 immunisation target is set at 95 per cent, above the national target as well as significantly above current Western Cape attainment in this area.
Table 9 Child Health in the Western Cape: Full Immunisation and Malnutrition, 2010/11
Severely Population < 1 Severe Child < 5 years underweight for year malnutrition weighed age < 5 years, fully immunised < 5 years 2010/11 rate 2010/11 2010/11 2010/11 Western Cape 85.9% 1 386 1 717 505 0.08 Cape Town 84.1% 814 979 834 0.08 West Coast DM 101.2% 54 117 821 0.05 Cape Winelands DM 86.8% 206 291 459 0.07 Overberg DM 80.5% 98 117 074 0.08 Eden DM 91.8% 155 184 529 0.08 Central Karoo DM 84.4% 59 26 788 0.22
Source: Western Cape Department of Health, 2011
In the 2010/11 financial year, full immunisation levels for the Western Cape was 85.9 per cent, significantly lower compared with the 100.2 per cent in the 2009/10 year. At 86.8 per cent, the full immunisation rate for Cape Winelands District is slightly lower than the 96.9 per cent immunisation levels obtained in 2009/10. This decline in the immunisation rate speaks to the need for parents to better understand the critical importance of immunisation as well as the need to encourage parents to have their young children immunised. This will require targeted awareness campaigns by the department to effectively bring this message across to the community.
The Department of Health presented work done in the Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI) as an explanation of the under-performance of immunisation. The mass campaign for the Expanded Programme on Immunisation led to clinic personnel being withdrawn from clinical duties in health facilities and placed in community response teams. This had a negative effect on the routine vaccine coverage and other Maternal, Child and Women’s Health (MCWH) facility-level activities. Immunisation under-performance could be explained by the fact that these campaign activities were not recorded in the routine monitoring system.16
A closer look at immunisation across the district reveals different levels of immunisation in the different local authorities in the district.
15 The immunisation rate is calculated as the number of children immunised as a percentage of the total number of children less than one year of age. If children who are one year or older are immunised, the immunisation rate for that year could be greater than 100 per cent because more than 100 per cent of children aged less than one year would have been immunised in that particular year. 16 Western Cape Department of Health, Annual Report 2010/11
19 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROFILE 2011
Table 10 Child Health in the Cape Winelands District: Full Immunisation and Malnutrition, 2010/11
Population Severe Severely Child < 5 years < 1 year malnutrition underweight for weighed fully immunised < 5 years age < 5 years rate 2010/11 2010/11 2010/11 2010/11 Cape Winelands DM 86.8% 206 291 459 0.07 Witzenberg 65.1% 43 43 847 0.10 Drakenstein 102.0% 39 89 778 0.04 Stellenbosch 89.4% 24 53 211 0.05 Breede Valley 93.8% 88 71 838 0.12 Langeberg 70.4% 12 32 785 0.04
Source: Western Cape Department of Health, 2011
Drakenstein and Breede Valley appear to be outperforming the national target with immunisations levels of 102 per cent and 93.8 per cent respectively. In the entire district only Drakenstein managed to exceed the provincial target of 95 per cent. Immunisation levels in Langeberg (70.4%) and Witzenberg (65.1%) is concerning with immunisation levels substantially well below the provincial target.
Malnourished Children
The number of malnourished children under five years is less than 1 per cent in the Western Cape. The City of Cape Town and all Western Cape Districts recorded rates of less than 1 per cent. Severe malnourishment does not appear to be a major concern in the Cape Winelands Districts, relative to the other districts in the province. It is nevertheless a concern that the incidents of severe malnourishment amongst children below 5 years still occurs.
In the district malnourishment of children under five years was most concerning in Breede Valley with 88 of the 206 malnourished children in the district located in this municipal area. The least malnourished children under five was located in Langeberg with merely 12 in total.
2.2.4 Maternal Health
Maternal health refers to the health of women during pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period. Even though it may not strictly fit the definition, information on births to teenage mothers and termination of pregnancies are also included.
20 CAPE WINELANDS DISTRICT
Table 11 Maternal Health in the Western Cape: Mortality, Delivery to women under 18 years and Termination of pregnancy, 2010/11
Total Total number Delivery to TOP as Maternal mortality; Maternal Teenage number of of maternal women Total TOPs Female percentage of Delivery to women under Mortality Total delivery live births deaths in under 18 performed population female 18 years; Termination of Ratio deliveries rate in facilities facilities years 2010/11 15 - 44 years population pregnancy (TOP) 2010/11 2010/11 2010/11 2010/11 2010/11 15 - 44 years Western Cape Province 92 462 40 0 6 484 93 192 7 14 359 1 572 401 1 Cape Town 59 786 33 0 3 911 63 082 6 10 233 923 847 1 West Coast DM 5 124 0 0 416 4 921 8 847 63 600 1 Cape Winelands DM 13 856 4 0 1 136 12 156 9 1 378 186 405 1 Overberg DM 3 150 0 0 279 2 948 9 282 126 487 0 Eden DM 9 507 2 0 650 9 042 7 1 262 72 561 2 Central Karoo DM 1 039 1 0 92 1 043 9 357 199 501 0
Source: Western Cape Department of Health, 2011
In the 2010/11 year in the Western Cape, 40 maternal deaths were recorded at public health facilities; of these, 4 were reported in the Cape Winelands District.
Cape Winelands District accounts for 15 per cent of the total number of live births which is the highest amongst all of the districts, after the metro. In total, 17.5 per cent teenage deliveries occurs in Cape Winelands health facilities, and 9.6 per cent of terminated pregnancies. In total teenage pregnancies accounted for 9.4 per cent of all deliveries in Cape Winelands; the second highest teenage pregnancies in the province after Overberg District. Cape Winelands also accounts for the highest percentage (9.6%) of terminated pregnancies outside of the metro.
It is interesting to note however that whilst Cape Winelands does not have highest female population between the ages of 15 and 44 years, outside of the metro it has the highest number of live births, the highest number of maternal births, the highest number of deliveries and terminations. Central Karoo has the highest female population between the ages of 15 and 44 years, but has the lowest numbers under each category, with the exception of terminations of pregnancies, whereas Overberg District fared better. The relatively high number of births and terminations in Drakenstein is therefore likely to be relative the number of health facilities located within this district.
21 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROFILE 2011
Table 12 Maternal Health: Mortality in the Cape Winelands District, Delivery to women under 18 years and Termination of pregnancy, 2010/11
Maternal mortality; Total Total number Delivery to TOP as Maternal Teenage Delivery to women number of of maternal women Total TOPs Female percentage of Mortality Total delivery under 18 years; live births in deaths in under 18 performed population female Ratio deliveries rate Termination of facilities facilities years 2010/11 15 - 44 years population 2010/11 2010/11 pregnancy (TOP) 2010/11 2010/11 2010/11 15 - 44 years
Cape Winelands DM 13 856 4 0 1 136 12 156 9 1 378 186 405 1 Langeberg 1 312 2 0 162 1 327 12 118 36 835 0 Breede Valley 3 722 0 0 304 3 467 9 205 25 649 1 Drakenstein 5 147 1 0 398 4 308 9 664 51 654 1 Stellenbosch 2 298 1 0 147 1 691 9 314 45 675 1 Witzenberg 1 377 0 0 125 1 363 9 77 26 592 0
Source: Western Cape Department of Health, 2011
Two of the maternal death incidents occurred in Langeberg with the remaining two split between Drakenstein and Stellenbosch.
Drakenstein has the highest number of females between 15 and 44 years relative to the other municipal areas in Cape Winelands District. Drakenstein was the biggest contributor to the number of live births (5 247), teenage deliveries (398) and termination of pregnancies (664) in 2010/11. Of the total deliveries 30 per cent resulted from teenage pregnancies which is very high and would require a strong drive to counter from all spheres of government.
After Drakenstein, Breede Valley has the highest number of live births and deliveries in the district. Of the total deliveries in Breede Valley, 22.9 per cent were teenage pregnancies even though Breede Valley is home to only 15 per cent of women between 15 and 44 years.
2.2.5 Community Based Services
Community Based Services (CBS) in the Western Cape are provided by non-profit organisations (NPOs), subsidised by the Provincial Government. Patients who require on-going care upon discharge from hospital are referred to a primary healthcare facility in the area in which they live. The Home Community-Based Services (HCBS) Coordinator at the primary healthcare facility refers the patient to the NPO partner responsible for services HCBS in the area. The caregiver will render the service according to the instruction on the care plan and the sister will visit the individual to make sure the plan is being carried through.
HCBC does not replace the family as the primary caregiver; it is meant to be a complementary and supportive service to the family to prevent ‘burn-out’ for family caregivers who care for sick relatives.
22 CAPE WINELANDS DISTRICT
Table 13 Community Based Services by NPOs, Western Cape, 2010/11
Average Average Number of Community Based Number of Number of number of number of Active NPOs, Services carers, fourth quarter visits by monthly visits end of (NPO homebased fourth quarter visits, carer in fourth by carer in fourth quarter, care) 2010/11 2010/11 quarter, fourth quarter, 2010/11 2010/11 2010/11 Western Cape 90 2 584 1 130 885 438 146 City of Cape Town Metropolitan 39 1 494 540 641 362 121 Municipality West Coast District Municipality 17 262 174 593 666 222 Cape Winelands District 10 247 132 192 535 178 Overberg District Municipality 8 193 112 065 581 194 Eden District Municipality 12 311 137 043 441 147 Central Karoo District 4 77 34 351 446 149
Source: Western Cape Department of Health, 2011
At June 2011, there were 2 584 carers in 90 active NPOs providing home-based care to patients in the Western Cape. The average number of monthly visits by a home based-carer in the Province was 146. Cape Winelands Districts has 10 of the 90 of active NPOs in the province and 247 home based-carers. The average number of monthly visits by a home based carer was 178 in 2010/11.
