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Mario Mieli, an Italian, Came to London in 1971 As a Student and Joined the Gay Liberation Front

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Mario Mieli, an Italian, Came to London in 1971 As a Student and Joined the Gay Liberation Front I : ' ! L. ' m�ttiOI rhielii: I I Lj l . , 1 . :. , , , , , , . , . , " . , rt1 . · . +: ' 1h��6�eXuality{ '& ! : 1,1 : ;-- i i � . ; ; : ' : j I : l 1 __: : ; l �- · · : . b L +-+I : · · ·Lr - · · rat11ri-"'- r1 · 1 · · �� �'0�. ; . ; .. i ! ··'--!- l . ! � I I .l ' I W1�1�fs i 1 '.I �f 9aY .J� .�I• I - i � . · I . _I l. ! ! � ; 'i .Ii I i -1 . :. .J _ J I ; i i i ! I . : I li ' i I L -1-- ) I i i i 1 __ I ... ! I I_ . ; � - Gay Men's Press is an independent publishing project intending to produce books relevant to the male gay movement and to promote the ideas of gay liberation. Mario Mieli, an Italian, came to London in 1971 as a student and joined the Gay Liberation Front. The following year he returned to Italy, where he helped to found FUORJ!, the radicaJ gay movement and magazine, in which he has remained active for many years. mario mieli homosexuality and liberation elements of a gay critique translated by david fernbach GAY MEN'S PHESS LONDON First published in Great Britain 1980 by Gay Men's Press Copyright© 1977 Giulio Einaudi editori s.p.a., Turin, Italy Translation, Introduction and English edition Copyright © 1980 Gay Men's Press, 27 Priory Avenue, London N8 7RN. British LibraryCataloguing in Publication Data Mieli, Mario Homosexuality and Liberation. 1 .Homosexuality I. Title 300 HQ76.8.US ISBN O 907040 01 2 Typeset by Range Left Photosetters, London Cover printed by Spider Web Offset, London Printed and bound in Great Britain by A. Wheaton and Company Limited, Exeter Introduction by David Fernbach 7 Preface 18 Chapter One: Homosexual Desire is Universal 21 The Gay Movement Against Oppression 1. 21 Polymorphous 'Perversity', Bisexuality and 2. Trans-Sexuality 23 The Assertion ofHe terosexuality and the Misconception 3. of the Woman Within 31 Neurosis as theNega tive of 'Perversion' 4. 38 Oedipus or The Other 5. 42 Chapter Two: The Ideology of Oppression 53 The Staging of ' Love' 1. 53 The Dogma of Procreation 2. 58 The Psychonazis 3. 60 So-Called 'Therapy' 4. 72 Chapter Three: Fire and Brimstone, or How Homosexuals Became Gay 76 The Homosexual Ta boo and its Origins 1. 76 The Persecution of Homosexuals Over the Centuries 2. 83 ContemporaryLegi slation and the Ho mosexual Rights 3. Movement 89 The Church: From Obscurantist to 'Progressive' 4. 102 Repressive Desublimation and Reformism 5. 106 The Gay RevolutionaryProject 6. 114 Chapter Four: Heterosexual Men, or rather Closet Queens 122 1. Sport 122 2. Male Bonding and Friendship 125 3. Hetero-Queens. The Cult of the Gay Superstar 128 4. Jealousy, Masochism and Sadism 130 5. Sublimation, Social Cohesion and Religion 134 6. Anal Eroticism and Obscene Language. Money and Shit 137 Chapter Five: Crime and Punishment 146 1. Homosexualityin the Guise of He terosexuality 146 2. Hustlers 150 3. The Repressed Roots ofAnt i-Gay Violence 153 Victimisation and Masochism 159 4. Chapter Six: A Healthy Mind in a Perverse Body 166 1. 'Non-Desire and Negation 166 2. Homosexualityand Paranoia l 70 3. The 'Schizophrenic' Trip and Trans-Sexuality 176 4. Wo men and Queens 185 Chapter Seven: Towards a Gay Communism 193 1. Transvestism. Homosexuality and 'Homosexualisation' 193 2. Anxiety and Repression. Gay 'Filthiness' 199 3. Fear of Castration and the Parable of Wa r 201 The Sublimation of Eros in Labour 207 4. 5. The 'Protectors' of the Left 212 6. Straights Faced with Transve�tites. Some Points on the Family 218 The Ghetto. Coming Out at Wo rk 224 7. 8. Subjection and the RevolutionarySub ject 228 Notes 231 introduction The English publication of Mario Mieli's Homosexuality and Liberation truly shows the international character of the gay movement. For Mario himself lived in London for two years, during the heyday of the Gay Liberation Front (1970-72), in which he was one of the more notable activists. And this personal involvement of Mario and other Italians in the British gay movement, in its early, radical stage, contributed to the founding of Fuori! (=come out), the revob1tionary collective and magazine started in Milan in 1972. The Italian gay movement has certainly shared a lot of its history with the movement in Britain and elsewhere, but it has also had its own particular experiences, and developed original and important ideas. So with the translation of Mario's book into English, the international exchange can perhaps flow back again, and just as the Italians were helped from Britain, we can now learnvaluable things from them. There are several significant differences between the political and cultural context in which the Italian gay movement developed, and that in the English-speaking countries. Two of these are the hold of the Catholic church, that great apparatus of sexual repression, which immediately makes sexual politics a sharper issue; and the general crisis of Italian politics and society, with the presence of a large revolutionary movement. This made it rather easier for the gay