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Psychiatric Approaches to Sexual Violence in the 1980S

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“Compulsive Rapism”: Psychiatric Approaches to Sexual Violence in the 1980s By Jenifer Dodd Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in History August, 2016 Nashville, Tennessee Approved: Sarah Igo, Ph.D. Katherine Crawford, Ph.D. Arleen Tuchman, Ph.D. Jonathan Metzl, Ph.D. Copyright © 2016 by Jenifer Dodd All Rights Reserved ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank by dissertation committee: Sarah Igo, Katherine Crawford, Arleen Tuchman and Jonathan Metzl. Their guidance and mentorship were invaluable. Without their support over my many years at Vanderbilt, this project would not have come to fruition. I would especially like to thank my advisor, Sarah Igo, for her incisive commentary on this project, as well as her much-needed moral support. I would also like to thank the many people who assisted in my archival research, especially the many staff members at the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America (among them, Susan Landry, Diana Carey, Laura Peimer, Amanda E. Strauss, Stacey Flatt, and Ellen M. Shea); Gary McMillan at the American Psychiatric Association’s Melvin Sabshin Library and Archives; and Shawn Wilson at the Kinsey Institute. This research was made possible by the generous financial support of several institutions. I was the recipient of the Schlesinger Library’s Dissertation Grant, as well as the Woodrow Wilson Foundation’s Dissertation Fellowship in Women’s Studies. I also received several awards in the form of research funds from Vanderbilt University’s Graduate School. Thanks to the historians and researchers who provided mentorship, guidance and feedback on this project. In particular, Alexandra Rutherford and Michael Pettit provided insightful commentary on my framing of the women’s movement’s protests of the APA. My peers at Vanderbilt have also provided feedback and moral support over the years. They are too numerous to name here, but the many discussions and cups of coffee we shared shaped this dissertation and my graduate experience in profound ways. Finally, I’d like to thank my friends and family, especially my mom Diane, my dad Gary, and my aunt Pat. You all believed in me, even as my graduate career stretched on into its seventh year. Though my grandmother Laverne is no longer with us, she would have been happy to see this dissertation finally finished. Thanks to Anna Sibley for letting me take up space in her life and home and for providing an uncountable number of home-cooked meals. Thanks as well to her kids, Daniel and Livia, for reminding me that there was life outside of graduate school. Thanks, finally, to Miles Blizzard. I don’t think I would have become a historian had I not met you. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................................................iii ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................................................................................. vi INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................. 1 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................................................................5 CHAPTER OUTLINE.............................................................................................................................................................. 14 A NOTE ABOUT LANGUAGE ............................................................................................................................................. 25 CHAPTER 1. DIAGNOSING RAPE: PARAPHILIC COERCIVE DISORDER IN THE DSM ...........................27 PARAPHILIAS & THE DSM-III ........................................................................................................................................ 30 PCD: A THEORY OF RAPE ................................................................................................................................................ 35 RAPISM IN DSM-III............................................................................................................................................................. 56 PCD IN DSM-III-R .............................................................................................................................................................. 58 POLITICS & SOCIAL ISSUES IN THE APA ..................................................................................................................... 64 DEFINING THE DSM............................................................................................................................................................ 70 CONCLUSION......................................................................................................................................................................... 74 2. “AS A WOMAN AND A MENTAL HEALTH WORKER”: PROTESTING THE DSM-III-R ..76 ANTI-RAPE ADVOCACY IN THE 1970S AND 1980S................................................................................................... 80 PROTESTS AND PETITIONS................................................................................................................................................ 85 WOMEN IN THE MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONS ...................................................................................................101 LABELING (BAD) BEHAVIOR .........................................................................................................................................112 MALE PATHOLOGIES: DDPD AND PCD IN COMPARISON ...................................................................................123 CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................................................................126 3. TREATING SEX OFFENDERS AT JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL............................................ 130 TREATMENT REGIMES .....................................................................................................................................................132 ETHICAL ISSUES .................................................................................................................................................................150 CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................................................................164 4. THE NORTH AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR MAN/BOY LOVE: RHETORIC AND POLITICS IN THE 1980S.............................................................................................................................. 167 NAMBLA’S CULTURAL RELATIVISM........................................................................................................................170 NAMBLA AND EXPERTISE ...........................................................................................................................................174 CHILDREN’S RIGHTS TO WHAT? ..................................................................................................................................178 OFFICIAL RHETORIC AND CONTRADICTIONS...........................................................................................................198 NAMBLA & THE GAY COMMUNITY..........................................................................................................................206 CONCLUSIONS.....................................................................................................................................................................215 5. MENTALLY DISORDERED SEX OFFENDERS IN THE COURTS............................................ 218 INVOLUNTARY COMMITMENT IN THE 1970S AND 1980S .....................................................................................223 MDSO STATUTES..............................................................................................................................................................227 “FOR THE PURPOSES OF TREATMENT”.......................................................................................................................240 PSYCHIATRIC KNOWLEDGE AND ITS LIMITS............................................................................................................258 CONCLUSIONS.....................................................................................................................................................................274 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................................. 276 THE AFTERLIFE OF PCD..................................................................................................................................................281 iv PEDOPHILIA IN THE 21ST CENTURY ..............................................................................................................................289 PSYCHIATRY AND FOURTH-WAVE FEMINISM .........................................................................................................297 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................
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