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Neuropsychology of Communication Michela Balconi (Ed.) Neuropsychology of Communication Michela Balconi (Ed.) Neuropsychology of Communication 1 3 Editor Michela Balconi Department of Psychology Catholic University of Milan Milan, Italy This is a revised, enlarged and completely updated version of the Italian Edition published under the title Neuropsicologia della comunicazione edited by M. Balconi © Springer-Verlag Italia 2008 All rights reserved ISBN 978-88-470-1583-8 e-ISBN 978-88-470-1584-5 DOI 10.1007/978-88-470-1584-5 Springer Milan Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2010925385 © Springer Verlag Italia 2010 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadca- sting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Italian Copyright Law in its cur- rent version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to pro- secution under the Italian Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protec- tive laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product liability: The publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and application contained in this book. In every individual case the user must check such information by consulting the relevant literature. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Cover design: Ikona S.r.l., Milan, Italy Typesetting: Graphostudio, Milan, Italy Printing and binding: Arti Grafiche Nidasio, Assago (MI), Italy Printed in Italy Springer-Verlag Italia S.r.l. – Via Decembrio 28 – I-20137 Milan Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface Not nothing without you but not the same Erich Fried (1979) Communication has become, in recent years, an autonomous field of theoretical reflection and a proficient research perspective, independent of the study of language and instead focused on the ensemble of competencies needed to produce and com- prehend language. This independence is evidenced by the growing interest in the communicative process, addressed by disciplines such as the social sciences, with specific regard to social cognition, and cognitive psychology, which examines the role of cognitive representation in communication regulation as well as the metacog- nitive functions related to the self-other distinction in the regulation of conversation- al demands. The role and meaning of communication are determined by the conflu- ence of multiple contributions, which share the condition of an agent who is interact- ing with other agents such that the representational systems and relational contexts among agents are mutually modified. The link between communication and the field of neuropsychology is of particu- lar interest. However, in its recent development, the latter has only marginally con- sidered issues relevant to communicative processes, focusing instead on linguistic ones. Much remains to be learned regarding the pragmatic skills of communication, which thus far have been only partially explored from a neuropsychological perspec- tive. Adequate theoretical and methodological tools with which to explore the com- plexity of communicative processes are still lacking. These processes include con- cepts such as the inferential model, mutual knowledge between speakers, and inten- tions decoding, and require the use of sophisticated instruments able to represent interpersonal contexts, the realm where communication operates. The need to distin- guish between “closed” (within speakers’ minds) and “open” and “acted” highlights the importance of novel research domains, such as the newly developed field of neu- ropragmatics. A neuropsychologically based understanding of communication is likely to remain a challenge rather than an ultimately reached goal. Many aspects of commu- nication have yet to be adequately explored, for example, non-verbal components, which include the vocal features and gestural elements of the communicative act. v vi Preface Other aspects, such as the study of mimic and facial expressions, are more advanced, especially with respect to emotion communication. Another and even more difficult goal is the integration of different indices of analysis, i.e., behavioral, psychophysi- ological, and neuropsychological measures, in order to explain the contribution of old and new theoretical models and to confirm or, in some cases, reject previously consolidated perspectives. This book considers these and other important topics in communication. Section I, The Neuropsychology of Language and Communication, provides an anatomic-func- tional perspective. Its four chapters review the contributions made to the study of language, linguistic functions, and communication by the neuropsychological approach. The first chapter considers the neuropsychology of language and commu- nication; specifically, developments in the field over the last decade and the sub-spe- cialties of neurolinguistics and neuropragmatics. Particular attention is paid to knowledge gained through the latter and through social neuroscience. Methodological and technical advances are explored in Chapter 2, which reviews the main and more recent techniques of analysis: neuroimaging (fMRI, PET), magnetic supports (TMS, MEG), and electrophysiological measures (ERPs). The significance of these new technologies in the study of communication is the topic of Chapter 3, which describes the applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the study of linguistic and communicative competences. This non-invasive tool allows investiga- tion of the neuronal basis of language in normal subjects. Chapter 4 explores the processes underlying language comprehension, both in the visual modality of read- ing and in the auditory modality of listening, by focusing on the main stages of lin- guistic information processing, from the sensory to the symbolic level. The book’s second section, Neuropragmatics. Psychophysiological, Neuropsychological and Cognitive Correlates, covers the new discipline of neuro- pragmatics, with specific attention paid to the relationship between theoretical mod- els, such as pragmatic representation of the speech act, and neural correlates under- lying the associated processes. Chapter 5 investigates these topics further in terms of the significance of the relationship between the brain structures, functions, and men- tal processes involved in language use. Metaphors, idioms, general non-composition- al strings, and irony are considered through the application of different neuropsycho- logical methodologies. In Chapter 6, “idiomatic” and “iconic” meanings are ana- lyzed; the main experimental paradigms used are briefly reported and insights gained from studies on patients with focal brain damage are discussed. The chapter closes with a brief mention of idiomatic comprehension in Alzheimer’s disease and what has been learned in investigations of a psychiatric population (schizophrenics). Chapter 7 considers the semantic and iconic correlates of idioms, examining the role of antici- patory mechanisms in the comprehension of idiomatic expressions. These multiword strings are characterized by the fact that their meaning is conventionalized and their constituents are bound together in a predefined order. In Chapter 8, which concludes section, new insights into the neurophysiological mechanisms responsible for lin- guistic processing are presented, including selected examples of the “neurobiologi- cal” approach to syntactic rule acquisition, semantic representation, and speech per- ception/production. Preface vii The important role of intentions in communication and the contribution of differ- ent communicative systems (such as nonverbal components) are analyzed in the third section of the book, From Intentions to Nonverbal Communication. The relationship between intentionality and communicative intentions is discussed in Chapter 9, which highlights the role of consciousness and working memory in communication and considers action strategy, inferential abilities, and mentalization competencies. The contribution of social neuroscience is recognized, especially in exploring the relation between meta-cognition and communication skills. Chapter 10 introduces the topic of nonverbal communication. Neuropsychological studies have underlined the significant presence of distinct brain correlates assigned to analyze the facial expression of emotion and have distinguished the contributions of the two hemi- spheres in comprehending the emotional face, as a function of emotion type (positive vs. negative) and specific tasks (comprehending vs. producing facial expressions). In the last chapter (Chapter 11), the nonverbal communication of emotions is assessed, with specific regard to the brain correlates of attitude and personality. The role that temperament plays in influencing cortical responses to mimic components is ana- lyzed, taking into account subjective sensitivity to environmental emotional cues by using the BIS/BAS model (behavioral inhibition vs. activation system). This book is intended as an important resource for researchers and professionals in the field of communication. Moreover, I hope that the book’s readers
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