Table 14 Community Based Services by NPOs, Cape Winelands, 2010/11 Average Average Number of Community Based Number of Number of number of number of Active NPOs, Services carers, fourth quarter visits by monthly visits end of (NPO homebased fourth quarter visits, carer in fourth by carer in fourth quarter, care) 2010/11 2010/11 quarter, fourth quarter, 2010/11 2010/11 2010/11 Cape Winelands District 10 247 132 192 535 178 Municipality Witzenberg Local Municipality 1 25 10 795 432 144 Drakenstein Local Municipality 5 91 55 015 605 202 Stellenbosch Local Municipality 1 40 31 452 786 262 Breede Valley Local Municipality 1 49 18 744 383 128 Breede River/Winelands Local 2 42 16 186 385 128 Municipality
Source: Western Cape Department of Health, 2011
In Cape Winelands District, Drakenstein has half (5) the total active NPO, Langeberg 2, Witzenberg 1, Stellenbosch 1 and Breede Valley 1. At the end of 2010/11 there were a total of 247 carers in the district and 132 192 visits in the first quarter.
Drakenstein accounts for 36.8 per cent of the total number of carers followed by Breede Valley that has 18.8 per cent of the total number of carers in the district. Witzenberg has the least amount of carers in the district; 10.1 per cent. Most of the visits happened in Drakenstein (41.6%). Stellenbosch also performed relatively, managing to perform 23.8 per cent of the total visit in the district with 40 carers.
23 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROFILE 2011
2.3 Safety and Security
The safety of persons and property is vitally important to the physical and emotional well-being of people and business. Without the respect of person and property, it would be impossible for people to live peacefully, without fear of attack and for businesses to flourish.
Crime has a significant impact on the economy. It can hamper growth and discourage investment and capital accumulation. If it is not tackled with seriousness, it has the potential to derail both social and economic prosperity.
Peoples’ general impressions, as well as the official statistics on safety and crime issues mould perceptions of areas as living spaces or place in which to establish businesses. The discussion in this section that follows is limited to the reported contact and property related crime such as murder and sexual crimes, as well as crime heavily dependent on police action for detecting drug related crimes and driving under the influence of alcohol/drugs; these are detailed in the table below. The crime statistics have also been converted to per 100 000 persons to make it comparable across the geographical areas across the Province.
Table 15 Crime in the Cape Winelands District: April to March 2003/04 – 2010/11
April 2003 April 2004 April 2005 April 2006 April 2007 April 2008 April 2009 April 2010 to March to March to March to March to March to March to March to March 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
CONTACT CRIME (CRIMES AGAINST THE PERSON) Murder 350 359 296 267 308 295 284 262 Total sexual crimes 1 406 1 635 1 379 1 188 1 164 1 063 1 401 1 292
PROPERTY RELATED CRIME Burglary at residential premises 7 278 6 683 4 893 4 593 4 919 5 294 5 817 5 022
CRIME HEAVILY DEPENDENT ON POLICE ACTION FOR DETECTION Drug related crime 3 386 4 370 4 125 4 993 5 421 5 427 6 113 6 731 Driving under the influence of 648 640 696 879 1 086 1 156 1 357 1 346 alcohol/drugs
Source: Western Cape Department of Community Safety, 2010
Murder has declined year on year with an increase noted between April 2007 and March 2008. Murder declined at an average annual rate of 4.04 per cent between 2003/04 and 2010/11. Although the number of sexual crimes fluctuates year on year peaking at 1 401 in 2009/10, it has declined at an average annual rate of 1.2 per cent between 2003/04 and 2010/11. The Between 2005/06 and 2008/09 sexual crimes steadily decreased but showed a marked increase in 2009/10 decreasing again in 2010/11.
Overall property related crime declined by an average annual rate of 5.2 per cent but remained unsteady year on year. In 2005/06 this form of crime appeared to experience a drastic decline of 26.8 per cent in 2005/06 from 7 278 reported incidents to 6 683, declining further by 6.1 per cent to 4 893 reported incidents. Unfortunately property related crime steadily started increasing between in 2007/08 (4 919) and
24 CAPE WINELANDS DISTRICT
2009/10 (5 817). The decline of 13.7 per cent in 2010/11 is encouraging, though the track record of Cape Winelands has indicated that the benefits have not been sustainable.
Of great concern however, is the sharp increase in drug related crime (10.3 per cent on average annual) as well as the increase in the number of drivers found to be driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs (11 per cent on average annual).
The general crimes statistics in Cape Winelands District is unpredictable at best and indicates that the interventions currently in place to curb crime is not sustainable.
2.4 Poverty and Inequality17
The section on poverty and inequality speaks to the level of human development as well as the levels of poverty and inequality within different areas within the Western Cape. The level of development and income level of the population also serves as an indication to the level of need within communities and the need for assistance required. Inequality levels highlight how the experience of different members of the same broader community may be dissimilar in varying degrees.
2.4.1 People Living in Poverty
The poverty rate represents the percentage of people living in households with an income less than the poverty income. The poverty income is defined as the minimum monthly income needed to sustain a household and varies according to household size, the larger the household the larger the income required to keep its members out of poverty.
The poverty income used is based on the Bureau of Market Research’s Minimum Living Level (BMR report no. 235 and later editions, Minimum and Supplemented Living Levels in the main and other selected urban areas of the RSA, August 1996). For example, the monthly income needed to keep a 1 person household out of poverty in 2010 is estimated18 to be R1 315, while for a two person household it is R1 626; a four person household requires an estimated income of R2 544 to stay out of poverty while a household with eight or more person requires an estimated R4 729.
17 This section draws on Global Insight data. 18 Global Insight estimates.
25 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROFILE 2011
Figure 6 Poverty Overview – Western Cape, 1996 – 2010
Source: IHS Global Insight Regional Explorer version 574
The statistics will reveal that poverty is a major concern in the province and is very fragile to social and economic conditions. Global Insight estimates on the number of people living in poverty in the Western Cape shows a sharp increase between 1996 and 2003, increasing from approximately 720 000 in 1995 to almost 1.3 million people in 2003, almost doubling over this period. Between 2004 and 2007 poverty levels declined marginally remaining fairly high. In 2008 and 2009 the impact of the recession boosted the poverty levels in the Western Cape resulting in almost 1.2 million people living in poverty in the province.
Figure 7 Poverty Overview – Cape Winelands District, 1996 – 2010
Source: IHS Global Insight Regional Explorer version 574
26 CAPE WINELANDS DISTRICT
Poverty levels in the Cape Winelands District also reveal a disheartening trend. Between 1996 and 2004, poverty levels increased steadily from approximately 117 000 people living poverty to 197 000 people living in poverty, almost doubling over a period of 8 years. The increase in poverty levels appears to have stabilised between 2008 and 2010 fluctuating between 190 000 and 175 000 people living in poverty.
Closer inspection reveals that poverty increased in all local authorities with the highest increase in poverty in Stellenbosch (5.7 per cent), Langeberg (4.0 per cent) and Witzenberg (3.8 per cent).
2.4.2 Indigent Households
In response to the poverty levels of its communities, municipalities offer households support through their indigent policy. The indigent policy provides for free or discounted rates on municipal services such as water, electricity, sanitation, refuse removal as well as property rates.
Table 16 Indigent Households
Total Indigent Municipality Households Households Drakenstein 40 750 10 854 Stellenbosch 29 224 12 690 Witzenberg 23 892 5 450 Breede Valley 18 064 6 560 Langeberg 21 856 6 779 Total 133 786 42 333
Source: Western Cape Department of Local Government, August 2011
According to the Western Cape Department of Local Government Cape Winelands District had a total of 133 786 households of which 42 333 were indigent. Overall, 31.6 per cent of all households in Cape Winelands appear to be indigents, which means more than a quarter of the households are indigent. Drakenstein and Stellenbosch account for 55.6 per cent of all indigent households in the district; 10 854 and 12 690 households respectively.
2.4.3 Gini coefficient
The Gini coefficient is a summary statistic of income inequality, which varies from 0 (in the case of perfect equality where all households earn equal income) to 1 (in the case where one household earns all the income and other households earn nothing). In practice the coefficient is likely to vary from approximately 0.25 to 0.70.
27 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROFILE 2011
Table 17 Gini coefficient 2001, 2007 and 2010
Municipality 2001 2007 2010 City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality 0.60 0.59 0.57 West Coast District Municipality 0.59 0.61 0.60 Cape Winelands District Municipality 0.60 0.60 0.59 Overberg District Municipality 0.58 0.59 0.58 Eden District Municipality 0.59 0.59 0.56 Central Karoo District Municipality 0.59 0.60 0.58
Source: Global Insight Regional Explorer, 2011
Map 1 Gini coefficient, Western Cape, 2010
Source: Global Insight Regional Explorer, 2010. Map created by E-Innovation, WC Department of the Premier
A comparison across the Western Cape shows that inequality across all districts and the metro has been relatively high, but has over the past decade showed some improvement, according to the Gini coefficient.
Income levels in Cape Winelands remained unchanged between 2001 and 2007 at 0.60. Income inequality showed slight signs of improvement in 2010. Inequality remains high and requires attention to narrow the gap in income inequality across the region.
28 CAPE WINELANDS DISTRICT
Table 18 Gini coefficient, Cape Winelands District
Cape Winelands District 2001 2007 2010 D022 Witzenberg 0.59 0.59 0.58 D023 Drakenstein 0.59 0.59 0.57 D024 Stellenbosch 0.62 0.62 0.59 D025 Breede Valley 0.59 0.60 0.58 D026 Langeberg 0.58 0.59 0.58
Source: Global Insight Regional Explorer, 2011
Map 2 Gini coefficient, Cape Winelands District, 2010
Source: Global Insight Regional Explorer, 2010. Map created by E-Innovation, WC Department of the Premier
Overall inequality within Cape Winelands District has decreased, with the exception of Langeberg. Langeberg notably weakened on this indicator in 2007 from 0.58 in 2001 to 0.59 returning to 0.58 in 2010. Drakenstein has the lowest levels of inequality (0.57) whilst inequality is highest in Stellenbosch (0.59). Stellenbosch improved however from inequality levels of 0.62 in 2001 and 2007 to 0.59 in 2010.
