Fall 2012 | Volume 22 | Number 4 Religion Inside this issue Hearne First Citizen and Antilon: The Carroll-Dulany Debates • Barnett Still the Best Hope • Walker Rachel Carson’s Envi- Liberty ronmental Religion • Liberal Tradition Metropolitan Philip II of Moscow • Sirico & The Role of Profits

Christianity under Siege: Building a Common Front in Defense of the Faith An Interview with Metrroopolliitan Hilarioonn

A Journal of Religion, Economics, and Culture Editor’s Note

He touches on the topic in this inter- The “In the Liberal Tradition” figure is view and how the surge of liberal Prot- Metropolitan Philip II (1507 – 1569). estantism is damaging Christian unity Philip, a martyred Russian Orthodox and cooperation with the Western monk, declared, “If I do not bear witness world. This too, is a topic that is given to the truth, I render myself unworthy far too little attention. of my office as a bishop. If I bow to men’s will, what shall I find to answer “First Citizen and Antilon” by Samuel Christ on the Day of Judgment?” It’s a Hearne is an important piece given the simple yet deep declaration for those in current rise of religious persecution by Church leadership to emulate today as civil authorities in America. The 18th some ecclesiastical leaders are pressured Christianity is the world’s most perse- Century newspaper debate between into bowing to the will and agenda of cuted faith today. Around 200 million Charles Carroll of Carrolton and Daniel contemporary culture. Christians are denied fundamental Dulany helped to advance religious free- human rights solely because of their faith dom, the rights of man, and the nature In light of the ongoing attacks on suc- in Christ. Metropolitan Hilarion of Volo- of government in colonial Maryland. cess in the private sector and private kolamsk, who is chairman of the Russian The debate also resulted in Carroll’s rise property, we offer an excerpt from Church’s Department of External Church in Maryland as an important figure for Rev. Robert A. Sirico’s Defending the Relations, is especially vocal against the American liberty as a signer of the Dec- Free Market on “The Role of Profits.” crisis of slaughter and persecution that laration of Independence. He was the Rev. Sirico asks, “if profits are morally has persisted after the “Arab Spring.” only Catholic signer of the document. dubious, are losses more ethical?” Sadly, this issue has far too few voices sounding the alarm, but the Russian Timothy J. Barnett reviews Dennis Prag- It is my hope that this issue gives us Metropolitan is an important defender er’s Still the Best Hope: Why the World Needs added insight into how we think about of religious freedom and the rights of American Values to Triumph and Bruce many of the problems that plague our Christians around the world. Edward Walker reviews Silent Spring at society, while equally offering encour- 50: The False Crises of Rachel Carson. That agement and motivation to offer truth Metropolitan Hilarion is also involved book was edited by Roger Meiners, to the world. in ecumenical relations with Roman Pierre Desrochers, and Andrew Morriss. Catholics and conservative Protestants. Editorial Board Contents Christianity under Siege: Building a Common Front Publisher: Rev. Robert A. Sirico in Defense of the Faith: Executive Editor: John Couretas Interview with Metropolitan Hilarion ...... 3 Editor: Rev. Raymond J. de Souza First Citizen and Antilon: The Carroll- Dulany Debates: Samuel Hearne ...... 4 Managing Editor: Ray Nothstine Still the Best Hope: Why the World Needs Graphics Editor: Peter Ho American Values to Triumph: Timothy J. Barnett ...... 7 Rachel Carson’s Environmental Religion: The Acton Institute for the Study of Religion and Liberty promotes a free society characterized by individual liberty and sustained by religious principles. Bruce Edward Walker ...... 9 Letters and requests should be directed to: Religion & Liberty; Acton Institute; Acton FAQ ...... 10 98 E. Fulton Street, Suite 101; Grand Rapids, MI 49503. For archived issues In the Liberal Tradition: Metropolitan Philip II ...... 13 or to subscribe, please visit www.acton.org/publicat/randl. Column: Rev. Robert A. Sirico ...... 14 The views of the authors expressed in Religion & Liberty are not necessarily those of the Acton Institute. © 2013 Acton Institute for the Study of Religion and Liberty.

Cover: Metropolitan Hilarion talks with Episcopal Bishop Daniel Martins at Nashotah House Theological Seminary, Nashotah, Wis., in October 2012. Photo credit: Nashotah House.

2 Religion& Liberty Christianity under Siege: Building a Common Front in Defense of the Faith An Interview with Metropolitan Hilarion

In early January 2013, a United Nations worked to build stronger ties with other Chris- begin the process of reconciliation in that part special envoy reported that the civil war in tian communities but has also been outspoken of the world? Syria had reached “unprecedented levels of about what he sees as a lack of “fidelity to Metropolitan Hilarion: If we look at horror” with an estimated death toll of more Biblical principles in the realm of morality” in events which have been unfolding in the than 60,000 people. In the wake of the Arab progressive Protestant churches. Middle East for the last 10 years, we can Spring uprisings, the situation for Christians Religion & Liberty Executive Editor John see a tendency, which is noticeable in in Syria, and in many parts of the Middle East Couretas interviewed Hilarion in October 2012 many countries. And this has to do with and North Africa, continues to deteriorate. at the Nashotah House Theological Seminary the gradual extermination of Christianity The Russian Orthodox Church has been among in Nashotah, Wis. He was at the Anglican in the Middle East due to various political the most active witnesses against Christian seminary to receive an honorary Doctor of reasons, due to great political instability, persecution in Syria and other which is peculiar to many countries around the world. In countries of this region. I a statement about the Middle think if we look at the ex- East, the Russian Bishops’ ample of Iraq, for example, Council warned of “the vanish- we’ll see that 10 years ago ing of Christianity in the lands there were 1.5 million Chris- where it has existed for two tians living in that country. millennia and where the main Now, there are only 150,000 events of the Holy History took left. So nine-tenths of the place would become a spiritual Christian population of Iraq and historical tragedy.” was either exterminated or had to flee. The bishop in charge of external affairs for the Moscow Patri- The situation is also dire for Dr. Waynene Grudem giviviviingng a lecectctcturureu att PhPhoenenixx Semmininain ry.r archate, Metropolitan Hilarion the Copts. (Alfeyev) of Volokolamsk, has Photo Credit: ASSOCIATED PRESSS We see a very grave situa- compared the situation in Syria, Pope Benedict XVI greets Alfeyev Hilarion, Metropolitait n of Volokolamsk, upon hishiWilWilarlialiiarivalmWm WWilb forililbb erfa fpriorcricvateeb bJbJhRibeyJy a Judienceohnhn Ri sinsing, i atg, t179he 00.Vattican. tion of Christians in Egypt after almost two years of fight-

