Royal Forest Boundaryshowing a Bank Running Over the Top of Setta Barrow

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Exmoor National Park Historic Environment Report Series No 12 THE BOUNDARY OF THE ROYAL FOREST OF EXMOOR: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY Exmoor National Park Historic Environment Report Series No 12 THE BOUNDARY OF THE ROYAL FOREST OF EXMOOR: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Exmoor National Park Historic Environment Report Series

Author: Peter Bonvoisin (student placement, University of Cardiﬀ) Edited by Faye Balmond September 2013

This report series includes interim reports, policy documents and other information relating to the historic environment of Exmoor National Park.

Further hard copies of this report can be obtained from the Exmoor National Park Historic Environment Record: Exmoor House, Dulverton, Somerset. TA22 9HL email [email protected], 01398 322273

FRONT COVER: Section 6 of The Royal Forest Boundaryshowing a bank running over the top of Setta Barrow.

©Exmoor National Park Authority

The Exmoor Moorland Landscape Partnership Scheme is supported by the Heritage Lottery Fund and our local partners and funders.Part financed by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development 2007-2013: Europe investing in rural areas. CONTENTS Page

Summary ...... 1

Introduction ...... 2

Methodology ...... 3

Character of sections of the Royal Forest Boundary ...... 5 Section 1: Alderman’s Barrow to Black Barrow ...... 5 Section 2: Black Barrow to Tom’s Hill ...... 5 Section 3: Tom’s Hill to Brendon Two Gates ...... 5 Section 4: Brendon Two Gates to Saddle Stone ...... 6 Section 5: Saddle Stone to Edgerley Stone ...... 7 Section 6: Edgerley Stone to Kinsford Gate ...... 7 Section 7: Kinsford Gate to Sandyway Cross ...... 7 Section 8: Sandyway Cross to Landacre Gate ...... 8 Section 9: Landacre Gate to Alderman’s Barrow ...... 8

Signiﬁcance ...... 10 Historical signiﬁcance ...... 10 Management Recommendations ...... 12 Stone faced banks ...... 12 Dry stone walls ...... 12 Boundary stones ...... 12 Individual areas and sites ...... 13

Bibliography ...... 13 Appendices ...... 14 Appendix 1: Example ﬁeld record sheet ...... 14 Appendix 2: Gazetteer of boundary sections and sites ...... 15 Appendix 3: Map showing sections referred to in this report ...... 25 Appendix 4: Map showing boundary by type ...... 26 Appendix 5: Map showing the condition of the boundary ...... 27 THE BOUNDARY OF THE ROYAL FOREST OF EXMOOR: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY

SUMMARY This report is based upon ﬁeldwork carried out along the length of the boundary of the former Royal Forest of Exmoor, to assess the form of the boundary as it exists today. It also draws upon evidence from documentary sources referenced in the Exmoor National Park Historic Environment Record. The ﬁndings of this report suggest that the Royal Forest of Exmoor has never been enclosed by a continuous boundary wall, but has utilised a range of natural features and boundary stones. In the post-medieval period it appears that attempts to formalise the boundary with a stone wall or earth bank have been successful along some stretches but did not extend along the entirety of the boundary. This report makes brief assessments of the condition of each section of boundary, with recommendations for areas where future conservation work may be targeted.

Figure 1: The extent of the Royal Forest of Exmoor between 1400 and 1819, also showing its earlier extents (copyright John Hodgson)