2.4.4 Human Development Index
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite, relative index that attempts to quantify the extent of human development of a community. It is based on measures of life expectancy, literacy and income. It is thus seen as a measure of people’s ability to live a long and healthy life, to communicate, to participate in the life of the community and to have sufficient resources to obtain a decent living. The HDI can assume a maximum level of 1, indicating a high level of human development, and a minimum value of 0.
29 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROFILE 2011
Table 19 HDI, Western Cape: 2001, 2007 and 2010 per district
Municipality 2001 2007 2010 Western Cape 0.68 0.70 0.71 City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality 0.71 0.73 0.74 West Coast District Municipality 0.63 0.64 0.65 Cape Winelands District Municipality 0.63 0.65 0.65 Overberg District Municipality 0.63 0.65 0.66 Eden District Municipality 0.64 0.68 0.69 Central Karoo District Municipality 0.57 0.59 0.60
Source: Global Insight Regional Explorer, 2011
Map 3 HDI, Western Cape, 2010
Source: Global Insight Regional Explorer, 2010. Map created by E-Innovation, WC Department of the Premier
The levels of human development differ across the broad geographic areas in the Western Cape; the average score for the Province improving slowly over time, from 0.68 in 2001 to 0.70 in 2007 and 0.71 in 2010.
The HDI results of Cape Winelands District indicate that that the level of development has gradually improved between 2001 and 2007 from 0.63 to 0.65. Development appears to have stagnated however between 2007 and 2010.
30 CAPE WINELANDS DISTRICT
Table 20 HDI, Western Cape: 2001, 2007 and 2010 per municipality
Code Municipality 2001 2007 2010 D022 Witzenberg 0.58 0.60 0.60 D023 Drakenstein 0.65 0.68 0.68 D024 Stellenbosch 0.66 0.69 0.70 D025 Breede Valley 0.62 0.63 0.64 D026 Langeberg 0.58 0.59 0.60 D02A Cape Winelands DMA 0.52 0.56 0.57
Source: Global Insight Regional Explorer, 2011
Map 4 HDI, Cape Winelands District, 2010
Source: Global Insight Regional Explorer, 2010. Map created by E-Innovation, WC Department of the Premier
The Human Development Index in Cape Winelands District is between 0.52 and 0.62. In 2010, Stellenbosch (0.70) and Drakenstein (0.68) had the highest human development indices in Cape Winelands District, whilst the district management area (0.57) had the lowest human development index. The district management area has however been incorporated in the municipal space of Witzenberg, Breede Valley and Drakenstein, which will affect the human development of those municipalities in future HDI evaluations.
31 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROFILE 2011
2.5 Access to Housing
The South African Constitution states that every citizen has to the right to access to adequate housing and that the state must take reasonable legislation and other measures within its available resources to achieve the progressive realisation of his right. Still, there are many South Africans who lack this basic right.
Information from the 2001 Census and 2007 Community Survey is used to provide estimates of the extent of the backlog19 in housing within the Cape Winelands District.
2.5.1 Access to Housing: Western Cape District/City Level Comparison
Figure 8 shows the percentage of households that are categorised as formal/informal dwellings and compares household dwelling types across the Western Cape districts in 2007.
Figure 8 Comparison of dwelling types across the Western Cape, 2001 and 2007
120.0%
96.9% 100.0% 93.0% 87.9% 83.0% 82.7% 77.9% 80.0%
60.0%
40.0%
Percentage share (%) Percentage share 17.8% 15.6% 20.0% 10.5% 10.1% 5.2% 1.6% 0.0% West Coast Cape Overberg Eden Central Karoo City of Cape Winelands Town
Formal Informal
Source: StatsSA, Community Survey 2007
As can be seen in the figure, Cape Winelands Region accounts for the third largest proportion informal dwellings at 10.5 per cent compared to the other districts of the Western Cape.
19 These surveys present the most recent comparative municipal level information across the Western Cape.
32 CAPE WINELANDS DISTRICT
2.5.2 Access to Housing: Local Municipalities within the Cape Winelands District, 2001 and 2007
Figure 9 Dwelling type occupied by households in Cape Winelands
Note: Other includes ship, boat, caravan or tent, workers’ hostel (bed/room), as well as anything that
was not specified. Source: StatsSA, Census 2001 and Community Survey 2007
The formal dwellings proportionately increased from 79.9 per cent to 82.7 per cent of the total number of dwellings from 2001 to 2007.
On the other hand, informal dwellings proportionally decreased from 11.5 per cent to 10.5 per cent from 2001 to 2007. Traditional and other dwellings’ share decreased from 1.9 to 0.5 per cent whilst the share of other dwellings decreased from 6.7 to 6.2 per cent over the same period.
Figure 10 Dwelling type occupied per municipality in Cape Winelands, 2001 and 2007
33 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROFILE 2011
Figure 10 shows that Langeberg Municipality has the highest proportion of households residing in formal dwellings at 96.2 per cent followed by Stellenbosch at 90.4 per cent.
Drakenstein has the highest proportion of households residing in informal dwellings at 16 per cent followed by Breede Valley at 12 per cent. The fact that the district management area has been incorporated into Breede Valley, Witzenberg and Langeberg will have a marginal effect on existing household statistics.
2.6 Access to Municipal Services
Access to services such as potable water, basic sanitation, safe energy sources and refuse removal services ensures that households enjoy a decent standard of living.
This section looks at household access to services as drawn from the 2001 Census and 2007 Community Survey20. The information provides a breakdown of the types of access for each service area; changes in the relative proportions indicate either improvements or worsening in the in overall access levels.
2.6.1 Water
Access to potable water is essential to maintaining a healthy life. It is accepted that piped water is in South Africa, and in the Cape Winelands District is potable21.
Figure 11 shows the difference in household accessibility to piped water across the Western Cape districts in 2007.
Figure 11 Comparison of access to piped water across the Western Cape, 2007
Source: StatsSA, Community Survey 2007
In 2007, household access to potable (piped) water across the Western Cape averages above 90 per cent of all households. In 2007, 97.8 per cent of all households in Cape Winelands Region had access to piped water.
20 These surveys present the latest comparative municipal level information across the Western Cape. 21 See Environmental section below for further information on water quality in the City of Cape Town.
34 CAPE WINELANDS DISTRICT
Figure 12 Main source of water used by households in Cape Winelands District, 2001 and 2007
* Other includes borehole, spring, dam, pool, river, stream, water vendor and rainwater tank. Source: StatsSA, Census 2001 and Community Survey 2007
Household access to piped water within Cape Winelands Region improved over the period 2001 to 2007, from 95.7 per cent in 2001 to 97.7 per cent in 2007. Access to piped water inside the dwelling accounted for 67.4 per cent of all household access to water in 2007, up from 59 per cent in 2001. The percentage share of households in Cape Winelands Region accessing alternative water sources such as boreholes, spring, dam, pool, river, stream and rainwater declined from 4.3 per cent in 2001 to 2.3 per cent in 2007.
Figure 13 Comparison of access to piped water in the Cape Winelands District, 2007
100.0%
98.0%
96.0%
94.0%
92.0% Percentage 90.0%
88.0% Cape Breede Witzenberg Drakenstein Stellenbosch Langeberg Winelands Total Valley DMA Percentage Access 92.6% 98.9% 98.6% 99.2% 97.4% 94.1% 97.8% to piped water
Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2001 and Community Survey 2007
35 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROFILE 2011
The Community Survey of 2007 highlighted that 99.2 per cent of the households in the Breede Valley had access to potable (piped) water, which is the largest percentage share in the Cape Winelands District region, followed by Drakenstein Municipality and Stellenbosch Municipality, at 98.9 per cent and 98.6 per cent respectively. Witzenberg had the lowest percentage of households with access to piped (or potable water) at 92.6 per cent of households. The fact that the district management area has been incorporated into Breede Valley, Witzenberg and Langeberg will have a marginal effect on existing water provision statistics.
2.6.2 Energy
Energy is essential for human life; commonly identified uses include energy for cooking, heating and lighting. Given the harmful environmental impacts of certain identifiable energy sources, as well as growing energy demand and needs, the use of clean and sustainable energy is becoming increasingly important. Different energy sources also have other usage risks; e.g. health and safety risks especially in the use of paraffin and open flame usage.
The information below speaks to the sources of energy used for lighting for households in the Cape Winelands District.
Figure 14 Comparison of access to electricity across the Western Cape, 2007
Source: StatsSA, Community Survey 2007
Household access to electricity averages above 90 per cent for all households in the Western Cape. Cape Winelands Region records that 93.6 per cent of all households in the region have access to electricity in 2007.
36 CAPE WINELANDS DISTRICT
Figure 15 Access to electricity across the Cape Winelands District, 2007
The Community Survey of 2007 highlighted that 98 per cent of households in Stellenbosch had access to electricity which is the largest percentage share in Cape Winelands District, Langeberg follows closely at 96 per cent. The DMA has the lowest percentage access to electricity at 82 per cent.
Table 21 Main type of energy source/fuel used for lighting by households in Cape Winelands, 2001 and 2007
% share of % share of Energy sources 2001 households households 2001 2007
Electricity 140 956 88.4% 93.6% Gas 403 0.3% 0.3% Paraffin 7 166 4.5% 2.6% Candles 10 550 6.6% 2.8% Solar 156 0.1% 0.1% Other 203 0.1% 0.6% Total 159 434 100.0% 100.0%
Source: StatsSA, Census 2001 and Community Survey 2007
In 2001, electricity was the main source of energy for lighting purposes as it was used by 88.4 per cent of households in Cape Winelands District, followed by candles and paraffin which was used by 6.6 per cent and 4.5 per cent of households.