oto oto where thousands of Coptic ing, to Iraq, which saw a vir- h Music degree. A notedted composer as well as an Christians have had to leave the country tual depopulation of Christians following the Christian Commis- accomplished Orthodox Christian theologian, because they can no longer live there. We U.S. invasion in 2003. he delivered a talk at Nashotah titled, “The see a very difficult situation in Libya, in Hilarion has also been active in ecumenical Music of J.S. Bach as a Religious Phenomenon.” Afghanistan, in Pakistan, and now even relations with Roman Catholics and conserva- In the interview, the Russian bishop talks about in Syria. I was recently in Rome address- tive Protestants, including the Anglican Church the situation in the Middle East, the Balkans ing the Synod of Bishops of the Roman of North America which represents U.S. and and North Africa, and ecumenical relations. Catholic Church, and two senior Catholic Canadian congregations. The Russian bishop prelates from the Middle East region ap- ——————————————————— has described the Roman Catholic Church as proached me. One was a Maronite and “the main bulwark” in the West standing in R&L: What, in your mind, needs to happen in the other one was a Melkite. And both of defense of traditional moral values. He has Syria to bring an end to the violence and to them thanked me for the position of the continued on pg 11

Summer Fall 2012 2005 | Volume | Volume 22 15| Number | Number 4 1 3 First Citizen and Antilon: The Carroll-Dulany Debates and Their Impact on American Religious Freedom By Samuel Hearne

In the current settings of the HHS mandate, the first town St. Mary’s City. The colony could only be said in private homes. Catho- some Catholics in America have come to was to be populated by both Catholics lic school houses were often destroyed. His feel as if there is no hope left; Bishop Daniel and Protestants. father sent Charles to be educated in France R. Jenky of Peoria said, “I am honestly at the age of 11 at St. Omer and later law at horrified that the nation I have always Fearing a repeat of the religious battles of Louie-le-Grande in Paris. St. Omer was a loved has come to this hateful and radical England, Baltimore implemented the Jesuit institution where English and Irish step in religious intolerance.” Intolerance Maryland Toleration Act of 1649, granting Catholics who were wealthy enough would or religious persecution is of course not all Trinitarian Christians the right to their send their children due to laws that prohib- new and the issue today brings to mind an faith; however, it also prevented citizens ited from educating Catholics at home. important and underappreciated chapter from criticizing other faiths. This experi- After receiving his education in France he in American history. ment, while revolutionary, was short went to further his studies in London. After lived. After the Glorious Revolution of 19 years in Europe, Charles returned to In 1774 Maryland remained undecided on 1689, all Catholics with peerage were dis- Maryland, where he joined his father in the issue of American independence enfranchised and, in America, Maryland’s business. He was not, however, able to take sweeping across mainly Calvinist New Eng- laws regarding religious freedom went advantage of his law degree due to laws in land. While the Stamp Act was unpopular downhill. Catholics lost their right to edu- Maryland preventing Catholics from overall, the issue of separation had far less cate their children, attend Mass, and were practicing law or participating in politics. of a following than in New England. A de- forced to pay a double tax. In order to Ironically the psuedonym he used for his bate between a man calling himself “First retain control of his family’s land, Charles public discourse was First Citizen. Citizen” and another calling himself “Anti- III’s second son, Benedict, renounced his lon” appeared in the Maryland Gazette that Catholic faith and became an Anglican. Daniel Dulany the Younger would become the focal point of Maryland Thus began a long troubling period for opinion. These two men were Charles Car- Maryland’s Catholic population. Dulany was born into a powerful Angli- roll of Carrollton and Daniel Dulany the can family in Maryland. Like Carroll, he Younger. They were both wealthy, Euro- Charles Carroll of Carrollton was also sent to Europe for his education, pean educated aristocrats in the colony, yet studying law at Eton College at Cam- Charles Carroll of Carrollton was born ille- both had decidedly different experiences bridge University in England. Upon fin- gitimate and into wealth to Charles Carroll and trials in Maryland. ishing his education, he returned to of Annapolis and Elizabeth Brooke. His Maryland and was admitted to the bar. Backstory parents did not enter into a legal marriage There he became a very well respected until he achieved adulthood. Catholic chil- lawyer. He married Rebecca Tasker, the Maryland was a land that had gone through dren were sometimes taken by the Colonial daughter of another powerful Maryland many tumultuous changes throughout its government and sent to orphanages in family, thus unifying their families in early history. Cecilius Calvert, Lord Balti- England and never saw their parents again. wealth, prestige and power. He served in more, left Ireland to escape persecution Further, Carroll would by common law in- the Maryland parliament where he often and settle in a new colony where Catholics herit his father’s entire estate as the first found himself in opposition to the Colo- were welcome. Baltimore purchased the born son. His father used his wealth to pro- nial government. Though an avid loyal- colony of Maryland in 1629 and in 1637 he tect much of the Catholic population of ist, Dulany was noted for his opposition arrived in newly found Maryland, naming Maryland from Colonial authorities. Masses to the 1765 Stamp Act, believing that

