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Special-Issue-1-2019.Pdf Rivista di diritti comparati Rivista quadrimestrale Special Issue I (2019) DIREZIONE Andrea Buratti – Università di Roma “Tor Vergata” Giuseppe Martinico – Scuola Universitaria Superiore Sant’Anna di Pisa Oreste Pollicino – Università commerciale “Bocconi” di Milano Giorgio Repetto – Università di Perugia Raffaele Torino – Università Roma Tre COMITATO SCIENTIFICO Richard Albert (University of Texas), Vittoria Barsotti (Univ. Firenze), Francesco Bilancia (Univ. Chieti- Pescara), Roberto Bin (Univ. Ferrara), Giuseppe Bronzini (Corte di cassazione), Ermanno Calzolaio (Univ. Macerata), Paolo Carrozza (Scuola Sant’Anna, Pisa), Marta Cartabia (Univ. Bicocca, Corte costituzionale), Ginevra Cerrina Feroni (Univ. Firenze), Francesco Cerrone (Univ. Perugia), Roberto Conti (Corte di cassazione), Diego Corapi (Univ. Sapienza, Roma), Barbara De Donno (Luiss “Guido Carli”), Pasquale De Sena (Univ. Cattolica del Sacro cuore, Milano), Giuseppe De Vergottini (Univ. Bologna), Alessandra Di Martino (Univ. Sapienza, Roma), Giuseppe Franco Ferrari (Univ. Bocconi), Tommaso Edoardo Frosini (Univ. Suor Orsola Benincasa), Anna Gamper (Universität Innsbruck), Javier García Roca (Universidad Complutense de Madrid), Michele Graziadei (Univ. Torino), Peter Hay (Emory University), Nicola Lupo (Luiss “Guido Carli”), Elena Malfatti (Univ. Pisa), Francesco S. Marini (Univ. Roma Tor Vergata), Miguel Poiares Maduro (European University Institute), Giovanni Marini (Univ. Perugia), Roberto Mastroianni (Univ. Napoli Federico II), Petros Mavroidis (Columbia University, NY; Université de Neuchâtel), Antonello Miranda (Univ. Palermo), Luigi Moccia (Univ. Roma Tre), Laura Montanari, (Univ. Udine), Massimo Papa (Univ. Roma Tor Vergata), Ernst Ulrich Petersmann (European University Institute), Valeria Piccone (Corte di Cassazione), Cesare Pinelli (Univ. Sapienza, Roma), Giovanni Pitruzzella (Univ. Palermo, Corte di Giustizia UE), Marie-Claire Ponthoreau (Université de Bordeaux), Patricia Popelier (University of Antwerp), Paolo Ridola (Univ. Sapienza, Roma), Roberto Romboli (Univ. Pisa), Antonio Ruggeri (Univ. Messina), Alejandro Saiz Arnaiz (Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Roberto Scarciglia (Univ. Trieste), Robert Schütze (Durham University), Francesco Viganò (Univ. Bocconi, Corte costituzionale) REDAZIONE Marco Bassini – Università commerciale “Bocconi” di Milano Giacomo Delledonne – Scuola Universitaria Superiore Sant’Anna di Pisa Claudio Di Maio – Università della Calabria Silvia Filippi – Università di Perugia Francesco Saitto – Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza” SOMMARIO Economic Inequality as a Global Constitutional Challenge ANTONIA BARAGGIA, MARK A. GRABER, RAN HIRSCHL, LORENZA VIOLINI, Introduction [pp. iv-vi] CATARINA SANTOS BOTELHO, Social rights trapped in enduring misconceptions of the social state [pp. 7 - 31] FRANCESCO SAITTO, The Decline of “Middle-Class Constitutionalism” and the Democratic Backlash [pp. 32 - 58] ANTONIA BARAGGIA, BENEDETTA VIMERCATI, Human dignity and Economic inequality: constitutional theory and policy practice [pp. 59 - 89] MARK A. GRABER, Access To Justice In The Theory Of Constitutional Democracy [pp. 90 - 112] INGRID LEIJTEN, Economic Inequality, Fundamental Rights Adjudication, and the (Limited) Potential of Non-Discrimination Review [pp. 113 - 132] IRENE PELLIZZONE, Economic Crisis and rights of women in the Labour Field: The Crisis as a Trigger For the implementation of social rights? [pp. 133 - 146] SABRINA RAGONE, Domestic Response to the Financial Crisis: Reforms of Executive Branches in Economically Weak Countries of the Eurozone [pp. 147 - 166] IRENE SPIGNO, Gender violence against low-income women in Mexico. Analysis of the Inter-American doctrine [pp. 167 - 193] STEFANO TRANCOSSI, Economic Inequality and Voter Choices: The Italian Case [pp. 194 - 225] ERIKA ARBAN, Metropolitan Cities, Federalism and Socio-economic Challenges [pp. 226 - 251] Questo numero inaugura una nuova serie pubblicata dalla Rivista formata da Special Issue, la cui numerazione è indipendente rispetto agli altri fascicoli. In questa serie, saranno pubblicati autonomi volumi monografici. In futuro, altri numeri speciali potranno essere pubblicati, seguendo un criterio di numerazione progressiva. La Direzione sarà lieta di raccogliere proposte in tal senso. This issue inaugurates a new series published by the Rivista, formed by Special Issues, whose numbering is independent from the other issues of the Journal. In this series, autonomous monographic volumes will be published. In the future, other special issues may be published using a progressive numbering system. The Editorial Committee will be happy to receive proposals to this effect. Il regolamento relativo alla procedura di valutazione dei