In 2007, electricity remained the leading source of energy for lighting purposes as it was used by 93.6 per cent of households. The percentage of households that used candles lowered to 2.8 per cent of households in 2007 whilst the percentage of households that used paraffin lowered to 2.6 per cent in 2007.
37 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROFILE 2011
2.6.3 Sanitation
Sanitation is a means of promoting health through the provision of safe disposal and treatment of human waste. Access to a toilet advances physical health as well as providing the user with sense of human dignity.
Figure 16 Comparison of access to sanitation across the Western Cape, 2007
Source: StatsSA, Community Survey 2007
The Community Survey of 2007 highlighted that household access to flush toilet sanitation throughout the Western Cape averaged above 90 per cent with Cape Winelands Region having 93.5 per cent of all households having access to toilets.
Table 22 Main Toilet facilities used by households in Cape Winelands District, 2001 and 2007
% share of % share of Toilet facilities 2001 households 2001 households 2007
Flush toilet (connected to sewerage system) 122 066 76.6% 84.2% Flush toilet (with septic tank) 15 618 9.8% 9.3% Dry toilet facility 0 0.0% 1.0% Pit toilet 5 628 3.5% 1.1% Chemical toilet 493 0.3% 0.2% Bucket toilet system 2 445 1.5% 0.9% None 13 207 8.3% 3.3% Total 159 457 100.0% 100.0%
Source: StatsSA, Census 2001 and Community Survey 2007
In 2001, 86.4 per cent of households in Cape Winelands District had access to flush toilets (connected to sewerage/septic tank). A significant proportion (8.3 per cent) of households did not have access to sanitation in 2001 whilst 3.5 per cent of households made use of pit toilets and 1.5 per cent of households made use of the bucket latrine system.
38 CAPE WINELANDS DISTRICT
In 2007, 93.5 per cent of households had access to flush toilets (connected to sewerage/septic tank). The use of pit toilets system decreased as 1.1 per cent of households made use of the pit toilets as a means of sanitation in 2007. The use of bucket latrine system decreased as 0.9 per cent of households made use of the bucket latrine system as a means of sanitation in 2007.
Although there had been an improvement in access to sanitation, 3.3 per cent of households still did not have access to sanitation in 2007.
Figure 17 Comparison of access to sanitation across the Cape Winelands District, 2001 and 2007
The Community Survey of 2007 highlighted that, Stellenbosch has the largest percentage of households with access to flush toilets at 95.9 per cent. Langeberg has the highest percentage of people with no access to sanitation at 5.7 per cent. 2.6.4 Refuse Removal
Refuse removal is an essential service that ensures that health related problems are kept at bay as well as ensuring the protection of the physical environment. A lack of the service is likely to result in uncontrolled and unregulated dumping.
Given the environmental limitations in the creation of landfill sites, recycling is strongly encouraged; recycling extends the lifespan of landfill sites. By reducing the need for the creation of ‘new’ products, recycling also strongly encourages the preservation of our natural resources; in this sense it could best be used as part of the broader ‘Reduce – Reuse – Recycle’ environmental approach, that firstly encourages non- wasteful consumption practices (reduce), the reuse of products where possible (reuse) and the recycling of the product where its use in current form has been exhausted (recycle).
Figure 18 provides a 2007 comparison of household access to refuse removal services across the Western Cape, either by local authority/private company once a week or less often.
39 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROFILE 2011
Figure 18 Comparison of access to refuse removal services across the Western Cape, 2007
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 95.2% 92.9% 90.5% 87.3% 40% 84.2% 72.9% 30% 20% 10% 0% West Coast Cape Winelands Overberg Eden Central Karoo City of Cape Town
Removed by local authority/private company Communal refuse dump Own refuse dump No rubbish disposal Other
Source: StatsSA, Community Survey 2007
Refuse removal services by local authority/private company is the leading source of refuse removal for households for all districts in the Western Cape. The Community Survey of 2007 highlighted that the refuse of 72.9 per cent of households in the Cape Winelands Region were removed by local authority/private company, which is the lowest level of access of all households in the Western Cape.
Table 23 Main source of refuse removal services used by households in Cape Winelands District, 2001 and 2007
% share of % share of Refuse removal source households households 2001 2007
Removed by local authority 72.9% 72.9% Communal refuse dump 7.5% 16.3% Own refuse dump 17.5% 9.0% No rubbish disposal 2.1% 1.3% Other 0.0% 0.5% Total 100.0% 100.0%
Source: StatsSA, Census 2001 and Community Survey 2007
Refuse removal services by local authority/private company is the leading source of refuse removal for households in Cape Winelands District, for 72.9 per cent of households in 2001 and 2007. The households that use their own refuse dump decreased from 17.5 per cent in 2001 to 9 per cent in 2007. The households that use a communal refuse dump increased from 7.5 per cent in 2001 to 16.3 per cent in 2007. The households that did not have access to refuse removal decreased from 2.1 per cent in 2001 to 1 per cent in 2007.
40 CAPE WINELANDS DISTRICT
Figure 19 Comparison of access to refuse removal services in the Cape Winelands District, 2007
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 88.4% 40% 78.6% 73.3% 67.9% 72.9% 30% 51.1% 20% 10% 11.0% 0% Witzenberg Drakenstein Stellenbosch Breede Valley Langeberg Cape Cape Winelands Winelands DMA District
Removed by local authority/private company Communal refuse dump Own refuse dump No rubbish disposal Other
In 2007, Stellenbosch Municipality had the largest percentage share of households whose refuse are removed by local authority/private company in the Cape Winelands region at 88.4 per cent, followed by households in Breede Valley Municipality at 78.6 per cent.
2.7 Roads
Roads facilitate the movement of both persons and materials anywhere within a country. The better connectivity brought about through road development improves the socio-economic conditions of the people living in those areas by making social and economic opportunities more easily accessible.
Good communication and transport networks including roads networks, opens up the economy for better utilisation of its potential resources and facilities and may stimulate and support the growth of e.g. industry, agriculture or trade. Roads also provide linkages to other modes of transport such as rail, air and water.
An efficient and well established network of roads is desired for promoting trade and commerce in the country and also fulfills the need for a sound transportation system for sustained economic development.
Table 24 Western Cape Roads, at 15 July 2011
National Trunk Main Divisional Minor Totals District (km) Surfaced Gravel Surfaced Gravel Surfaced Gravel Surfaced Gravel Surfaced Gravel Surfaced Gravel
Metro 79.4 - 146.8 - 84.1 - 17.0 9.7 1.4 15.3 328.7 25.0 Cape Winelands 169.4 - 387.5 - 731.0 237.7 489.1 922.2 121.1 1 804.0 1 898.1 2 963.9 Overberg District 176.1 - 350.3 - 374.0 128.9 151.8 1 237.7 53.4 1 521.9 1 105.6 2 888.5 Eden District 305.7 - 765.5 63.2 468.0 455.5 259.3 2 498.8 43.2 2 341.2 1 841.6 5 358.6 West Coast 367.6 - 430.7 - 832.2 434.1 251.3 1 636.1 74.5 5 924.6 1 956.3 7 994.9 Central Karoo 364.0 - 553.7 68.1 46.8 635.1 14.8 1 679.2 0.0 3 925.6 979.4 6 307.9
Source: Department of Transport and Public Works, 2011
41 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROFILE 2011
The total roads surface in the Cape Winelands District at July 2011 was 4 862.1 km of which 1 898.1 km or 39.04 per cent of the roads are surfaced and 2 963.9 km or 61 per cent is gravel. Since the previous year, there has only been a change in main roads, increasing from 79.5 km to 84.1 km in July 2011. It is notable that there tends to be a greater proportion of gravel roads to surfaced roads in the districts as compared to the metro. In total 26.01 per cent of the total surfaced roads and 11.61 per cent of the total gravel in the Western Cape is located in the Cape Winelands District.
3. Economically Active Population
3.1 Labour Force
Economically active people (those in the labour force) are those between the ages of 15 and 65 years who chose to participate in the labour market, by being willing to supply their labour in exchange for an income. Being defined as being economically active does not depend on being on employed; as long as there is a desire, willingness and availability to work, even if that desire does not translate into employment, then you are seen as part of the labour force.
Participation in the labour market is influenced by many factors which includes disability, early retirement choices, long-term illness which includes AIDS, study choices or even feelings of discouragement from participating. Participation levels have a direct impact on the labour force statistics e.g. high levels of labour force participation with few employment opportunities is easily evident in a high unemployment rate, while low levels of participation with few employment opportunities results in a lower unemployment rate. The differences in participation levels as a result of discouragement, people who want to work but have given up hope in finding employment and therefore are not taking active steps to look for work is what is typically captured difference between South Africa’s official versus the broad/expanded unemployment definition.
Table 25 Working Age Population and Labour Force details, Cape Winelands District (Consolidated), 2001 and 2007
Total population aged Unemployment Labour force LFPR Employed Unemployed 15 - 65 years rate (Percentage)
482 146 320 726 66.5 268 807 51 919 16.2 2007 2001 422 455 284 807 67.4 221 090 63 717 22.4
Source: Statistics South Africa, Census 2001 and Community Survey 2007
Statistics for the 2001 to 2007 period indicate that the Cape Winelands District was able to accommodate new entrants to the labour market reducing unemployment from 22.4 per cent in 2001 to 16.2 per cent in 2007.
42 CAPE WINELANDS DISTRICT
3.2 Unemployment
3.2.1 The Unemployment Rate
Information on unemployment represents official unemployment statistics and does not make provision for discouraged workers (workers not actively looking for work).