4 Religion& Liberty taxation should not be without represen- over the Stamp Act, and furthered the tury Catholic thinkers, agreed that the tation. He took the pseudonym Antilon. anger against the Crown. English people had the right to remove James II during the glorious revolution of The Debate In 1773, the Maryland Gazette began pub- 1688. In doing so, he secured his support lishing debates between First Citizen and among the prevailing Whig Protestant pop- The “tobacco fee controversy” began in Second Citizen, all written by Daniel Du- ulation who might have had reservations 1770 when the 1747 system was retired. lany. The first debate sent in by Dulany about him. He went further in saying that The system went back to 1702, when made the First Citizen look like a fool, a Governor Eden’s decision to put in place an Anglican (as the state church) clergy had crazed man, possibly an anarchist. While unconstitutional tax was the fault of his received a state tobacco fee from indi- Second Citizen looked like a reasoned man ministers, first accusing Dulany himself of viduals amounting to the cost of 40 albeit logical to the point of dry. Carroll saw being the author of the tax. pounds of tobacco. However it was not faults in the fictitious debate, so he wrote a made law as King William III had not response to the Maryland Gazette. This The impact was profound among the colo- lengthy response was a very different de- nists; Dulany himself was falling short of bate between First and Second Citizen, one the Whig tradition of constitutionalism that made first citizen look like a witty that he had espoused. Carroll had become champion of liberty and second citizen a a celebrity in the colony, Daniel of St. man desperately clinging to the power at Thomas Jenifer told Carroll the elder that the expense of the free loving people of “Your son is a most flaming patriot”—no Maryland, and implicated those govern- small praise for a Catholic by a Protestant ment officials as the threat to liberty. It was in pre-revolutionary Maryland. common knowledge that Carroll was first citizen yet despite his Catholic faith, his The supporters of the tobacco fee became response was received with great respect by concerned by Carroll’s support. A man Marylanders. Dulany, who was seemingly appeared in the Gazette calling himself insulted by this attack on his character, did “Clericus Philogeralethobolus” and contin- not let this go unnoticed. He wrote a re- ued the straw man attacks on First Citizen sponse to Carroll’s letter, this time as Anti- for his Jesuit education and Catholic reli- lon. Antilon’s new second citizen was dif- gion. A theme followed in Antilon’s third ferent, directly attacking Carroll for his letter; he even attacked Carroll’s very right faith. He wasted no time in attacking his to refer to himself as a citizen. opponent’s First Citizen as a subversive Je- Clericus wrote a second letter citing the suit agent bent on destroying English liber- banishment of Jesuits from Portugal as a signed the legislation prior to his death. ties gained during the Glorious Revolution, reason to distrust them. Carroll’s response In 1747, the Maryland government with an eye to reinstating the old Jacobite focused on the constitutionality of the made it a colonial edict and set the fee at order. According to him, whom should one tobacco fee: “Our constitution is founded 30 pounds per person. During the Stamp trust—this Catholic taught at St. Omer’s on jealousy and suspicion, its true spirit, Act controversy however, many Mary- whose presumed goal was to destroy the and full vigor cannot be preserved with- landers began to question the system, very fabric of English society? Or Second out the most watchful care, and strictest the rigid fees, and why it went to the Citizen—a Cambridge educated lawyer, vigilance of the representatives over the State Church. In 1770, the law expired; loyal to the Crown, who challenged First conduct of the administration.” tobacco growers including Carroll had Citizen’s view of government ministers as a started their own private inspection negative and wore his ministry, proudly as He continued to hammer the point that agencies. The clergy wanted the 1747 a positive to the colony? He accused First parliament was the only place that could system to continue; further, they wanted Citizen of being irrational and not wanting institute taxes or “fees,” further saying to be paid the 1707 rate of 40 pounds to give the dues to the Clergy who rightly that “…Rates by proclamation would be and to be paid in tobacco and not in deserved the pay. illegal and unconstitutional.” After his cash. Despite the situation’s contentious- third letter, the election was held and Car- ness, Robert Eden, Maryland’s Royal Carroll’s response was perhaps not what roll stood victorious. His popularity and Governor, passed the clergy’s fee system was expected by Dulany. He indeed, per- respect extended throughout Maryland by proclamation. This was like a tinder- haps borrowing from the tradition of St. and beyond. But Dulany did not concede box set on a colony still deeply divided Robert Bellarmine and those of 16th cen- without writing a final letter, this one

continued on pg 6

Fall 2012 | Volume 22 | Number 4 5 continued from page 5 warning that by following the papist First Double-Edged Sword: Citizen, the people of Maryland risked los- ing their liberties as English citizens. Car- The Power of the Word roll asked whether his Catholicism should preclude him from public discussion? If so, it was not he, but Antilon who was the inquisitor. He noted how Catholics had not been treated well in the colonies. But Malachi 4:6 rather than making himself hostile to his Protestant friends, he instead reached out He will restore the hearts of the fathers to their children and publically forgave Antilon and those who had attacked him for his faith. and the hearts of the children to their fathers, so that I will

The Impact not come and smite the land with a curse.

