Análise Dinâmica De Redes Em Futebol: Contributo Para a Determinação Da Influência Individual No Desempenho Coletivo

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Análise Dinâmica De Redes Em Futebol: Contributo Para a Determinação Da Influência Individual No Desempenho Coletivo UNIVERSIDADE TÉCNICA DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE MOTRICIDADE HUMANA Análise dinâmica de redes em futebol: Contributo para a determinação da influência individual no desempenho coletivo Dissertação apresentada com vista à obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Treino de Alto Rendimento Orientador: Professor Doutor Ricardo Filipe Lima Duarte Coorientador: Professor Doutor Fernando Paulo de Oliveira Gomes Júri Presidente Professor Doutor Pedro José Madaleno Passos Vogais Professor Doutor Fernando Paulo de Oliveira Gomes Professor Doutor Ricardo Filipe Lima Duarte Professor Doutor Luís Pedro Camelo Vilar Vitor José Jorge Pereira Julho 2015 Declaração de Reprodução da Dissertação Nome: Vitor José Jorge Pereira Endereço eletrónico. [email protected] Telefone: 265497314 Número do Cartão de Cidadão: 10122046 4zz2 Título: Análise dinâmica de redes em futebol: Contributo para a determinação da influência individual no desempenho coletivo. Orientador: Ricardo Filipe Lima Duarte Co-Orientador: Fernando Paulo de Oliveira Gomes Ano de conclusão: 2015 Mestrado: Treino de Alto Rendimento É autorizada a reprodução integral desta tese/trabalho apenas para efeitos de investigação, mediante declaração escrita do interessado, que a tal se compromete. Faculdade de Motricidade Humana – Universidade de Lisboa Cruz Quebrada, 26/ 06 / 2015 Assinatura______________________________________________________________ Agradecimentos À semelhança da performance individual dos jogadores de futebol, também o desenvolvimento deste trabalho teve momentos altos e baixos. Olhando para trás, percebo agora um pouco melhor que todos foram importantes, pois se os primeiros serviram de incentivo para prosseguir em frente, os segundos constituíram pontos de mudança numa rota que não se antevia certa. Felizmente, neste percurso tive o privilégio de contar com o permanente apoio de algumas pessoas, às quais gostaria de expressar o meu sincero reconhecimento e agradecimento: Ao Professor Doutor Ricardo Duarte, pela visão, rigor e disponibilidade permanente ao longo da realização do trabalho. A sua intuição, talento e extraordinária capacidade para desafiar o conhecimento, levaram-me muitas vezes a superar os meus limites, indo para além do que julgava ser capaz. Ao Professor Doutor Fernando Gomes, pela generosidade, experiência e entusiasmo dado durante o desenvolvimento deste trabalho. Quantas vezes, foi a “alavanca” de que precisei para renovar energias e avançar. Ao meu colega do mestrado em treino desportivo, Miguel Saraiva, pela ajuda despretensiosa dada ao longo deste trabalho, especialmente durante a preparação e organização dos dados, sem os quais não teria conseguido realizar este trabalho. Aos colegas de trabalho nas Escolas Básicas de Grândola e de Vidigueira, pela paciência, para lá do razoável, em ouvir-me falar deste trabalho e pelo apoio manifestado ao longo desta intensa aventura. À Prozone, na pessoa do Dr. Paul Power, por ter facultado a base de dados dos jogos da Premier League, relativos a época 2012-2013. I Aos meus pais, irmãos e restante família pelo suporte que me dispensam e com o qual sinto que posso contar sempre. Um agradecimento muito especial a Lena, não apenas por tudo o que abdicou ao longo destes longos meses, mas também por ter estado sempre a meu lado em todos os momentos deste projeto. Finalmente, para o Renato e Miguel, que a vontade e determinação expressos neste trabalho constituam para si um exemplo. A todos MUITO OBRIGADO. II Resumo Esta dissertação teve como objetivo investigar a influência individual dos jogadores de futebol na criação de redes de circulação da bola das suas equipas. Para captarmos a dinâmica da influência individual de cada jogador procedemos a uma análise temporal das redes de distribuição de passe dos jogadores, em intervalos de cinco minutos, deslizando este intervalo minuto a minuto. Deste modo obtivemos um mínimo de 40 registos da influência individual de cada jogador em cada parte do jogo. A amostra consistiu nos 380 jogos efetuados na Premier League, na época 2012-2013. Os resultados demonstram grandes níveis de variabilidade da influência individual dos jogadores na rede de circulação de bola das equipas durante os jogos. Para além disso, os jogadores mais influentes foram também os mais estáveis nessa mesma influência ao longo do jogo. Por outro lado, foram identificados grupos de jogadores com semelhantes graus de influência individual na rede de circulação de bola, ficando bem evidente uma tendência para a diminuição do tamanho de cada grupo à medida que aumenta o nível da influência individual dos jogadores. Finalmente, a posição ocupada em campo pelos jogadores demonstrou