Page 1 EXMOOR NATIONAL PARK

INTRODUCTION The Royal Forest of Exmoor was one of many Forests created and retained by the Crown during the medieval and post medieval period as royal hunting grounds and to generate revenue from grazing livestock in summer months. In the case of Exmoor there is no evidence for the King ever having hunted here and the Forest was leased out for nearly two centuries until an Act of Inclosure in 1815 (Siraut 2013, 1). Following this it was disposed of by the Crown in 1819, the majority purchased by John Knight, a midlands industrialist, who then began in earnest the reclamation of Exmoor (Orwin and Sellick 1970, 39-43). Before the reclamation the boundary of the Forest was defined by a combination of streams, boundary stones, prehistoric barrows, cairns and individual trees. The boundary was reinforced by regular ‘perambulations’ (Burton 1989, 29). As part of his terms of sale, John Knight began to build a boundary wall around his new estate, because of which “several of the old boundary marks of the Forest seem to have been absorbed or converted in its construction, being regarded, no doubt, as obsolete.” Orwin & Sellick 1970, 52) The first history of the Forest by E. J. Rawle in 1893 was followed by a comprehensive account by E. T. MacDermot in 1911. Subsequent publications focusing on the Royal Forest include Roger Burton, C.S. Orwin and R.J. Sellick and Mary Siraut who also authored the recently published ‘A field guide to the Royal Forest of Exmoor’. Although the perambulation of the Forest has been recently revived as an annual event, the full length of the Forest boundary has not been surveyed in its entirety. The purpose of this report is to establish and record the form of the boundary around its entire length, with a brief assessment of the condition of the boundary to help inform future conservation works. This survey was undertaken as part of the Exmoor Moorland Landscape Partnership Scheme, funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund. The fieldwork for this report was carried out by Peter Bonvoisin in July 2012. All photographs are credited to Peter Bonvoisin unless otherwise stated. The report was written by Peter Bonvoisin and edited by Faye Balmond.

Page 2 THE BOUNDARY OF THE ROYAL FOREST OF EXMOOR: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY

METHODOLOGY Before setting out in the field a basic working knowledge of the Exmoor Forest boundary was needed. Since this is the first time the Exmoor Forest boundary has been surveyed there are no previous reports to refer to. The Exmoor National Park Historic Environment Record (ENPHER) provided information on published sources referring to the Forest boundary, along with detail on relevant sites on or close to the boundary, such as barrows or boundary stones. Many of the points featured in this report had been recorded prior to this survey as individual monuments, rather than in the context of boundary markers. The Royal Forest boundary was found referred to in a number of published texts, often in relation to perambulations. For the purpose of this report the Royal Forest boundary has been sub-divided into a number of carefully chosen, smaller sections. The primary reason for this was to improve labelling and systematic recording around the boundary. The start and end point of each section is accessible by track or road to limit cross country travel during the survey and for safety reasons. All of the sections are divided into lengths taking between one and two days to survey in their entirety. This ensured an effective flow from walking to recording each section. The five main types of boundary were researched before fieldwork began. These are: boundary stones, barrows and cairns, dry stone walls, banks (often stone faced) and water courses. Other boundary features such as the Hoar Oak Tree were also noted. The boundary type was predicted before fieldwork to plan how much time was needed in the field, and to match ground conditions to the weather forecast; this was especially useful in the very wet summer of 2012. A height, width and depth measurement was recorded for each boundary stone, along with any present/visible erosion hollows. Two photographs were taken of each stone and these were recorded on field record sheets (see appendix 1 for example). Barrows were not recorded in detail since they already have comprehensive ENPHER monument records and several are Scheduled Monuments. Watercourses were not recorded other than at the start and end points of where they contribute to the boundary. For dry stone walls and banks, a photograph was taken along the wall and the national grid references of each end recorded. All data was recorded on field record sheets. This was then transcribed onto an Excel spreadsheet and forms a gazetteer as an appendix to this report. Photographs were recorded numerically by section and given a direction in

Page 3 EXMOOR NATIONAL PARK

brackets e.g. 1 (N). Due to the large number of ﬁles, photographs have not been printed with this report but are available digitally through the Exmoor National Park HER. They are stored in folders which relate to the sections of the report. The original ﬁeld record sheets are deposited with the Exmoor National Park Historic Environment Record.