contributi pubblicati nella Rivista e le Norme editoriali sono disponibili on line all’indirizzo www.diritticomparati.it/rivista Editore: Andrea Buratti (Università di Roma “Tor Vergata”), Giuseppe Martinico (Scuola Universitaria Superiore Sant’Anna di Pisa), Oreste Pollicino (Università commerciale “Bocconi” di Milano), Giorgio Repetto (Università di Perugia), Raffaele Torino (Università Roma Tre) Coordinatore Editoriale: Serenella Quari Sede: Via Roentgen, 1 – 20136 Milano / Via O. Raimondo, 18 – 00173 Roma ISSN: 2532-6619 Introduction Economic Inequality as a global constitutional challenge Antonia Baraggia, Mark A. Graber, Ran Hirschl, Lorenza Violini “The socio-economic divide has been on the rise in Europe over the past decades, and has intensified since the onset of the global financial crisis. High and rising inequality harms our societies in many respects, not least in terms of economic growth. It can hamper social cohesion, results in lost opportunities for many, and can even result in worse health outcomes”. (OECD, 2017). The growth of economic inequality is one of the most challenging phenomena of our time. It has shown to have had significant effects on politics and society. Research has traced connections between the increase of economic inequality in all its manifestations, and the recurring crises of liberal democracies, in particular the rise of populism. The economic crisis in Europe, to pick one example, has exacerbated class divisions and deeply affected social rights protection, eroding the basis of the European welfare state. Its impact has been farther accentuated by so-called refugee crisis, in turn putting additional strain on access to social rights to all persons, and threatening the sustainability of traditional welfare systems. These multiple crises explain why comparative legal scholars have started to study in depth the relationship between constitutionalism, economic inequality, hegemonic conceptions of rights, and the traditional competing paradigms of the “interventionist” state and “abstentionist” state (neo-liberal approaches). Both interventionist and (neo)liberal approaches claim to favor the public interest and reduce inequality. Whether they can deliver upon their promises in deeply divided – and even polarized – societies is up for grabs. The many questions these scholars are considering include: What is the role (if any) of constitutional law in facing the rise of economic inequality on a global scale? ISSN 2532-6619 IV Special Issue I (2019) Antonia Baraggia, Mark A. Graber, Ran Hirschl, Lorenza Violini Introduction: Economic Inequality as a global constitutional challenge Is the liberal constitutional model able to respond to the challenges posed by economic inequality? Are expanding human rights protection systems and the recognition of ESR on a global scale enough to deal with economic inequality? Do existing constitutional theories and constitutional arrangements effectively deal with rising economic inequality? What theoretical and institutional adjustments are necessary to alleviate the threat rising economic equality poses to constitutional democracy? This special issue, featuring a selection of papers presented at the First European Constitutional Law “Schmooze”—an open conversation among scholars of constitutional law that took place at the University of Milan’s Faculty of Law in October 2018—aims to address the complex interplay between constitutional law and economic inequality. It features ten contributions, ranging from general theoretical accounts to papers dealing with a concrete angle or a case-study. The first theoretical part comprises five contributors. Catarina Santos Botelho focuses on the highly controversial constitutional debate on social rights design and the social state. Francesco Saitto’s paper, “The Decline of Middle-Class Constitutionalism and the Democratic Backlash,” looks in historical and comparative perspectives at the dynamic balance between economic inequality and political equality, within the context of the decline of “middle-class constitutionalism,” which characterizes contemporary Western liberal democracies. Antonia Baraggia and Benedetta Vimercati’s paper addresses the relation between human dignity and economic inequality, through the lens of the implementation of minimum income schemes across Europe. Mark A. Graber’s article deals with the relation between the theory of constitutional democracy and the practice of access to justice, in particular in terms of the support system necessary for less fortunate members of the polity to obtain remedies for legal wrongs. Looking at the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, Ingrid Leijten explores the potential and limits of the principle of non-discrimination in adjudicating social rights. The second
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