The Maryland elections of 1773 fell in favor Sadly today, we live in a fatherless society. Currently, just over 40 percent of of those opposing Governor Eden’s tobacco American children are born out of wedlock. In the United Kingdom, it is a fee proclamation. Further, it made Charles majority. This is easily one of the biggest social disasters our country faces. It’s hard Carroll of Carrollton a well respected figure to imagine a lot of spiritual and economic blessings for a society that continually in Maryland and the Colonies. In 1774, treads down this path. It’s hard to believe that many of the economic and cultural Carroll and his father would sit on the An- problems that plague this country will be transformed if statistics like that napolis Convention that would later vote to send Carroll, a Catholic, to represent remain unchanged. Maryland at the signing of the Declaration The book of Malachi has a recurrent theme of unfaithfulness to God and the of Independence in 1776. He was then family. God takes seriously the commitment to the family and promises judgment made representative for all of Maryland. He against those that fail to keep his command. The Fall 2011 issue of Religion & later donated much of the land on which Washington D.C. was built. He also was Liberty includes David Deavel’s review of From Family Collapse to America’s Decline one of the primary investors in America’s by Mitch Pearlstein. Pearlstein focuses on the 33 percent of children who are in first train line, the Baltimore & Ohio rail- one parent families. For many of these children, they face serious disadvantages road line, and was the man to nail the final not just socially but economically. rail piece at the opening. He was the last living signator of the Declaration of Inde- If we don’t honor our family, God tells us that ultimately we can do no honor for pendence, and lived long enough to be in- Him. It may be controversial to say, but we see the consequences of this dishonor terviewed by Alexis de Tocqueville, who and trivial views about the family all around us in society today. It has negatively said of him, “this race of men is disappear- affected the social fabric of life and resulted in greater poverty, abortion, and mas- ing after having provided America with her sive government dependency. It is not the government’s job and the government greatest spirits.” Carroll died in 1832 at 95 is not equipped to raise children. Most politicians would agree, but they have little in Baltimore. He hoped that his enduringng power to affect change. Likewise, when government policies have a negative effect legacy would be that civil and religiousus on family cohesion and stability, a toxic social mess ensues. liberties he helped secure would survive foror the generations to come. Unfortunately today, so many people are upset at their father in life it has had negative consequences for their relationship with their heavenly Father. God Dulany did not fair as well, he remained a wants us to have healthy relationships that reflect His perfect glory in the Trinity. Loyalist to the end and his property wasasa Here in this country, even if we have flourishing economic freedom but face sub- confiscated during the American Revolu-u-u stantial family breakdown, we have little to show for a rightly oriented freedom tion. He was later renumerated by thehe and a virtuous society. God calls us to reform our ways and take the family serious. British for his devotion to the Crown. He left for England for the entirety of the warar Many in the academy and even some in the popular culture tell us fathers are not and returned to Maryland where he wouldld essential. But we are enlightened by the Word of God and the truths on our heart. die in 1797, still respected as a lawyer. www.istockphoto.com Image from Christian Commission © HultonArchive. There is little doubt that fathers taking responsibility and ownership over the life and Samuel Hearne is a writer who lives in Australia. spiritual well being of their children would have a profound effect on this nation.

6 Religion& Liberty Still the Best Hope: Why the World Needs American Values to Triumph

Review by Timothy J. Barnett

Review of Dennis Prager’s Still the Best Hope: of the Left, nor should the country’s re- that humanity is at a crossroads between Why the World Needs American Values to sources be squandered upon a ruinous three demographically dominant systems Triumph, (Broadside Books, April 2012) subsidization of expenditures that lack of thought. Many formerly competitive Hardcover, 448 pages; $26.99. bona fide merit. Traditionally viewed, the world views, like Communism, have Leftist game plan is adversarial to a rational fallen out of favor. In the emerging global Dennis Prager argues for a rebirth of a liberalism or libertarianism, while a robust context, the three final contestants are particular American exceptionalism: the Leftism, Islamism, and “Americanism” distinctive aspects of the American ethos (i.e., traditional Judeo-Christian values are rooted in the once considerable but now equated with Americanism). A hybrid- misunderstood Judeo-Christian moral ization of the three is not likely, per union. Prager claims that traditional

om o Prager, as these three systems are largely o.c American conservatism is distinctive be- to.c t

ho incompatible. Granted, Prager sees people pho cause of its ethical decency, high ideals, kp

stoc with admirable qualities in each group.

moral values, and intrinsic visionary ww.i worth. Rejecting the establishment’s om w Leftism, to Prager, involves the welfare e fr f mag liberal vs. conservative rhetorical dichot- Imag Ima state, secularism, and the political posi- a. omy, he depicts today’s political liberalism ra ra. tions identified with socialist democratic arba a b

as Leftism, while positioning traditional sbyb sby parties in Europe as well as Democratic conservatism as Americanism. mage ma m Party activists in the United States. Is- ©I © I

Day lamism refers to a shared vision by non- n ans Prager’s theory can be used to configure rans moderate Muslims who wish to see the ideological battlefield so as to make Vete states and peoples governed by Sharia, the construct of “Americanism” reflect a conservatism can potentially incorporate (i.e., Islamic law). Americanism reflects scripture based covenant and vision. An all that true progress brings—once the three aspirations which are coinciden- acceptance of this approach suggests that Right frees itself from snares laid for it. tially stamped into American coins: 1) Liberty; 2) In God We Trust; and 3) E This is not to say that Prager thinks the Pluribus Unum (i.e., “Out of Many, “ In the emerging global Left is inept. To the contrary: Few other One”). These three aspirations combine context, the three writers so ably place a recognition of the synergistically in what Prager terms, the final contestants are Left’s strategic and influential accom- “American Trinity”—a traditional Ju- plishments alongside an assessment of deo-Christian union of moral thought, Leftism, Islamism, policy foolhardiness and overarching not theological distinctions. This waning and ‘Americanism.’“ moral insolvency. Comfortable in his Judeo-Christian union includes beliefs traditional Jewishness, Prager is willing that morality is God-defined, human to note the activities of the secular Jew- reason is not autonomous, human life the political Left has arrived too late to ish Left while theorizing about what has greater value than the natural world, legitimately claim American resources with happened to the Jewish Right. and that God’s existence gives ultimate the flag of big, invasive government. meaning to life. American soil is not the exclusive domain Prager begins his treatise with the premise