Page 4 THE BOUNDARY OF THE ROYAL FOREST OF EXMOOR: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY

CHARACTER OF SECTIONS OF THE ROYAL FOREST BOUNDARY A summary of the character of each section of the Royal Forest boundary as surveyed is given below to provide a brief assessment of the form of the boundary across its length. Section 1: Alderman’s Barrow to Black Barrow This part of the boundary is made up purely of boundary stones, not all of which can be found. A number of stones identiﬁed in 1908 (the 6 inch Ordnance Survey) are no longer apparent on the ground. There are six stones currently visible; the main concern with these is that the recumbent stones may become covered in vegetation and lost. All the boundary stones that are still standing were assessed as stable. Section 2: Black Barrow to Tom’s Hill There are no surviving boundary stones marking this section of the boundary. As mentioned in The Reclamation of Exmoor Forest (Orwin and Sellick 1970, 52) they may have been incorporated into Knight’s boundary wall. The boundary runs along a wall from Black Barrow, past Kittuck Barrow and meets the river between Little Tom’s Hill and Tom’s Hill Barrows. This boundary comprises an earth bank with dry stone wall facings. Only in the valleys at Kittuck and Tom’s Hill is dry stone walling used by itself, and at both of these there are hollows in the valley side which could be associated quarries. The remainder of the boundary is made up of an earth bank with stones set into the side. On most of the bank the stone facing is only visible on the northern side. Section 2 ﬁnishes at the branching of Hoccombe water, just above Tom’s Hill. Section 3: Tom’s Hill to Brendon Two Gates The medieval perambulation along this section follows Hoccombe Water, with no other recorded boundary features. This survey has recorded the dry stone wall, built by John Knight, that now runs alongside the watercourse throughout most of this section. Along this valley there are many depressions in the valley side. These are almost certainly quarries used to obtain stone for the boundary. Most of the quarries are situated towards the eastern end of this section and a declining availability of stone could explain why the dry stone wall fades into stone faced earth bank towards Brendon Two Gates.

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The majority of the dry stone wall boundary is collapsed, due to natural weathering and livestock erosion, or it is in a fragile condition. There are a few areas where the dry stone wall has collapsed into the stream and disappeared. From SS 78841 43438 to SS 78340 43337 the dry stone wall has been, or is in the process of being rebuilt. The rebuilding of the dry stone wall appears to be different in shape and size to the original sections. The wall is also being rebuilt in small sections, rather than as a consistent boundary. After the dry stone wall crosses the river at SS 78691 43449, near the confluence of Hoccombe water and the stream cutting across Lanacombe, there is a small section of the dry stone wall where the capping stones have fallen off a rebuilt section. When the boundary crosses the watercourse again it reverts to an older section of dry stone wall. The last part of this section follows a stone faced earth bank. Until near to Brendon Two Gates this section of bank is in poor condition. Beginning at SS 77456 43483 parts of this bank almost completely recede into the marshy ground at this area, and where any remains at all, it is supplemented by a modern stock fence. Section 4: Brendon Two Gates to Saddle Stone This section is divided into two boundary types: lengths of stone faced earth bank and boundary stones. There are also a number of mounds/cairns along this section, one of which has been incorporated directly into the boundary (it has a boundary stone placed on top). MacDermot mentions that the medieval boundary consisted of watercourses, barrows and cairns and boundary stones, so these features may have been part of the earlier medieval boundary (MacDermot 1973, 8). From Brendon Two Gates to Hoaroak the boundary is a stone faced earth bank (with small sections of dry stone wall in the valley down to Hoaroak). However, there are two large stones (4.4, 4.5), the origin and date of which are unknown, but they appear to be gateposts marking a former gateway through the boundary; they are now perched on the edge of a rapidly eroding gulley forming on the south side of the boundary. Just after Hoaroak the first boundary stones are found. Each has been individually recorded. From here to Saddle Stone the focus of the survey moves away from later boundary walls/fences and onto the boundary stones since these seem to have comprised the medieval boundary. From SS 73482 43596 the boundary has no stone faced earth bank alongside it until after Saddle Stone.

