La Expresión De Significados Evaluativos En Foros De Opinión En Inglés En Internet

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La Expresión De Significados Evaluativos En Foros De Opinión En Inglés En Internet UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE FACULTAD DE FILOSOFÍA Y HUMANIDADES DEPARTAMENTO DE LINGÜÍSTICA LA EXPRESIÓN DE SIGNIFICADOS EVALUATIVOS EN FOROS DE OPINIÓN EN INGLÉS EN INTERNET Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Lingüística con mención en Lengua Inglesa CRISTINA ITURRIAGA GAMBOA Profesor Guía: Carlos Zenteno Bustamante Santiago, Chile 2010 AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradezco la colaboración de Carlos Álvarez y el constante apoyo brindado por el profesor Carlos Zenteno Bustamante. TABLA DE CONTENIDOS Sección Página. 1.0 INTRODUCCIÓN ……………………………………………………………………. 1 2.0. PRESENTACIÓN DEL PROBLEMA …………………………………………… 3 3.0. OBJETIVOS …………………………………………………………………………. 5 3.1. Objetivos generales ………………………………………………………….. 5 3.2 Objetivos específicos …………………………………………………………. 5 4.0 PREGUNTAS DE INVESTIGACIÓN ………………………………………………. 6 5.0 MARCO TEÓRICO …………………………………………………………………. 7 5.1 El modelo de ‘valoración’ de Martin y White (2005) ……………………….. 9 5.1.1 Actitud y sus modificaciones ………………………………………. 11 5.1.1.1 Afecto …………………………………………………….. 11 5.1.1.2 Juicio ……………………………………………………… 13 5.1.1.3 Apreciación ………………………………………………. 14 5.2 La sintaxis de la evaluación ………………………………………………….. 15 5.2.1 EL modelo de Hunston y Sinclair (2000) ………………………….. 16 5.2.2 Patrones adicionales ………………………………………………... 25 6.0. PROCEDIMIENTO METODOLÓGICO ………………………………………….. 33 6.1. Diseño de Investigación ……………………………………………………. 33 6.2. Corpus ……………………………………………………………………… 34 6.2.1 Búsqueda y configuración del corpus …………………………….. 34 6.3 Análisis de datos ……………………………………………………………. 37 6.3.1Análisis de los patrones sintácticos de los EnEvs ………………... 38 6.3.2 Categorización de enunciados con modelo evaluativo ………….. 40 6.4 Tabulación de datos …………………………………………………….…… 43 6.4.1 Tabulación de datos sintácticos …………………………………… 44 6.4.2 Tabulación de datos según modelo evaluativo ………………….. 44 7.0 RESULTADOS …………………………………………………………………….. 45 7.1 Resultados del análisis de los patrones sintácticos de los EnEvs …………… 45 7.2 Resultados del análisis de los significados evaluativos de las ExEvs según el modelo de Martin y White (2005) ………………………… 52 7.3 Discusión de resultados ……………………………………………………… 60 8.0 CONCLUSIONES ………………………………………………………………….. 62 9.0 REFERENCIAS ……………………………………………………………………. 65 ÍNDICE DE DIAGRAMAS, TABLAS Y GRÁFICOS Página Diagrama 1 Categoría Afecto según Martin y White (2005) 12 Diagrama 2 Afecto modificado para esta investigación 12 Diagrama 3 Categoría Juicio según Martin y White (2005) 13 Diagrama 4 Juicio modificado para este estudio 14 Diagrama 5 Apreciación según Martin y White (2005) 14 Diagrama 6 Categoría Apreciación modificado para esta investigación 15 Tabla 1 Modelo de tabla de vaciado de datos con enfoque sintáctico 39 Tabla 2 Modelo de tabla de vaciado de datos con enfoque sintáctico de 40 patrones adicionales. Tabla 3 Aspectos considerados en la identificación del enunciado 40 evaluativo con el modelo Martin y White (2005) Tabla 4 Patrones sintácticos de H y S (2000) identificados 46 en el corpus y sus respectivas ocurrencias Tabla 5 Patrones adicionales identificados en el corpus 49 Tabla 6 Tipos de constituyentes sintácticos subyacentes en las ExEvs 50 Tabla 7 Número de ocurrencia de ExEvs por discusión, y porcentaje 53 equivalente, según modelo de M y W (2000) Tabla 8 Frecuencia de ocurrencias y porcentaje de la evaluación 55 explícita e implícita. Tabla 9 Frecuencia de ocurrencia y porcentaje de categorías 56 evaluativas según modelo de M y W 2005 Tabla 10 Frecuencia de ocurrencia y porcentaje de sub-categorías 57 evaluativas afecto según modelo de M y W (2005) Tabla 11 Frecuencia de ocurrencia y porcentaje de sub-categoría 58 evaluativa apreciación según modelo de M y W (2005) Tabla 12 Frecuencia de ocurrencia y porcentaje de sub-categorías 59 evaluativas juicio según modelo de M y W (2005) Gráfico 1 Número de textos interactivos (TIs) por discusión 45 Gráfico 2 Porcentaje de frecuencia de ocurrencia de los patrones 47 sintácticos de H y S (2000). Gráfico 3 Porcentaje de ocurrencia de patrones adicionales 49 Gráfico 4 Porcentaje de patrones con expresión evaluativa presente en 3 51 construcciones gramaticales Gráfico 5 Porcentaje de expresiones evaluativas y la distribución de 51 categorías evaluativas por construcciones sintácticas Gráfico 6 Porcentaje de ocurrencia de ExEvs por discusión en el corpus 54 Gráfico 7 Porcentaje de la frecuencia de ExEvs explícitos e implícitos 55 Gráfico 8 Porcentaje de frecuencia de ocurrencia de categorías 56 evaluativas según modelo de M y W 2005 Gráfico 9 Porcentaje de frecuencia de ocurrencia de sub-categorías 58 evaluativas afecto según modelo de M y W 2005 Gráfico 9 Porcentaje de frecuencia de ocurrencia