Table 26 Comparison of Labour Force Information across Western Cape Municipal Areas, 2007
% of % of Western % of Western Western Unemployment rate Labour force Cape's labour Employed Unemployed Cape's Cape's (Percentage) force unemployed employed City of Cape Town 1 656 109 67.5 1 250 732 65.5 405 377 74.6 24.5 West Coast District* 129 979 5.3 109 769 5.7 20 210 3.7 15.5 Cape Winelands District * 320 726 13.1 268 807 14.1 51 919 9.6 16.2 Overberg District* 96 562 3.9 79 423 4.2 17 139 3.2 17.7 Eden District* 229 057 9.3 186 698 9.8 42 359 7.8 18.5 Central Karoo District* 20 649 0.8 14 299 0.7 6 350 1.2 30.8 Western Cape (2007) 2 453 083 100.0 1 909 725 100.0 543 358 100.0 22.2
* Weighting the data leads to the introduction of decimal fractions. The fractions have been rounded to whole numbers. The sum of the separate numbers may therefore differ slightly from the totals given. A similar effect can be seen with the percentages, which are rounded to one decimal place, and therefore might not always total 100. Source: Statistics South Africa, Community Survey 2007
Cape Winelands District proportionally represents 13.1 per cent of the province’s labour force and 9.6 per cent of the total unemployed in 2007.
Table 27 Comparison of Labour Force Information across Western Cape Municipal Areas, 2007
Percentage of Percentage of Labour Percentage of Unemployment rate district labour Employed Unemployed district force district employed (Percentage) force unemployed Witzenberg 36 338 11.3 33 567 12.5 2 771 5.3 7.6 Drakenstein 94 761 29.5 75 657 28.1 19 104 36.8 20.2 Stellenbosch 90 534 28.2 75 021 27.9 15 513 29.9 17.1 Breede Valley 58 189 18.1 47 236 17.6 10 953 21.1 18.8 Langeberg 37 609 11.7 34 090 12.7 3 519 6.8 9.4 Cape Winelands DMA 3 294 1.0 3 236 1.2 58 0.1 1.8
* Weighting the data leads to the introduction of decimal fractions. The fractions have been rounded to whole numbers. The sum of the separate numbers may therefore differ slightly from the totals given. A similar effect can be seen with the percentages, which are rounded to one decimal place, and therefore might not always total 100. Source: Statistics South Africa, Community Survey 2007
43 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROFILE 2011
Drakenstein and Stellenbosch have the largest labour force in the district, jointly representing 57.7 per cent of the total district labour force. Drakenstein and Stellenbosch constitute 56 per cent of the total employed in the district. The unemployment rate is highest in Drakenstein and Breede Valley, home to 36.8 per cent and 21.1 per of the total unemployed in the district. The highest unemployment however is in Drakenstein (20.2 per cent) and Breede Valley. Langeberg and Witzenberg with a proportionally smaller labour force have lower unemployment rates; 9.4 per cent and 7.6 per cent respectively. Concomitantly their share of unemployment is low relative to other local municipalities in the district.
Although unemployment impacts across gender, race, age and other social divides its effects within certain groups are more pronounced. This could be as a result of a number of factors which could include past or current discrimination or differences in skill or education levels of individuals.
Some of the differential impacts of unemployment can be found within the breakdown of gender, population group and age. This is highlighted in the table below.
3.2.2 Characteristics of the Unemployed
Although unemployment impacts across gender, race, age and other social divides its effects within certain groups are more pronounced. This could be as a result of a number of factors which could include past or current discrimination or differences in skill or education levels of individuals.
Some of the differential impacts of unemployment can be found within the breakdown of gender, population group and age. This is highlighted in the table below.
Table 28 Characteristics of the Unemployed, 2007 Unemployment Percentage Percentage Cape Winelands District Number of rate within share of the share of 2007 unemployed group labour force unemployed Gender Male 23 505 14.0 52.5 45.3 Female 28 414 18.6 47.5 54.7 Population Group Black 17 655 26.0 21.1 34.0 Coloured 32 533 15.4 65.8 62.7 Indian or Asian 339 24.7 0.4 0.7 White 1 393 3.4 12.6 2.7 Age 15 - 19 6 663 39.6 5.2 12.8 20 - 24 13 586 28.2 15.0 26.2 25 - 34 14 706 15.8 29.1 28.3 35 - 44 10 978 12.4 27.6 21.1 45 - 54 4 460 8.4 16.5 8.6 55 - 65 1 526 7.3 6.5 2.9
Source: StatsSA, Community Survey 2007
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Unemployment by Gender
The 2007 Community Survey highlighted that 14.0 per cent of males and 18.6 per cent of females were unemployed. It further highlighted that males constituted 52.5 per cent of the labour force and accounted for 45.3 per cent of the unemployed while females constituted 47.5 per cent of the labour force and accounted for 54.7 per cent of the unemployed.
Unemployment by Population Group
The Community Survey highlights that unemployment in Cape Winelands Region was concentrated within the Coloured population and African population groups over the period in 2007.
The Coloured population had the largest share of unemployment in the district at 62.7 per cent while the African population accounted for 34 per cent in 2007. Unemployment among the White and Indian/Asian population groups residing in Cape Winelands Region was low and represented 2.7 per cent share and 0.7 per cent share in 2007, respectively.
Unemployment by Age
The 2007 Community Survey further highlighted that unemployment within Cape Winelands Region for 2007 is the greatest among those aged 15 – 19 years, 20 - 24 years, 25 – 29 years, 30 - 34 years and 35 - 44 years, as shown in Table 28. The age group 25 - 34 years is particularly vulnerable at 28.3 per cent of the total unemployed. Government has to pay attention to this phenomenon to ensure that the youth and particularly the age group 20 - 34 years can be absorbed into the economy given that they account for 44.1 per cent of the unemployed.
3.3 Employment
Employment opportunities or the lack thereof tells a story of whether or not the economy is able to create work opportunities for all those seeking employment. Sector employment and the skill level of those employed provides further information on the possible types of employment available as well as the skill level required to do the work. Although this provides a good indication of opportunities in the current labour market, it may but does not necessarily provide an indication of the sector growth potential and its associated employment creating potential and future skills need.
3.3.1 Employment by Sector
The skill level of the employed indicates current availability of jobs skills necessary within the labour market. It serves as an indication to what extent the labour market would be able to accommodate workers at the different skill levels.
45 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROFILE 2011
Figure 20 Employment by Sector, Cape Winelands District 2007
Percentage share of employed
Mining and quarrying 0.4
Electricity; gas and water supply 0.5
Transport; storage and communication 2.4
Construction 5.1
Other and not adequately defined 5.4
Financial; insurance; real estate and 6.7 business services
Wholesale and retail trade 11.7
Community; social and personal services 13.8 Percentage
Manufacturing 14.6
Unspecified 15.3
Agriculture; hunting; forestry and fishing 24.2
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0
Source: Statistics South Africa, Community Survey 2007
The Community Survey of 2007 highlighted that the biggest specified employment contributors in Cape Winelands District were: agriculture (24.2%), manufacturing (14.6%) and community services (13.8%). Further growth in these sectors is likely to contribute to an increase in employment levels.
46 CAPE WINELANDS DISTRICT
Figure 21 Employment by Sector, Cape Winelands District (Disaggregated) 2007
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
Percentage Share of the Employed of the Share Percentage 0% Cape Cape Breede River/ Winelands Witzenberg Drakenstein Stellenbosch Breede Valley Winelands Winelands District DMA Wholesale and retail trade 11.7 6.3 11.1 16.3 14.1 5.9 2.0 Unspecified 15.3 4.8 19.8 6.8 7.9 43.5 23.3 Transport; storage and communication 2.4 1.9 2.6 2.0 3.7 1.9 0.0 Other and not adequately defined 5.4 2.4 5.8 7.8 4.1 4.5 1.3 Mining and quarrying 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.0 Manufacturing 14.6 8.5 15.1 20.2 12.5 11.0 3.6 Financial; insurance; real estate and business services 6.7 5.6 9.1 8.4 4.2 2.5 0.3 Electricity; gas and water supply 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.0 Construction 5.1 1.8 5.1 7.8 4.9 2.9 0.7 Community; social and personal services 13.8 9.5 13.4 17.4 17.2 6.6 8.6 Agriculture; hunting; forestry and fishing 24.2 58.3 16.7 12.7 30.7 20.4 60.1
Source: Statistics South Africa, Community Survey 2007
Figure 21 depicts the employment per sector for each of the municipalities in Cape Winelands District. The following sectors are the biggest employer contributors in each of the local municipalities – Witzenberg (Agriculture; 58.3%), Drakenstein (Agriculture; 16.7%), Stellenbosch (Manufacturing, 20.2%), Breede Valley (Agriculture; 30.7%) and Langeberg [formerly Breede River/Winelands] (Agriculture; 20.4%).
47 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROFILE 2011
Skill Level of the Employed22
The skill level of the employed indicates current availability of jobs skills necessary within the labour market. It serves as an indication to what extent the labour market would be able to accommodate workers at the different skill levels.
Figure 22 Skill Level of the Employed, Cape Winelands District (Consolidated), 2007
Occupations unspecified and not elsewhere High skilled classified 19% 16%
Low skilled 25%
Skilled 40%
Source: Statistics South Africa, Community Survey 2007
The 2007 Community Survey highlighted that 19.0 per cent and 40.0 per cent of employed workers in the Cape Winelands municipal area accounts for high skilled and skilled workers respectively. It further highlighted that 25.0 per cent of these workers were employed in positions which were considered low23 skilled while 16.0 per cent of workers positions occupied were unspecified or not elsewhere classified.
22 High skill occupations include legislators; senior officials and managers, professionals, technicians and associate professionals; skilled occupations include clerks, service workers; shop and market sales workers, skilled agricultural and fishery workers, craft and related trades workers and plant and machine operators and assemblers; low skill occupations include elementary occupations (occupations requiring low levels of knowledge and experience to perform simple and routine tasks, and limited personal initiative and judgement). 23 Low skill occupations are defined as individuals employed in elementary occupations (are occupations requiring low levels of knowledge and experience to perform simple and routine tasks, and limited personal initiative and judgement); skilled occupations include clerks, service workers, skilled agricultural & fishery workers, craft & related trades workers as well as plant & machine operators & assemblers. The high skilled category includes legislators, senior officials & managers, professionals, technicians and associate professors.