ter um efeito no grau de influência de cada jogador durante o jogo. Os Médio Centro foram os jogadores que exerceram maior influência na rede de circulação da bola das suas equipas, comparativamente com os jogadores de outras posições em campo. Palavras-chave: Futebol; interação; redes sociais; dinâmica; influência individual. III Abstract This work aimed to investigate the influence of individual soccer players at the creation of circulation network of the ball in their teams. To capture the dynamic of the individual influence of each player we proceed to a temporal analysis of pass distribution networks of the players, at five minute intervals, this slipping this interval minute by minute. Thus we have obtained a minimum of 40 records of individual influence of each player in each part of the game. The sample consisted in the 380 matches played in the Premier League season 2012- 2013. The results showed high levels of variability of individual influence of the players on the ball circulation network of teams during the games. In addition, the most influential players are also more stable in the same influence during the game. Moreover, groups of players have been identified with similar degrees of individual influence on the ball circulation network, with a clear evidence of a tendency to decrease the size of each group as long as the level of influence of the individual players is increasing. Finally, the position occupied by the players on the field shown to have an effect on the degree of influence of each player during the game. The midfielder was the players who had the greatest influence on ball circulation network of its teams compared to players in other positions on the field. Keywords: Football; interaction; social networks; dynamic; individual influence. IV Índice geral Agradecimentos .................................................................................................................. I Resumo ............................................................................................................................. III Abstract ........................................................................................................................... IV Índice geral ....................................................................................................................... V Índice de tabelas ............................................................................................................. VI Índice de figuras .............................................................................................................. VI 1. Delimitação do problema ............................................................................................ 1 2. Revisão da Literatura .................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Teoria dos sistemas complexos ........................................................................... 5 2.2 Redes sociais ....................................................................................................... 6 2.2.1 Perspetiva histórica das redes sociais .......................................................... 6 2.2.2 Teoria das redes sociais ................................................................................ 7 2.3 Análise de performance ....................................................................................... 8 2.4 Redes sociais aplicadas ao futebol ..................................................................... 10 3. Método .............................................................................................................. 13 3.1 População ............................................................................................................ 14 3.2 Procedimentos ..................................................................................................... 14 3.3 Análise de dados .................................................................................................. 15 4. Apresentação dos resultados .............................................................................. 17 4.1 A influência individual dos jogadores na rede de circulação da bola ................ 18 4.1.1 Capacidade de intermediação (betweenness) ........................................... 18 4.1.2 Qualificação das ligações (eigenvector) ..................................................... 20 4.2 Identificação dos grupos de influência na rede de circulação da bola .............. 22 4.3 O efeito da posição em campo no nível de influência dos jogadores ............... 24 5. Discussão dos resultados .................................................................................... 26 6. Conclusões ......................................................................................................... 33 7. Bibliografia ........................................................................................................
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