Page 56 THE BOUNDARY OF THE ROYAL FOREST OF EXMOOR: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Many of the boundary stones along this section are leaning or recumbent. The ground is rather waterlogged, though this may have been exacerbated by the wet summer of 2012. Whilst most of the stones appear to be stable the ground around them does not, and the stones may be at risk of being lost within the peat. Section 5: Saddle Stone to Edgerley Stone Immediately to the south of Saddle Stone is a stone faced earth bank, heading southwards up the hill. However, this soon ends leaving an empty stretch of moorland between it and Wood Barrow. From Wood Barrow a stone faced earth bank follows the line of the boundary. The first section of this is damaged but most is in very good condition as it is used as a modern field boundary. Section 6: Edgerley Stone to Kinsford Gate This section of the Forest boundary begins at Edgerley Stone. This is not the same point at which section five ends but is down a short stretch of road. It is possible that there were once boundary stones directly between Saddle Stone and Edgerley Stone, however no evidence for this remains today. The next identifiable boundary stone is Hore Stone. The boundary between here and Edgerley Stone consists of open field and a bank, and is in relatively good condition. After Sloley Stone a road runs south along the boundary. The bank follows this road for approximately 800 m. The bank is low and does show signs of previous erosion, but it has no recent evidence of deterioration. It is protected from livestock damage with a fence, and in one place cuts through Setta barrow, which may well have marked the boundary before the construction of the bank. The kerbstones of the barrow are evident. At SS 72977 37498, known as Horsehead Stone (though no boundary stone is evident), the bank stops following the boundary, which is then marked for a short distance by a collapsing stone wall. Continuing on, the boundary returns to a stone faced bank running alongside a road, with this section ending at Kinsford Gate Cross. Section 7: Kinsford Gate to Sandyway Cross All of this section of the Forest boundary comprises stone faced earth banks alongside the road. There are a few places where boundary stones had previously been recorded, however these were not located during this survey and if still present may no longer be visible due to vegetation growth. One possible boundary stone was located at SS 7791 3399 (Cole’s Cross). Like Edgerley Stone it appears to have been used as a gatepost at some point, indicated by the drilled holes in it, and as a result may not be in its original position.

Page 7 EXMOOR NATIONAL PARK

Along this section the stone faced bank is very stable with fencing or trees growing on top of much of it. Section 8: Sandyway Cross to Landacre Gate Beginning at Sandyway Cross the first part of section 8 follows the stream called Litton Water. This section is hard to evaluate for damage but the banks and other features adjacent to the watercourse were considered. Boundary stones had previously been identified in this area but none of the existing stones can confidently be called such, as there appears to be much exposed natural rock in this area (ENPHER accessed July 2012). The bank that follows Litton Water for a stretch becomes a dry stone wall alongside the stream, with a number of small sections showing damage or collapse. This dry stone wall is very close to the water course in a relatively inaccessible area and so is protected to some degree from livestock damage. The final part of the boundary alongside Litton Water has no features associated with it. A stable low earth bank wall with stone facing runs along the next stage of the boundary. Immediately next to the watercourse (SS 81562 32690) the bank is damaged but appears stable, this could change with erosion by the watercourse here. Further from Litton Water the bank is in better condition. At SS 81530 33097, the boundary follows a dry stone wall. This is surrounded by heavy vegetation and as a result is difficult to survey. It is in relatively good condition showing some capstones remaining and overall is upright with a few small collapsed sections. A final section of dry stone wall appears in a much poorer condition as, where the capping stones have gone the dry stone walling has collapsed. At SS 81430 33760, on Halscombe Allotment, the boundary is marked by a stone faced bank, protected by both low beech hedges and a fence. This bank joins a track ending at Landacre Gate. Section 9: Landacre Gate to Alderman’s Barrow From Landacre Gate a stone faced hedge bank, topped with beech runs down towards Sherdon Rock, where the boundary then seems to be marked only by the watercourse for a short period before turning north and again becomes a stone faced hedge bank topped with beech. Where there is no beech on short sections of this bank, it has deteriorated severely. Whilst there is still a bank with a fence, the sides are bare earth which has slumped away leaving it exposed and vulnerable to erosion. Beyond this length the bank is again stable, and eventually follows a road where it is also in good condition. At Red Stone Gate the boundary leaves the road, and for a short distance it cuts