48 CAPE WINELANDS DISTRICT
Figure 23 Skill Level of the Employed, Cape Winelands District (Disaggregated) 2007
100%
80%
60% by Skills Level 40% Percnetage Share of Employed
20%
0% Cape Cape Breede River/ Winelands Witzenberg Drakenstein Stellenbosch Breede Valley Winelands Winelands District DMA Occupations unspecified and 15.7 5.9 18.3 8.2 9.1 44.4 24.2 not elsewhere classified Low skilled 24.7 35.8 19.4 24.4 29.2 18.6 39.9 Skilled 40.6 43.8 39.7 41.2 46.6 30.7 28.0 High skilled 19.0 14.5 22.6 26.1 15.1 6.3 7.8
Source: Statistics South Africa, Community Survey 2007
Figure 23 depicts the skill of those who are employed in Cape Winelands District. Drakenstein and Stellenbosch have the highest skilled labour force in 2007; 22.6 per cent and 26.1 per cent respectively. Witzenberg and Breede Valley have the highest proportion of low skilled works at 35.8 per cent and 29.2 per cent respectively. Witzenberg and Breede Valley also have the highest proportion of skilled labour force at 43.8 per cent and 46.6 per cent respectively.
4. Economic Structure and Performance
Economic growth signifies an increase in the value of the total production of goods and services from one period to the next. If the population increases, a greater level of income is necessary to maintain the standard of living of the population; without economic growth, increases in the population result in a deterioration of peoples living standards.
Economic growth ensures that there is potential for an increase in employment opportunities. Although economic growth does not guarantee increased employment opportunities for a growing labour force, a lack of growth is a guarantee of a lack of new employment opportunities.
For the purpose of this socio-economic profile, trend analysis is carried out using 1999 to 2009 GDP-R figures.
49 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROFILE 2011
4.1 Value and Growth of the Economy
Table 29 illustrates the sectoral contributions of the nine identified sectors for the Cape Winelands District for1999 and 2010.
Table 29 Cape Winelands District, Sector value 1999 to 2010 (Constant 2005 prices)
Sector Value, in R'000 (constant 2005 prices)
SECTOR 1999 2010 % Share Agriculture, forestry and fishing 3 170 3 363 12.1% Mining and quarrying 44 49 0.2% Manufacturing 5 342 6 633 23.8% Electricity, gas and water 204 236 0.8% Construction 468 1 043 3.8% Wholesale and retail trade, catering and accommodation 2 145 3 624 13.0% Transport, storage and communication 966 1 968 7.1% Finance, insurance, real estate and business services 2 979 6 521 23.4% Community, social and personal services 1 047 1 626 5.8% General government 2 003 2 760 9.9% Total 18 368 27 824 100.0%
Source: Bureau of Economic Research (BER), 2011
In 2010 manufacturing was the biggest contributor to GDP-R in Cape Winelands, contributing R6.633 billion (or 23.8%) to the economy, followed by finance, insurance, real estate and business services with a contribution of R6.521 billion (or 23.4 per cent). Jointly these two sectors make up almost half of the economic contribution to this district. The biggest growth sectors between 1999 and 2010 was construction, growing 11.1 per cent at an average annual rate followed by finance, insurance, real estate and business services (7.1% on average annually) and transport, storage and communication (6.7 % on average annually).
Table 30 GDP-R Growth, 1999 to 2009 (Constant 2005 prices)
GDP-R Growth 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total Cape 3.1% 4.2% 4.3% 2.3% 5.4% 5.6% 6.0% 6.0% 6.9% -2.9% Winelands District Breede River 3.3% 5.3% 6.4% 3.5% 7.0% 7.0% 7.3% 8.3% 9.2% -3.0% Breede Valley 1.3% 3.2% 2.1% 1.3% 4.0% 4.5% 3.8% 4.2% 4.7% -4.2% Drakenstein 2.5% 3.3% 2.9% 0.9% 4.4% 4.4% 5.9% 5.0% 6.1% -3.5% Stellenbosch 5.3% 5.6% 6.2% 3.9% 7.0% 7.5% 7.9% 7.8% 7.6% -1.4% Witzenberg 2.5% 4.5% 5.0% 1.4% 4.5% 4.6% 2.9% 4.5% 8.2% -3.9%
Source: Bureau of Economic Research (BER), 2011
Cape Winelands’ economy experienced relative strong growth between 2004 and 2008 growing from 5.4 per cent in 2004 to 6.9 per cent in 2008 on average. During the recession the economy took a major dip; –contracting by 2.9 per cent in 2009. The economy of the district started showing slight signs of recovery in 2010, but has not equalled the growth experienced during the period immediately preceding the recession. The recovery is projected to be slow.
50 CAPE WINELANDS DISTRICT
4.2 Sectoral Contribution and Growth
An assessment of the average annual growth rates below enables the municipality to ascertain key drivers of economic growth as point estimates for the years 2005 and 2010.
Figure 24 Sector Contribution to the Economy, 1999 to 2010 (Constant 2005 prices)
100% TJ: General government [SIC: 91, 94] 90% TI: Community, social and personal services [SIC: 92, 95-6, 99, 0] 80% TH: Finance, insurance, real estate and 70% business services [SIC: 8] TG: Transport, storage and 60% communication [SIC: 7] TF: Wholesale and retail trade, catering 50% and accommodation [SIC: 6] SE: Construction [SIC: 5] 40% SD: Electricity, gas and water [SIC: 4] 30% SC: Manufacturing [SIC: 3] 20% PB: Mining and quarrying [SIC: 2] 10% PA: Agriculture, forestry and fishing 0% [SIC: 1] 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Source: Bureau of Economic Research (BER), 2011
Over the past decade, the proportional sector contribution of the economy has changed, more for certain sectors than others. The trend indicates that manufacturing, financial services and agriculture dominated the economy of Cape Winelands District over the past decade. Overall the contribution of the manufacturing sector has been shrinking proportionally between 2000 and 2010 from 30 per cent to 24 per cent proportionally whilst remaining a key sector to the economy of the district. The contribution of the agricultural sector has also been declining steadily from 16 per cent in 2001 to 12 per cent in 2010. The contribution of the finance sector however grew from 16 per cent in 2000 to 23 per cent in 2010, increasing its importance to the economy of this region.
A review of the average annual growth rates enables municipalities to identify the key drivers of economic growth between 1999 and 2009.
51 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROFILE 2011
Table 31 Average Annual Regional Growth Rate GDP-R Growth Rates, 2005 – 2010 (Constant 2005 Prices, R’000s) City of Average Annual Growth West Cape Central Cape Ed e n Ove rbe rg 1999 - 2009 Coast Winelands Kar oo Town Agriculture, forestry and fishing 13.3% 0.4% -0.7% -1.5% 1.5% -2.5% Mining and quarrying -9.0% -3.9% -4.9% -0.2% -5.6% 26.1% Manuf ac tur ing 2.3% 4.3% 0.3% 6.8% 1.4% 10.2% Electricity, gas and w ater 4.3% 0.4% -2.6% 0.8% 2.7% -0.3% Construction 8.8% 11.8% 7.4% 10.3% 9.4% 10.5% Wholesale and retail trade, 5.3% 5.0% 3.6% 3.0% 7.1% 3.0% catering and accommodation Transport, storage and 8.0% 5.7% 4.7% 7.0% 8.6% 1.7% communication Finance, insurance, real estate 6.6% 7.5% 11.2% 11.8% 9.2% 8.7% and business services Community, social and personal 3.8% 5.6% 3.2% 4.2% 5.6% 3.1% services General government 0.6% 4.1% 2.2% 3.1% 2.6% 2.1%
Total 4.9% 5.4% 3.2% 5.2% 4.1% 4.1%
Source: Bureau for Economic Research, 2011
Construction grew on average annually by 9.4 per cent between 2005 and 2010, making it the fastest growth sector in Cape Winelands. Finance, insurance, real estate and business services grew at an average annual rate of 9.2 per cent over the same period. The slowest growth is observed in manufacturing and agriculture, forestry and fishing, growing by a mere 1.4 per cent and 1.5 per cent. Mining and quarrying contracted by 5.6 per cent on average annually.
4.3 Growth Town Potential Study
The Growth Potential of towns study found that there are only four (15%) of all local municipalities in the Western Cape that has high growth potential. Of these, two are located in Cape Winelands district; Drakenstein (Paarl) and Stellenbosch (Worcester).
As a part of the study a composite index was created to evaluate the economical, physical environment, infrastructure and institutional indexes. A separate index was formed for social need which indicates what the social need is in each municipality. The Drakenstein and Stellenbosch had high potential for the composite index and medium social need. Breede Valley and Langeberg indicated medium potential for the composite index and medium social needs. Witzenberg scored low on the composite index and indicated high social needs.
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The dilemma flowing from the results of the Growth Potential Study is that more than half of the settlements with high human needs are located in municipalities with low development potential. The likelihood of the low development potential municipalities to address high social needs without some form of intergovernmental intervention looks bleak. It was furthermore found that none of the settlements with high social needs are located in municipalities with high development potential. This could be indicative of municipalities with high development potential to be better equipped to mitigate the human needs of towns within its geographic domain.
In Drakenstein, Saron is the only town classified as having a high social need.
5. Finance and Resource Mobilisation
Unlike provinces, municipalities have the ability to raise revenue through property rates, administration fees, penalties and tariffs on services rendered such as electricity, water, sanitation and refuse removal. However, the South African Fiscal Framework entitles municipalities to a share of nationally raised revenue through the equitable share grant (unconditional) as well as other allocations from national and provincial government in the form of either conditional or unconditional grants.
The value of transfers varies between municipalities. The objectives of the transfers are to address historical imbalances between revenue and expenditure, to support national priorities to improve the quality of life of people and to promote good governance and strengthen administrative capacity.
The transfers from Provincial and National Government, as well as the value of provincial spending within the Cape Winelands District, are set out in the tables below.