liberation movement in Italy to maintain its original radical stance for a longer time and resist being dissolved into an apolitical 'gay community' and a meek civil rights movement. Thus, while the attempt at a specifically gay critique of existing society more or less came to an end in Britain 7 Homosexualityand Liberation by 1973, when the radical elements of GLF either drifted into a purely personal liberation, or were taken in tow by the straight left, in Italy the work of and the revolutionary gay collectives Fuori! continued right through the mid 1970s. And Mario Mieli's book represents the most comprehensive presentation of the standpoint these have developed. A further important difference betweenItaly and the English­ speaking world is the position of psychoanalysis. In Britain, and still more so in America, the psychoanalytic tradition has been predominantly clinical and conservative, which has made any radical appropriation of Freudian ideas that much more difficult. In the United States, in particular, psychoanalysis was so well integrated into the psychiatric establishment that the American feminist and gay liberationwriters who were such a major influence on our thinking in the early days of the movement were almost universally and sharply hostile. (Even the work of Norman 0. Brown and Herbert Marcuse, so influential on the American 'new left' of the 1960s, was submerged by the tide of righteous anti-Freudian wrath.) In the Latin countries, however, the grip of Catholicism prevented psychoanalysis from being co-opted into the dominant ideology via clinical practice, so that the subversive side of Freudianism came more sharply to the fore. French and Italian feminists, in particular, saw in Freudian theory a weapon for understanding and challengingthe social construction of femininity. And as elsewhere, the gay movement in Italy developed its ideas in close association with the women's movement. Mario Mieli brushes aside superficial objectionsto Freud based on 'anti-gay' or 'anti-woman' statements taken out of context, to get down to the core of Freudian theory: the conception of an originally undifferentiated desire, or Eros, which is 'trans-sexual' in that it knows no division of gender, and which persists beneath the repression induced by society, in the timeless realm of the id. Homosexuality, then, is not merely universal, and 'congenital' in every human being, it is one in an infinite range of choices of object and aim that is far wider than simply 'bi-sexual'. An Eros liberated fromsocial repression (social in origin, but internalised by the ego's repulsion of forbidden ideas from consciousness) will thus regain this trans-sexual character, not knowing gender 8 Introduction either in subject or object, but relating to anatomical differences simply for what they immediately are. It is precisely on the basis of this Freudian concept of Eros that Mario proceeds to challenge and expose the theories of homosexuality as 'pathological' which grew up even within the psychoanalytic movement in its early years. In descending order from Ferenczi down to Irving Bieber and Robert Stoller - the 'psychonazis', as Mario calls them - these psychologists have merely reproduced the prejudices of heterosexual society, often in so crass a way that they can be refuted simplyby the immediate lived experience of gay people. Indeed, the only experts on homosexuality are homosexuals. Mario goes into considerable detail on the persecution of gay people from Biblical times through to the modem age, and shows how the present fashion for 'tolerance' is merely a more subtle manner of upholding the heterosexual Norm. And he investigates, again basing himself to a fair degree on Freudian concepts, the effects on society as a whole of the repression of the trans-sexual Eros by institutionalised heterosexuality. Writing as a gay man, Mario essentially deals only with the form this takes on the male side. It means, first of all, the repression of the male's own femininity, which among other things gives his relationship with women a false and alienated character. (Only gay men, Mario argues, can really love women - and in the full erotic sense.) It means the repression of a same-sex object choice, which re­ surfaces, however, in 'sublimated' forms, in the phenomena of sport, patriotism, and the male bonding that is the present basis of 'social cohesion', as well as in the systematic violence practised against gay people by those 'heterosexual' men who have greatest difficulty in repressing their own homosexuality. It means the repression of the 'pregenital' erotic components, and anal eroticism in particular, which again makes its returni ti the acquisitive ethos of capitalism. The implications of institutionalised heterosexuality, then, go far beyond the specific problems of gay people. Thus far, Mario Mieli's ideas are not too dissimilar to those developed by Guy Hocquenghem in his Ho mosexual Desire.1 Hocquenghem already trod the path of retrieving the Freudian Eros from its overlay of heterosexist prejudice, and using this as 9 Homosexuality and Liberation an instrument for a theory of gay liberation.
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