continued on pg 8

Fall 2012 | Volume 22 | Number 4 7 continued from page 7

Prager spends good effort throughout his cially when arguments are sustained by describe the requirements for goodness book unpacking the contents of what he useful observations. to triumph in the polity. No work need sees as the three dominant systems. He be infallible to be valuable. sees the traditional concept of “liberty” as Prager believes that traditional American necessitating small government, a free conservatism could lead the world to a Still the Best Hope leaves plenty of room for economy, and belief in ultimate account- better tomorrow if people held a deep un- the discussion of important questions. ability to a Supreme Being. Likewise, he derstanding of conservative concepts. How can traditional American conserva- believes the phrase, “In God We Trust,” However, according to the Federalist Pa- tism remain the world’s best hope when represents a set of human rights and pers it took extraordinary circumstances to the values of the Left dominate American moral values that originated in Judaism prepare early Americans for constitutional public education? How can Americanists and were adopted by traditional Christi- self-government built on constructive expect to win with values that require anity. Finally, he sees E Pluribus Unum as checks and balances. Consequently, Pub- long-term thinking when the Left seasons connoting the transformational progress lius suggests that if America ever declines its appeals with short-term gratifications? of a polity battling against divisiveness in its moral rectitude so as to lose its way, Can small government deal successfully and preferential- with powerful ism that other- lobbies that have wise rises from lost their moral clashes of ethnic- compass? How ity, nationality, can a modern class, and race. conservatism Purportedly, that has sold it- these aspirational self electorally to commitments high finance and give Americanism corporatism ade-

m quately check a competitive co edge—an edgy the excesses of conclusion, since the Left?

Leftists think www.istockphoto. Dennis Prager’s e from e from their values do g

Ima book is not a the same. ska. timid work. But ruu nssi nss The author’s long a for people who © a y know how to dif- experience as a erty Lib ferentiate weak

radio talk show lady personality is ev- of arguments from e up strong ones, the ident in the pro- Clos vision of argu- book should have ments that are persuasive, conceptually a less culturally virtuous America will pay value. While many of Prager’s ideas are innovative, and linguistically artful. The a steep price to recover good character and evident in the conservative philosophical result is a sobering yet enjoyable read. liberties lost. literature, one seldom finds these argu- That said, while the author is careful to ments so smartly organized for current af- be deferential about his opponents’ mo- As of late, the world is changing at break- fairs. In an age of secularism in which tives, he nevertheless delivers a devas- neck speed. There is no traditional Ju- people seek a “politics of meaning” to tating critique of the Left’s public policy deo-Christianity that is culturally viable counter their abandoned confidence in agenda. Equally important, he refreshes now; at least, in a majoritarian sense. It God, it remains to be seen if rational argu- readers’ memories of what traditional would take a global crisis of unprece- ments can offset the politically exploitative conservatism set out to accomplish, and dented magnitude—far beyond what power of victim-based appeals. why. Granted, readers may hold good governments could manage—to make reasons for differing with Prager regard- people pay the price that wisdom re- Timothy J. Barnett is an associate professor of ing certain theories, conclusions and quires for sustainable freedom. Still, political Science at Jacksonville State University. recommendations. Still, there is noth- there will be fewer pains in birthing a ing wrong with a spirited polemic, espe- healthy future if some of us envision and

8 Religion& Liberty Rachel Carson’s Environmental Religion

Review by Bruce Edward Walker

Review of Silent Spring at 50: The False Crises “disinterested scientist” voice in favor of a where even the bugs are cute. In fact, she of Rachel Carson. Edited by Roger Meiners, more “adversarial” tone. Since the famous wrote to Dorothy Freeman, ‘I consider Pierre Desrochers, and Andrew Morriss editor signed Carson’s check, the author my contributions to scientific fact far less (Cato, September 2012) ISBN: 978- readily complied. important than my attempts to awaken 1937184995. Hardcover, 344 pages; $25.95. an emotional response to the world of Kaufman—an admitted admirer of Car- nature.’” As Kaufman points out, this is During the 50 years following the publica- son’s eventual conclusions and penchant where Carson set the stage for environ- tion of Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, much for prose-poetry—acknowledges the ap- mentalists to embrace Silent Spring as has been written to discredit the science of proach as a misstep: “[Shawn’s] words dogma. For her followers, he notes disap- her landmark book. Little, however, has demonstrate a serious flaw in logic and provingly, “her contribution to the envi- been written on the environmentalist cult why Silent Spring is so different from Car- ronmental movement was not a respect it helped spawn. son’s earlier books: ‘After all, there are for science, but nourishment of a faith.” some things one doesn’t have to be ob- Until Silent Spring at 50, that is. jective and unbiased about—one doesn’t More’s the pity, as demonstrated in Robert condone murder!’ This is classic polar- H. Nelson’s essay, “Silent Spring as Secular Subtitled “The False Crises of Rachel ization—if you’re not for us, you’re Religion.” Perhaps no other economist by Carson,” Silent Spring at 50 is a collection against us. Clearly, objectivity and the training is better fit to approach the topic, of essays specially commissioned by the open mind of scientific inquiry do not as the Princeton University Ph.D. is also Cato Institute and edited by Roger Meiners, condone or condemn.” the author of the book-length The New Pierre Desrochers and Andrew Morriss. Holy Wars: Economic Religion Versus Environ- Much like Roger Scruton’s recent How Kaufman correctly notes that Carson mental Religion in Contemporary America and to Think Seriously About the Planet: The never advocated for a complete ban on Economics as Religion: From Samuelson to Case for Environmental Conservatism, the chemical insecticides, but upbraids her Chicago and Beyond. essays present a unified indictment not for employing inflammatory language necessarily of Carson per se but of the exemplified in her chapter titles: “Elixers Nelson comments: “Much of Silent Spring disastrous results wrought by the poli- of Death,” “Needless Havoc,” “Rivers of …went well beyond the damaging im- cies she inspired. Death” and “Indiscriminately From the pacts of past episodes of ill-conceived Skies.” He further notes that she resorts pesticide spraying. Carson did not limit In “The Lady Who Started All This,” envi- to unnecessary demonization of chemical herself to the failings of progressive eco- ronmentalist William Kaufman presents companies and government agents who nomic religion in this one area of gov- an admiring portrait of Carson as a scien- spray insecticides as well as infantiliza- ernment action…. She devoted large tist who unfortunately took a left-turn tion of the American public at large parts of Silent Spring to making the case from her previous works—based on ob- when she wrote: “As matters stand now, that the widespread use of chemicals of jective, empirical research—when she we are in little better position than the all kinds was about to precipitate a endeavored to write Silent Spring shortly guests of the Borgias.” plague of cancer in American society. after her cancer diagnosis. For this ill- This was even more devastating evi- conceived approach, Kaufman blames Perhaps most damning of all, Kaufman dence of the heretical if not altogether Wallace Shawn, the New Yorker editor points out that Carson’s book includes diabolical character of American pro- who prompted Carson to abandon her “sentimentalized line drawings of animals gressive religion.”