5.1 Provincial Transfers
Table 32 outlines the grants allocated to municipalities in the Cape Winelands District between 2007 and 2014.
The largest proportion of transfers to municipalities in Cape Winelands Districts flows from the Department of Human Settlements amounting to R551.888 million over the 2011/12 MTREF. Department of Transport and Public Works make the second largest transfers to municipalities in Cape Winelands District during 2011/12 MTREF amounting to R20.787 million.
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Table 32 Provincial Transfers to the Cape Winelands District
Outcome M edium-term estimate Change Department and Transfer Main Adjusted from R'000 appro- appro- Revised Revised Audited Audited Audited priation priation estimate estimat 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2010/11 2010/11 2011/12 2010/11 2012/13 2013/14 Department of Social 2 500 3 500 2 500 M ulti-purposes Centres 2 500 3 500 2 500 Department of Human 93 713 126 127 159 909 161 750 204 450 216 450 186 222 (13.97) 178 017 187 649 Settlements Integrated Housing and 93 206 93 968 158 209 160 750 203 450 215 450 186 222 (13.57) 178 017 187 649 Human Settlement Local Government Bulk 1 000 1 000 1 000 1 000 (100.00) Water and Waste Water Local Government M aster 307 159 450 Provincial Contribution 32 000 towards the Accelerating of Housing Consumer 200 250 Department of 820 250 30 100 100 (100.00) Environmental Affairs and Spatial Planning 760 100 Cleanest Town Competition 60 150 30 100 100 (100.00) Department of Transport 16 798 8 493 8 814 14 436 14 436 13 325 11 363 (14.72) 4 937 4 487 dPM aintenance bli W of kProclaimed 8 543 5 493 5 314 13 325 13 325 13 325 5 552 (58.33) Non-motorised Transport 8 255 3 000 Transport Safety and 2 300 1 000 500 Integrated Transport Plans 3 500 1 111 1 111 1 111 1 111 1 111 Public Transport 2 400 2 826 2 876 Department of Cultural 2 563 7 459 4 519 4 606 4 606 4 606 8 905 93.33 Affairs and Sport Library Subsidies (Capital) 2 000 Development of Sport and 500 2 150 1 000 Recreation Facilities Library Services (Conditional 2 063 3 309 3 519 4 606 4 606 4 606 8 905 93.33 Department of Local 540 2 006 1 286 2 633 2 826 2 874 702 (75.57) 729 3 256 Fire Fighting Assistance 255 280 333 333 333 (100.00) Provincial M anagement 751 454 Support Grant Thusong Centres 1 500 1 500 1 500 (100.00) 2 500 Community Development 540 1 000 552 800 993 1 041 702 (32.56) 729 756 Worker Operational Support
Total Transfers 116 934 147 835 177 028 183 455 226 418 237 355 207 192 (12.71) ##### 195 392
Source: Provincial Expenditure Estimates 2011, Western Cape Provincial Treasury
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5.1.1 Provincial Payment and Estimates
Table 33 outlines the provincial payments and estimate for the entire Cape Winelands District between 2007 and 2014.
Table 33 Provincial Payments and Estimates in comparison with Transfers to the Cape Winelands District
Outcome Medium-term estimate
Department Main % Change R'000 appro- Adjusted Revised from Revised Audited Audited Audited priation appro-priation estimate estimate
2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2010/11 2010/11 2011/12 2010/11 2012/13 2013/14 Department of the Premier 10 114 12 387 12 240 11 784 13 868 13 868 17 851 28.72 18 425 19 587 Provincial Parliament Provincial Treasury Department of Community Safety 7 493 8 627 11 517 11 965 11 703 12 191 13 044 7.00 13 957 14 934 Department of Education 1 165 701 1 371 836 1 589 062 1 765 179 1 787 907 1 787 907 1 978 689 10.67 2 103 233 2 251 783 Department of Health 834 209 931 633 1 089 347 1 246 197 1 284 772 1 284 772 1 337 756 4.12 1 437 215 1 564 573 Department of Social 162 934 191 230 212 063 217 156 217 156 217 156 243 818 12.28 259 818 259 818 Development Department of Human 93 746 112 307 160 678 161 750 161 750 216 450 186 222 (13.97) 178 017 187 649 Settlements Department of Environmental 820 250 30 100 100 (100.00) Affairs and Development Planning Department of Transport and 296 075 276 068 336 130 360 540 292 429 428 599 46.57 573 317 586 768 Public Works Department of Agriculture 236 506 249 566 305 722 301 632 356 624 356 624 361 227 1.29 407 290 438 877 Department of Economic 4 463 37 045 44 107 38 424 37 809 37 809 832 (97.80) 1 500 2 000 Development and Tourism Department of Cultural Affairs and 2 563 7 459 4 519 4 606 4 606 4 606 8 905 93.33 Sport Department of Local Government 1 286 2 633 2 874 2 874 702 (75.57) 729 3 256
Total 2 518 549 3 218 415 3 706 609 4 097 486 4 239 709 4 226 786 4 577 645 8.30 4 993 501 5 329 245 Total Transfers to 116 934 147 835 177 028 183 455 226 418 237 355 207 192 (12.71) 183 683 195 392 Cape Winelands District Transfers as a percentage of 4.64 4.59 4.78 4.48 5.34 5.62 4.53 (19.40) 3.68 3.67 Provincial Payment and Estimates
Source: Division of Revenue Bill (4 of 2011)
The total provincial payments and estimates to Cape Winelands District increased from R4.240 billion in 2010/11 to R4.578 billion in 2011/12 constituting a growth of 7.8 per cent year on year. The total provincial payments and estimates are set to increase by a further 9.1 per cent to R4.994 billion in 2012/13.
The two biggest contributors is the Department of Education (43.2%) followed by the Department of Health (29.2%) in 2011/12. Jointly these two departments account for 72.4 of all the provincial payments and estimates in the current financial year. The payments and estimates for education increased by 10.7 per cent year on year from R1.788 billion in 2010/11 to R1.979 billion in 2011/12 and is set to increase by a further 7.3 per cent to R2.103 billion in 2012/13. The payments and estimates from the Department of Health also increased by 4.1 per cent in 2011/12 from R1.285 billion in 2010/11 to R1.338 billion in 2011/12 and will increase a further 7.4 per cent to R1.437 billion in 2012/13.
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5.2 National Division of Revenue Act (DoRA, 2011)
Table 34 National Transfers to the Cape Winelands District, 2011/12 MTREF
MUNICIPALITY Cape Type of Transfer Cape Breede Winelands Winelands Witzenberg Drakenstein Stellenbosch Langeberg Valley Region District (TOTAL) R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000 TOTAL 624 822 203 923 326 688 201 777 284 417 218 333 1 859 960 Equitable Share 618 282 133 197 205 920 122 221 186 988 148 313 1 414 921 Conditional Grants and Subsidies 6 540 70 726 120 768 79 556 97 429 70 020 445 039 Local Government Financial 3 750 3 750 3 750 3 750 3 750 3 750 22 500 Management Grant Municipal Systems Improvement Grant 2 790 3 200 2 490 2 490 2 490 2 490 15 950 Water Services Operating Subsidy ------GtMunicipal Infrastructure Grant (MIG) - 63 776 101 177 73 316 89 153 53 000 380 422
Municipal Infrastructure Grant (Cities) ------Urban Settlement Development Grant ------Neighbourhood Development - - - - - 7 600 7 600 Partnership Grant (Capital Grant) Public Transport Infrastructure and ------Systems Grant Rural Transport Services and ------Infrastructure Grant Integrated National Electrification - - 12 815 - 1 500 3 180 17 495 Programme (Municipal) Grant Electricity Demand Side Management ------(Municipal) Grant Expanded Public Works Programme - - 536 - 536 - 1 072 Incentive Grant for Municipalities
Source: Division of Revenue Bill (4 of 2011)
For the 2011/12 MTREF Cape Winelands District will receive a total R1.860 billion in transfers from national government. Cape Winelands District Municipality is expected to receive the largest share of the total transfer amounting to R624.822 million. Of the local municipalities Drakenstein will receive the largest portion of national transfers receiving R326.688 million followed by Breede Valley receiving R284.417 million.
The equitable share is an unconditional grant and the largest transfer to municipalities in the Cape Winelands District. The equitable share accounts for between 60 and 76 per cent of the total transfers to each municipality during the 2011/12 MTREF. The biggest proportion of the equitable share goes toward the district municipality (33.6%) followed by Drakenstein (17.56%) and Breede Valley (15.3%). Witzenberg and Langeberg receive the smallest proportion of the equitable share allocated to Cape Winelands District as a whole.
Of the conditional grants the municipal infrastructure grant is the biggest in all local authorities in Cape Winelands District accounting for between 75 per cent and 93 per cent of the total conditional allocation to each respective municipality. Drakenstein received the highest MIG allocation during the 2011/12 MTREF followed by Breede Valley; R101.177 million and R89.153 million respectively.
The smallest conditional grant allocation is the Electricity Demand Side Management (Municipal) Grant allocated only to Drakenstein (R12.815 million), Breede Valley (R1.500 million) and Langeberg (R3.180 million).
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6. Environmental Challenges and Status Quo
As principal drivers of economic growth, development and innovation, municipalities need to recognise the challenges posed by climate change as well as the current state of its environment. In this regard, Waste Management (including waste water management), Air Pollution and Disaster Management are prioritised for the purposes of this analysis.
This section endeavours to identify key challenges faced by municipalities as well as a review of its current strategies and policies. This analysis aims to further assist municipalities to fully understand and establish their specific climate change impact assessments that take into account their specific conditions and circumstances.
6.1 Geographic Distribution
The new municipal boundaries came into effect as of 18 May 201124 in accordance with the re-demarcation process of the Demarcation Board. The newly constituted boundaries for Cape Winelands District is outlined below, bearing in mind the previous district management area have been absorbed into the boundaries of the local authorities.