Page 8 THE BOUNDARY OF THE ROYAL FOREST OF EXMOOR: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY

through an open field. Here a boundary stone has previously been recorded, marking the bend in the boundary; however this could not be located. There is a low ditch and ridge also cutting across the field which is most likely an eroded post medieval field boundary. The boundary then follows another stone faced bank. The beech hedge has been laid in sections and a farm track has been created adjacent and alongside part of the hedge. Further down this section there is severe erosion next to the bank. Currently this does not affect or damage the bank though it could become a problem in the future The bank leads down to another watercourse, the river Exe. The boundary follows the Exe from SS 81823 40133 to SS 81584 40357. At this point, it re-joins a stone faced earth bank. The bank then approximately follows Sparcombe Water. The boundary at SS 81569 40629 cuts through the fields next to Sparcombe water, following no obvious markers or features. Re-joining a stone faced bank further up the watercourse, the boundary appears to follow this until SS 81933 41183. However, there are numerous features on the east side of the watercourse which may have, at some point, functioned as markers for the Exmoor Forest boundary, such as the standing stone above Orchard Bottom, situated at SS 82079 41159. From this point, the boundary follows a stone faced earth bank to Larkbarrow Corner. Lark Barrow itself may previously have been a boundary marker for the Forest. From here the bank follows the road up to Alderman’s Barrow.

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SIGNIFICANCE The boundary of the Royal Forest is significant for a number of reasons in addition to its historic legal purpose (discussed below), demarcating land owned by the Monarch. Today, even in its variable condition and format, the generally modest man-made form of the Royal Forest boundary contrasts with the majesty and awe of the moorland landscape, reminding people of the challenging climate and terrain of the moor. The prehistoric barrows, cairns and stones which make up the perambulation have strong local and mythical identities, creating a sense of place in an exposed landscape. The Royal Forest boundary also has significance for moorland edge communities; the gates, barrows and features of the Royal Forest boundary have long been meeting places for the Exmoor hunts and, today, hill walkers. Place names reflect local characters, and watercourses feature in tales of field sports.

Historical significance The Royal Forest boundary displays a variety of forms as can be seen from the foregoing description. Broadly, the built parts of the boundary comprise field banks which reflect the enclosure of the Forest in the 19th century, and a series of boundary stones which to a degree evoke the nature of the medieval Forest boundary itself. In a sense, therefore, some parts of the Royal Forest boundary are significant as they provide a picture of the medieval perambulation. The more remote moorland boundary consists almost entirely of boundary stones with no other apparent features to delineate the Royal Forest. The recorded route of the perambulations can still be followed, along waterways, banks and between boundary stones. The Exmoor Forest boundary is highly significant as the defining feature of the most westerly Royal Forest; the only Forest retaining an unbroken lineage of native Red Deer and ancient breed pony; and where, despite disafforestation, the boundary is largely intact and visible. The boundary documents the transition during the period of disafforestation and attempted reclamation by the Knight family, when the Royal Forest was sold and the boundary transformed into an enclosure for land management, with various forms of banks, some stone faced and topped with hedges. The boundary stones may not all have been sourced at the creation of the

Page 10 THE BOUNDARY OF THE ROYAL FOREST OF EXMOOR: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY

boundary. There is a long history of recycling materials that are scarce on Exmoor, including larger stones. A number of the boundary stones may even have been displaced prehistoric monuments given a second use in the boundary. Examples of this are the large stones that have been used previously as gateposts near Hoar Oak (as evidenced by their drilled holes). The barrows of Exmoor have also been adopted for use as marker points in the perambulation. One of the best examples of this is Setta Barrow which now has a stone faced bank, demarcating the Knight Estate boundary, running straight over the middle of it. The re-use of more ancient features in this way adds a layer of signiﬁcance to them as prehistoric monuments, and the naming of them, examples being Setta Barrow and Alderman’s Barrow, gives them a practical signiﬁcance in the landscape today.

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MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS Stone faced banks Where stone faced banks making up the Royal Forest boundary have been used as modern field boundaries they are generally found to be in a sustainable condition. Some areas of damage were noted but the majority appear to be maintained by the landowner or tenant. Most banks in use as field boundaries have fences on either side of them further protecting them from damage by livestock. It is therefore important that fencing and bank protection is sustained. Efforts should be made, where possible, to prioritise the consolidation of boundaries which form part of the Forest boundary.