continued on pg 10

Fall 2012 | Volume 22 | Number 4 9 continued from page 9 FAQ However, Nelson writes, Carson often got Acton it wrong by “using weakly based scientific assertions as a means of communicating what was in reality a form of religious What is the ‘Our Great Exchange’ curriculum zeal.” He adds: “In making a religious ar- and why is it an important stewardship resource? gument in the implicit form of popular science, Carson left her environmental Starting in 2010, the Acton Institute began developing a seven-part stewardship theology exposed to the risk of scientific curriculum to strengthen the connection of faith, calling and economics in the refutation.” daily life of the believer. The small group curriculum for Our Great Exchange is largely tailored for evangelical small group engagement and features over two Nelson details the shortcuts Carson took hours of creative storytelling and practical insight. In a particularly moving on her way to formulating an environ- scene, Chuck Colson, in his last-ever extensive interview, talks about his calling mentalist religion. He notes that what and its impact upon his life. little science she employed was never se- rious-minded, but only a smokescreen to Acton is committed to continually reach new audiences. This resource further further her faith-based convictions. For engages people in the church and discipleship communities. The curriculum is example, the author of Silent Spring never another great launching pad for us to continue to grow as we expand our addresses the toxicologists’ mantra that reach and influence with additional stewardship resources for churches and “the dose makes the poison.” Instead, small groups. Carson argues from the perspective hu- The curriculum ties directly into our mission to promote a free and virtuous mans would succumb to cancer based on society characterized by individual liberty and sustained by religious principles. exposure to chemicals far higher than Based on the framework of our NIV Stewardship Study Bible, this curriculum fo- most would ever likely experience. This, cuses on seven purposes God has entrusted human beings with their resources says Nelson, is more “environmental to manage on his behalf—a profound privilege and responsibility that warrants religion” than “environmental science.” our exploration beyond the “what” and “how” of stewardship to ask the more fundamental questions of “why” and for “what purposes” he calls each of us It should be noted in closing that Silent to be co-creators and cultivators. Spring at 50 isn’t a capitalist manifesto against environmentalism. Rather, the Our Great Exchange is also the first curriculum available in StudySpace (Stu- collection’s essays present clearly written dySpace.org)—Acton’s brand new digital and mobile platform that provides an enhanced learning environment and supplements the small group study mate- rial with daily, rich-media study material. Throughout the week it enables “ ... health of humans individuals in small groups to gain further insight and share thoughts with other group members and friends. The daily study material in StudySpace offers video and animals is as insights from leaders, rich content from the NIV Stewardship Study Bible all revolv- important to free ing around passages related to entrepreneurial stewardship, generosity, business practice, whole-life discipleship and God’s economic design of all aspects of daily marketers as it is to life. You can go to OurGreatExchange.com and watch the teasers for each part of everyone else ...“ the curriculum including the teaser to Chuck Colson’s compelling story.

Later this year we plan the release of a subsequent small group series with the arguments for why preserving the envi- working title of For the Life of the World. This series examines how the Church— ronment as well as protecting the health through our effective stewardship of God’s resources—shapes the cultural institu- of humans and animals is as important tions all around us, including the family, the workplace, government and society. to free marketers as it is to everyone else—provided sound science is consid- In his Confessions, Augustine declares, “Give what you command, and then ered. The Earth is God’s gift to us all, but command whatever you will.” That’s a great dictum to live by and central to the idolatry of nature advanced by Ra- our thoughts as we expand our curriculum, relationships, and resources so the faithful can grow in their relationship with God and fully grow into who chel Carson and perpetuated by many they are called to be. who followed her down the ill-consid- ered path of environmental theology runs contrary to the real science that allows humanity to overcome pestilence Kris Alan Mauren and famine. Executive Director give Americanism a competitive edge—an