Table 35 Municipal Boundaries, Cape Winelands District, 2011
MUNICIPAL NAME MAP TITLE AREA in km2 Witzenberg WC022 Witzenberg Local Municipality (WC022) 10752.69727 Drakenstein WC023 Drakenstein Local Municipality (WC023) 1537.657715 Stellenbosch WC024 Stellenbosch Local Municipality (WC024) 831.0454102 Breede Valley WC025 Breede Valley Local Municipality (WC025) 3833.519775 Langeberg WC026 Langeberg Local Municipality (WC026) 4517.699219 Cape Winelands District 21472.61938
Overall Cape Winelands District is 21 473 km2 Langeberg Municipality is currently the largest municipal area geographically with 4 518 km2 and Stellenbosch the smallest with 831 km2.
24 The date of the most recent local government elections
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6.2 Air Quality Management25
Exposure to ambient air pollutants can cause a range of significance effects such as those on quality of life from offensive odour, irritation of eyes, the upper respiratory system and skin, and acute and long-term toxic effects.
The National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act26 places a legislative obligation on organs of state to monitor and report on the implementation of air quality management. This has brought about new challenges with regard to air quality management for all spheres of government, but provides an important opportunity for improving air quality for South Africans generally. Clean air is important for good health and wellbeing.
During 2008 to 2010 Cape Winelands District had two air quality monitoring sites which included the Paarl Traffic Department and Worcester Electrical sub-station.
According the most recent air quality management report released by the department of environmental affairs, air pollution levels in Cape Winelands District from 2008 to 2010 are generally low and mostly remains within prescribed SA Standards27.
As part of the legislated requirements municipalities are required to have an Air Quality Management Plan, develop an Air Quality by-law and develop its air quality management capacity. None of the municipalities in Cape Winelands District has managed to complete their Air Quality Management Plans. Cape Winelands District and Drakenstein is in the draft stages. In addition none of the municipalities have managed to approve a by-law for air quality management due to budgetary constraints, with only Drakenstein in draft stage. To date on the district has managed to appoint one air quality officer.
6.3 Water Quality
The Department of Water Affairs initiated the Blue Drop Certification Programme on 11 September 2008 to intensify the focus on the manner tap water quality was being managed and monitored in municipalities.
According to the Blue Drop results for 2011 the drinking water quality management in municipalities of the Western Cape varies from excellent to satisfactory, with 17 systems needing urgent attention. Overall the Western Cape was the second best performing province nationally in terms of the Provincial Blue Drop scores, scoring 94.1 per cent in 2010/11. Overall 29 Blue Drop Certificates were awarded to Western Cape Province, resulting in the highest number of Blue Drop systems in the country.
25 State of Air Quality Management Report for the Western Cape Province, 2008 - 2010 26 Act No. 39 of 2004, known as the NEM: AQA. 27 SA Standards were promulgated In 2012
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Table 36 Blue Drop Scores, Cape Winelands District, 2010/11
Cape Winelands District Blue Drop Certification 2010/11 Average Municipal Green Drop Score (%) Witzenberg 97.6 Drakenstein 95.7 Stellenbosch 95.7 Breede Valley 85.9 Langeberg 32.4
Source: Green Drop Report, 2010/11
Overall 3 of the municipalities in Cape Winelands District obtained Blue Drop scores above the provincial average. Cape Winelands District received 5 of the 29 Blue Drop Certificates; 1 for Drakenstein, 3 for Stellenbosch and 5 for Witzenberg. Overall within the Province, Witzenberg scored the highest Blue Drop score (97.6 per cent), lagging 0.05 per cent behind the metro. The scores for Langeberg are however concerning, and indicates that much more would need to be done for water quality to improve.
6.3.1 Waste Water Treatment28
Waste water service delivery is performed by 27 Water Services Authorities in the Western Cape by way of 155 waste water collector and treatment systems.
All of the municipalities were assessed during the 2010/11 Green Drop Certification compared to 20 municipalities in 2009. The Green Drop results outline the quality of waste water treatment in municipalities based on rigorous assessments done of each water treatment facility. As compared to 107 waste water systems assessed in 2009, all 155 were assessed in 2010/11. The average Green Drop Certification scores for the Western Cape improved from 47 per cent in 2009 to 65 per cent in 2010/11 in the context of more stringent Green Drop requirements than in 2009. The Provincial Green Drop Score achieved was 83.1 per cent placing the Western Cape in the top position nationally. The improvement in submission of performance reports for certification and improvement in the Green Drop results marks a positive trend and a commitment on the part of municipalities in the Western Cape to raise their service standards and levels.
28 Green Drop Regulatory Report Card of 2011, DWA
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Table 37 Green Drop Scores, Cape Winelands District, 2010/11 Cape Winelands District Green Drop Certification 2010/11 Average Municipal Green Drop Score (%) Witzenberg 89.7 Drakenstein 80.3 Stellenbosch 71.3 Breede Valley 78.3 Langeberg 43
Source: Green Drop Report, 2010/11
Cape Winelands District overall received one Green Drop Certificate for a waste water treatment facility in Witzenberg. Overall Witzenberg Municipality received the highest Green Drop score in the district with an average score of 89.7 per cent. Overall Cape Winelands District scored well during the 2010/11 Green Drop Certification process with the exception of Langeberg Municipality receiving the lowest overall score of 43 per cent. Two of the municipalities obtained an average score above the provincial average with Breede Valley lagging slightly behind the provincial average. It is concerning that a high capacity and highly populous municipality such as Stellenbosch obtained an average green drop score of 71.3 per cent, below the provincial average.
The Department of Water Affairs and Environmental Planning however found that there has been an improvement in the waste water treatment performance of Stellenbosch Municipality. One of the factors that negatively affected the Green Drop score was the municipality’s inability to provide compliance trends of its facilities. The assessment furthermore revealed that all of the 6 plants remain in a “high and critical risk space”29.
29 2010/11 Western Cape Green Drop Report, pg. 439
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Cautionary Note
The data used in this profile has been sourced from a number of data providers: Statistics South Africa (Census 2001 data and Community Survey 2007 data), Department of Economic Development (Global Insight Data), Department of Health, Department of Community Safety, Department of Education, Department of Social Development, Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning, Department of Local Government, Western Cape Provincial Treasury, Department of Transport and Public Works and the Western Cape Department of Local Government.
The Statistics Council evaluated the Community Survey 2007 data, which is accompanied by its own cautionary note. The Council cautions users of the 2007 Community Survey on the following:
Institutional population (merely an approximation to 2001 numbers and not new data);
Unemployment in the Community Survey is higher and less reliable (because of questions that were asked differently);
Grants do not match the South African Social Security Agency (SASSA) data and should be interpreted with great care; and
Distribution of households by province has very little congruence with the General Household Survey or last census).
Systematic errors were observed in the population data, which include:
An underestimate of men relative to women;
An underestimate of children younger than 10 years;
An excess of those aged 85+, in particular among men;
Missing women aged 20 – 34 from the Coloured population;
Mal-distribution of the population by province; and
Excess of people aged 10 – 24 in Western Cape.
The Council also found that confidence intervals at some municipal and district levels are very wide. Hence the data needs to be analysed further to ensure reliable data at district and municipal level.
According to the Stats Council, these errors could be due to: “In the absence of a comprehensive sampling frame, it is difficult to determine whether the differences are due to sampling error, biases or the reality that has changed beyond our expectations. There may be other variables that will require similar warnings after further interrogation”, (Statistical release P0301: Community Survey, 2007 [Revised version], 24 October 2008).
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Labour Statistics quoted in the profile are based on Census 2001 and Community Survey 2007 data. The Census and Community Survey is not the most appropriate tool for collecting labour statistics as the survey questionnaire does not cover all the questions as per the Quarterly Labour Force Survey (QLFS), which provides a much more accurate reflection of the labour force status. The Census and Community Survey provides a “rough” or broad indication of labour force trends for small geographical units such as suburbs, towns and municipalities. The user of the profile needs to be aware of these limitations when interpreting the labour data.
As with any data, users need to be cautious when interpreting and analysing data. The population and household data may not be a realistic head count; however the data does give an indication as to trends.
Statistics South Africa advises that the 2011 estimates are based on the latest information available and that estimates may change as new data becomes available.
The population projections used in the profile was provided by the Population, Research and Development Unit of the Department of Social Development in the Western Cape. The methodology applied to arrive at the population projections used in this profile is as follows:
The population figures for each of the six municipalities in the Western Cape were obtained from the community profile data sets for the 1996 and 2001 Census’ and 2007 Community Survey by age and sex.
Unspecified ages by sex in the 1996 census were reapportioned to all the ages above 20, assuming age reporting below 20 to be more accurately and completely reported.
The population of the Western Cape was first projected by age sex between 1996 and 2011, assuming an exponential growth rate between the 1996 and 2001 census to apply in the same period and an exponential growth rate between the 2001 Census and the 2007 Community Survey to apply between 2001 and 2016.
The proportions of the population at each age to the total population by sex in each of the municipalities were then derived from the 1996 and 2001 Census’ and the community survey. Using the ratio method (Shryock and Siegel 1976), the population distributions by age and sex from the 1996 and 2001 Census’ and the 2007 Community Survey were projected by municipality between 1996 and 2016. The population distribution was then projected by interpolating between the 1996 and 2001 Census’, between the 2001 Census and 2007 Community Survey, and then extrapolating exponentially after the 2007 Community Survey, assuming the exponential growth rates by age between the 2001 Census and the 2007 Community Survey.
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The ratio method is mainly based on the relationship between the populations of the municipalities by age to the total population of the Western Cape Province. It was assumed the per cent share distribution to approach a stable condition after 60 years from 2001 (i.e. equilibrium is reached and that there is no further inter- district migration) and an exponential rate of change between the three surveys and after the 1996 and 2001 Census’. The population in each year (1996 - 2016) by sex was then derived by multiplying the population distribution (re-scaling the percentage to sum to hundred per cent by age for each sex in each year) in the respective municipalities for each age group by the corresponding the projected Western Cape population figures.
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