Dry stone walls Section 3 in particular was noted as having a large amount of collapsed dry stone walling. While there is clearly a restoration scheme underway, there remains a very large amount of work to be done. The restored wall is very obviously a diﬀerent structure being thicker and more stable, but only when constructed in small sections, contrasting with the historic wall. There are parts of reconstructed wall where the capping stones have been lost, a serious structural issue. Speciﬁcation of the wall restoration work could be reviewed. The work of rebuilding this section of the wall should be maintained if possible, but it is important that it is done in a way that ensures that it does not need major ongoing repairs. Regular monitoring and small scale ‘running repairs’ should be considered.

Boundary stones The boundary stones that make up the Royal Forest boundary are the hardest parts to conserve, and yet they, more than any other part of the boundary, evoke a sense of the medieval Forest boundary. The majority of these are in the most remote parts of the boundary, usually in areas with the least access paths, for example the boggy and wet area between Alderman’s Barrow and Black Barrow (section 1). It is recommended that these should be formally monitored every ﬁve years.

Individual areas and sites The condition of individual areas and monuments forming the Royal Forest boundary was noted as part of this survey. These were recorded as a gazetteer of sites and should be referred to separately. (See appendix 2).

Page 12 Areas of the Royal Forest boundary are built of dry stone wall in varying condition Boundary stones still mark part of the Royal Forest boundary. It is likely that there were many more of these stones marking the medieval boundary of the Forest. Significant areas of the Royal Forest boundary are formed of earth bank, sometimes with a beech hedge.

Prehistoric barrows were used as boundary markers in the original perambulations of the Forest. Setta Barrow (pictured here) is notable for the earth bank boundary constructed over the middle. A few of the Royal Forest boundary stones are identified by name, such as Sloley Stone. This stone is unusual in featuring an inscription.

Situated along the Forest Boundary, these gateposts are now precipitously placed over an eroding gully. Most likely placed under the Knight family, they serve as a reminder of the dynamic nature of the Forest boundary. THE BOUNDARY OF THE ROYAL FOREST OF EXMOOR: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY

BIBLIOGRAPHY Burton, R. 1989. The Heritage of Exmoor . Burton: Barnstaple MacDermot, E. 1972. A history of the Forest of Exmoor . David and Charles Reprints: Newton Abbot Orwin, C. and Sellick, R. 1970. T he Reclamation of Exmoor Forest . David and Charles: Newton Abbot Siraut, M. 2009. Exmoor: the making of an English upland . Phillimore: Chichester Siraut, M. 2013. A ﬁeld guide to the Royal Forest of Exmoor . ENPA: Dulverton

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APPENDICES Appendix 1: Example ﬁeld record sheet

Royal Forest Boundary Survey Recording Sheet

Start Grid Reference:

End Grid Reference (if applicable):

HER Monument ID (if applicable):

Type of Boundary Marker: Barrow Boundary Stone Cairn Dry Stone Wall Earth Bank Gateway River Natural Feature Other (please record type below)

Description:

Condition: Stable/Deteriorating?

Photograph Reference Number(s):

Page 14 THE BOUNDARY OF THE ROYAL FOREST OF EXMOOR: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY

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Page 15 EXMOOR NATIONAL PARK

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Page 22 THE BOUNDARY OF THE ROYAL FOREST OF EXMOOR: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY

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Page 23 EXMOOR NATIONAL PARK

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Page 24 EXMOOR NATIONAL PARK THE BOUNDARY OF THE ROYAL FOREST OF EXMOOR: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Appendix 3: Map showing sections referred to in this report

Page 24 EXMOOR NATIONAL PARK THE BOUNDARY OF THE ROYAL FOREST OF EXMOOR: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Appendix 4: Map showing boundary by type

Page 25 EXMOOR NATIONAL PARK THE BOUNDARY OF THE ROYAL FOREST OF EXMOOR: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Appendix 5: Map showing the condition of the boundary

Page 26