10 Religion& Liberty Hilarion interview continued from page 3

Russian Orthodox Church and also for I spoke about this at the Synod of Bishops live in very difficult conditions. For ex- the position of the Russian Federation on in Rome. And most recently I spoke ample, I visited one Orthodox Church in the international scene with regards to about this at the session of the Third Kosovo where four ladies live under the Syria, because the Russian Federation Committee of the United Nations in New protection of the guards. One lady has does not take position in favor of one or York. And I cited examples of several her house across the street. For the last another party of the country. But we countries where the rights of Christians four years she could not visit her house believe that all parties of the conflict are violated. And I called on the interna- even once, because as soon as she leaves should be partners of the dialogue. If tional community to create a mechanism the compound, she will lose the protection you simply ignore one party, then it of defense of Christians in the Middle and she is likely to be killed. doesn’t lead anywhere. East, in particular, and in other countries A question about your visit to the Roman as well. And this mechanism should in- Are there any areas in Syria now where religious Catholic synod of bishops in October 2012, volve the granting of political support or minorities are secure? which Pope Benedict called to talk about the economic aide only in exchange for guar- New Evangelization. The message out of this What we see now is that the inter-reli- antees for Christian minorities. gathering, according to news reports, was that gious situation in the despite the growth of regions which are still secularism, increased controlled by the hostility towards Chris- government is stable. tianity, and sinful be- It is as stable as it havior by some church used to be for many members, there is cause decades, if not centu- for real optimism about ries. In the places the future because of where rebels take Christ’s promises of sal- power, for example vation. Do you see in the city of Homs, Rome’s New Evangeli- we see that immedi- zation project as a posi- ately the Iraqi sce- tive development for all nario is being put in Christians in Western practice. We see that Europe? And are you Christians are in personally optimistic grave danger. They about the future in have to flee; they light of Christ’s promise have to leave their to us? homes. And people from Syria, the reli- I think the church has gious leaders with Phooto Creditdit:AS: ASSOCIATED PRESSS survived in very dif- whom I spoke, they Patriarch Kirill, leader of the Russiani Orthodox Church, left, and head of Poland’s Roman ferent circumstances fear that if the regime Catholic church archbishop Jozef Michalik shake hands after talks in Warsaw, Poland across the 2,000 years is overthrown, then of its existence. And, they will have to leave their country. This yes, I am optimistic in the terms of Christ’s Some people are looking at Syria and drawing is what was happening in Iraq. This is promise to the church that the gates of parallels to Kosovo or Northern Cyprus, places what is happening in Egypt. And this is Hell will not prevail against the church. where Christianity is in danger of being de- what is likely to happen in Syria. So I stroyed or has disappeared altogether. As we saw in Russia? think the foreign powers, which try to work for democracy in these countries—in Yes. Kosovo is another example of the We saw it in Russia. We saw it in many order to achieve it they intervene. They negligence of the Christian population places. And in this way I’m optimistic, should always think about the Christian because politicians had their own politi- because I believe that Christ continues to minority because it seems to me that these cal goals, which they achieved with the lead His church, that the Holy Spirit con- people are simply ignored. Nobody takes separation of Kosovo from Serbia. But tinues to vivify it. If we take the example into account their existence, their suffer- the result for the Christian population of Russia, we see that the revival of the ings, and the fact that they become the was disastrous. I visited Kosovo twice, church is very noticeable. It is unprece- first victims of the unrest when the politi- and I must say that Christians simply left dented in scale. And we see that many cal situation of these countries changes. this region. And those who remain, they new people come to church.

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Fall 2012 | Volume 22 | Number 4 11 continued from page 11

I’ll give you another example. People in church, any kind of visible role of the structures but that we are allies in the the West very often complain about the church in the public sphere. Secularism process of evangelization and the mission. shortage of vocations to the priesthood tolerates the church as long as it is hidden We don’t have many common missionary and monastic life. Twenty five years ago behind the walls of parishes or family projects, but we have a similar missionary we had, in the Russian Church, 18 mon- homes, but it denies the right of the strategy and I think we, in spite of cer- asteries. Now, we have more than 800 church to be present in the public do- tain differences in theology, essentially monasteries. So almost 800 new monas- main, to have voice in social affairs and are united on all social and moral issues. teries were built or old monasteries were political life. One of the examples is the And this provides us with the possibility restarted, and all of them are filled with constant dissatisfaction with the presence to form a common front to defend tradi- monks and nuns, mostly young people. of Christian symbols in public places. The tional Christianity, in particular against This indicates that there is no such thing as notorious case of Lautsi v. Italy is but one the challenges of militant secularism a post-Christian epoch of which some example of this, one of many. So we, in and atheism. people in the West are talking. You just the Russian Orthodox Church, believe come to Russia, to the Ukraine, you visit that secularism and atheism cannot be a these monasteries, you visit our theologi- common denominator for all religious “ In many Protestant cal schools, and you will see that the trends, for all world views. We should be church is flourishing. And I believe that a multi-polar society where representa- communities of the even if, in some places, the church may tives of all religions can live peacefully West and of the seem to be in decline, it will always be and can live according to their faith and flourishing in some other places. where they can also freely express their North, the process of views and positions. In one of your essays, you sayay that “militant liberalization has

Grand Re- I’d like to close with gone very far.“ a question about ec- umenical relations. You spoke earlier With regards to Anglican and Protestant here at Nashotah communities, of course the situation is House about your very different. In many Protestant com- warm feelings for munities of the West and of the North, traditionalist Angli- the process of liberalization has gone cans, but also about very far. And we can no longer regard the drift away from these communities as representing the tradition as you see authentic church tradition. On the con- it in the wider Epis- trary, we see that theological teaching, copal Church. How moral teaching, as well as church order would you describe is gravely affected in these communities the state of inter- by liberal trends. And with some of Christian relations them we have to break relations. For Metropolitan Hilarion chatsat withh SwiSw sss CaCardidinaal Georges Cottier at the Vatican during the inaugau uuratioon of Popepep Frrananca is.s. with Protestants and example, we had to break the dialogue Roman Catholics with the Episcopal Church of the USA in secularism becomes as dangerouser foforr religion vis-a-vis the Moscow Patriarchate? 2003 in spite of the fact that we had

as militant atheism.” Are there Christ paparallels,Commis- been in dialogue with this church for I think the whole field of ecumenical contrasts between an aggressive secularism, over 30 years. We had to suspend this dia- relations can be divided into two major sometimes advanced by government policies, logue because of the unacceptable events sectors—for us at least. One is the rela- and the state-sponsored atheism of former happening in this church, in particular the tions between the Orthodox and the communist regimes? ordination of an openly-practicing homo- Catholics. And another one is the rela- sexual into the episcopate. And we are Well, as I was speaking about the danger tions between Orthodox on the one now more involved in dialogue with the of militant secularism, I was first and fore- hand and the Protestants—Anglicans, conservative wing of the Episcopal most referring to the processes, which are Baptists, and others. And here I see two Church, in particular with the newly going on in Western liberal society and very different tendencies. With regards formed Anglican Church of North which affect many Christians. Because, to Orthodox-Catholic relations, I see that America, with the representatives of for example, the ideology which is now generally, on the worldwide level, these whom I met here at Nashotah House. prevailing in secular society and the social relations are constantly improving and And I believe that we will continue to discourse in relations between the church that there is a sense of rapprochement be- support them. and the state is basically the one which tween the two traditions. We more and does not allow any public exposure of the more realize that we are not competing