de sub-categorías 58 evaluativas afecto según modelo de M y W 2005 Gráfico 10 Porcentaje de frecuencia de ocurrencia de sub-categorías 59 evaluativas apreciación según modelo de M y W 2005 Gráfico 11 Porcentaje de frecuencia de ocurrencia de sub-categorías 60 evaluativas apreciación según modelo de M y W 2005 1 1.0 INTRODUCCIÓN Durante las últimas décadas, los avances tecnológicos en el campo de las comunicaciones han generado grandes cambios en la forma de intercambio de información entre los seres humanos. Estos cambios se ven reflejados en el creciente número de personas que cada día pasan a formar parte de una comunidad global interconectada cuya expansión y consolidación parece no detenerse. Al respecto, Internet representa una de las herramientas de información y comunicación masiva más utilizada en variados ámbitos del quehacer humano y social. Esta herramienta posee importantes características tales como la libertad de expresión y flexibilidad de acceso a la información. Estas características han abierto un valioso espacio para quienes, por ejemplo, sin ser científicos, críticos especializados o periodistas profesionales, desean expresar sus opiniones respecto de una gran cantidad de temas planteados diariamente en variados foros interactivos en Internet En la presente investigación, se ha emprendido un estudio de carácter empírico y cuantitativo de las expresiones evaluativas empleadas en foros interactivos generados en sitios web, en los cuales se vierten e intercambian juicios y opiniones de carácter técnico y no técnico acerca de temas presentados por una persona iniciadora de discusión. El propósito principal ha sido dar cuenta de la frecuencia de ocurrencia de las distintas categorías de significados evaluativos expresados en los textos interactivos escritos como ‗respuestas‘ a los temas planteados en los foros de opinión referidos. Para este efecto, se ha empleado, y modificado parcialmente, el modelo descriptivo de las categorías evaluativas propuesto por Martin y White (2005), aplicable tanto en el nivel oracional como en el nivel textual –especialmente- y discursivo. 2 Conjuntamente, otro objetivo central del estudio ha sido proceder a la descripción de los aquí denominados ‗patrones sintácticos‘ y ‗configuración sintáctica‘ de las expresiones que formalizan los significados evaluativos bajo estudio. La Tesis aquí presentada ha sido organizada en 10 secciones principales. A continuación de este apartado introductorio, en la sección 2 se presenta la Descripción del Problema, además de la información acerca de los Antecedentes que dieron origen a la investigación. En la sección 3, se presentan tanto los Objetivos Generales como los Objetivos Específicos, mientras que la sección 4 expone las correspondientes Preguntas de Investigación. En la sección 5, Marco Teórico, se describen los fundamentos teóricos y los modelos descriptivos empleados en el análisis de los datos bajo estudio. Se presentan, además, las modificaciones introducidas a los modelos descriptivos. En la sección 6, se informa acerca de los Procedimientos Metodológicos implementados para cumplir con los objetivos formulados. La sección 7 expone los Resultados parciales y totales derivados del análisis de los datos. En la sección 8, se presentan las Conclusiones del estudio. Finalmente, en la sección 10, se presentan las Referencias consultadas en las distintas etapas de la investigación. Los Apéndices que complementan la totalidad de la investigación son presentados a continuación de las Referencias en el orden siguiente: Apéndice 1: corpus total con enunciados evaluativos del modelo sintáctico. Apéndice 2: Tablas de patrones sintácticos. Apéndice 3: Tabla de análisis según modelo evaluativo de Martin y White (2005). 3 2.0. PRESENTACIÓN DEL PROBLEMA En los últimos 15 años, el aumento explosivo de las plataformas virtuales de interacción social ha incrementado significativamente las oportunidades que Internet ofrece a sus usuarios para expresar sus opiniones acerca de temas de interés personal o público. La creciente variedad de temas planteados y discutidos en las distintas plataformas de interacción provee, indirectamente, un abundante corpus lingüístico de distinta índole, del cual, los especialistas de las (inter) disciplinas lingüísticas pueden seleccionar amplios conjuntos de textos para sus investigaciones. Entre las plataformas de interacción social de Internet, los foros de opinión ocupan un lugar importante. Estos presentan un formato distinto de otras plataformas públicas como los blogs, Twitter o Facebook. Un foro de opinión es uno de los componentes opcionales1 de un sitio web. Éste cuenta con secciones que cumplen distintas funciones dentro de las que se encuentran las reglas del foro, las FAQs2, información acerca de los moderadores y administradores, y subforos principales donde se tratan asuntos relacionados con el tema central del foro. En
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