12 Religion& Liberty In the Liberal Tradition

Metropolitan Philip II [1507 – 1569]

“He alone can in truth call himself sovereign who is master of behalf of the Church and people. himself, who is not subject to his passions and conquers by charity.” Philip saw his role as Metropolitan of Moscow differently Born Theodore Kolychev, Metropolitan Phillip II of Moscow, than Ivan, once saying to the latter, “If I do not bear wit- a saint of the Orthodox Church, took the name ness to the truth, I render myself unworthy of my office Philip when he was tonsured as a bishop. If I bow to men’s will, what shall I find to a monk at the monastery of answer Christ on the Day of Judgment?” Solovski in northern Russia, After 18 months of relative respite for the people of on an island in the White Moscow, Ivan the Terrible again set loose his Oprich- Sea. Though his father had niki after hearing rumors of a conspiracy between been a minister in the court of members of the aristocracy and the king of Poland, Basil III, he chose instead the slaughtering countless innocents. In the face of life of a monk at one of Russia’s such atrocities, Philip used his right of interces- most remote monasteries.

sion and boldly denounced Ivan’s brutality, cow

Having advanced to the point of liv- scow both privately and in public.

f Mo M f f

II o o II II

ing as a hermit in the nearby forest, p

lip lip

h Phi For Philip’s bold defense of the people and

Philip succeeded the abbot Alexis as ita

itan exercise of the freedom and responsibility of the opol

head of the monastery at the latter’s opol Me

Metr Church, Ivan had him tried and convicted on false charges. request. As abbot, Philip set about to He had Philip deposed of his office and imprisoned, moving improve the monastery by encouraging a strong work him from monastery to monastery to distance him from Mos- ethic and developing salt production for the monastery to cow. However, seeing how the people followed Philip out of fund many enterprising projects. In all of these enterprises, their love for him, Ivan sent an assassin—one of his Oprich- Philip added his own physical labor to the efforts. niki—under the guise of a messenger requesting Philip’s Meanwhile, in Moscow, a new sovereign had taken the blessing for the Tsar’s expedition to Novgorod. Seeing through throne: the Grand Prince Ivan IV, the first to take the title the charade, Philip simply said to him, “My friend, do what “Tsar [Caesar] of all Russia,” but better known to history as you have come to do,” and raised his hands in prayer. The “Ivan the Terrible.” His paranoia over political intrigue led sinister messenger took hold of Philip and suffocated him to him to form a not-so-secret police, the Oprichniki, and death with a cushion, making him a martyr for his faith. through them to commit brutality against his own people, Much loved for his life of service to both Church and country, earning him his fearful epithet. When Athanasius, Metro- he is commemorated three times a year in the Orthodox politan of Moscow, resigned his post in protest, Ivan, who calendar of saints: January 9, July 3, and October 5. Indeed, despite his ruthlessness was an admirer of Philip, called for his defense of the independence of the Church from the Philip to fill the now vacant office of head of the Orthodox state and of human life in the face of oppression and tyranny, Church in Russia. Reluctant to accept, Philip requested that Metropolitan Phillip II of Moscow shines as a beacon of light Ivan disband the Oprichniki, which enraged Ivan. Nonethe- at a dark time for liberty in Russia and remains a model for less, Ivan conceded to Philip the right of intercession on all those who take a stand for such freedoms today.

Fall 2012 | Volume 22 | Number 4 13 Rev. Robert A. Sirico

The Role of Profits Profits are central to capitalism, and in the board game Monopoly: a well-fed businessman in a top I am often asked whether profit hat smoking a cigar. He simultaneously represents big busi- making is evidence of greed. Not in ness and the successful Monopoly player, who is growing rich itself. The fact that a business is through luck and cutthroat competition. Victory in Monopoly profitable tells us little that is morally comes not when a player gets rich by creating new value in a relevant. Profit, after all, is simply business enterprise but instead when a player has successfully the name that accounting attaches to taken everyone else’s money and driven them all into bank- the condition of income outpacing ruptcy. Monopoly, then, is literally a zero-sum game. But it costs. In other words, a company that earns a profit brings in seems that some people confuse the real world with a game more money than it expends for all of its costs, including ma- of Monopoly—and fall into the fallacy of thinking that people terials, real estate, labor, and taxes. The opposite of profits is can gain in a marketplace only if others lose. For instance, if financial loss. A firm that is losing rather than making money poor people exist, clearly it must be because the rich have cannot long survive. So, under ordinary circumstances, profits taken such a massive piece of some pre-existing pie that are a necessary condition for the success and continuation of hardly any was left over for the poor folks. If that’s the case, a business. the obvious solution is to forcibly divide up the pie in a more equitable way. Of course, the government can bail out unprofitable businesses at taxpayers’ expense. But that only shifts the need for profits to But perhaps the pie wasn’t always just sitting there, the exact the other— profitable—enterprises that pay the taxes. Bail out same size for all eternity. Maybe many of the rich didn’t take enough unprofitable people and companies, and the profitable more than their fair share; maybe they made more than their fair ones start wondering why they are working so hard. When a share. The zero-sum assumption prevents people from ever ask- company is not profitable, it is a sign that something is wrong ing whether the solution to poverty might be to grow the pie with the firm: maybe its manufacturing methods are inefficient, even more. its overhead is excessive, its products are in need of revamping, This zero-sum mentality is particularly prevalent among clergy, or any number of other possible weaknesses. Government sup- who often view profits with disdain. In conversations with fel- port simply suppresses the incentive to improve, delaying reforms low clergy who take this view, I often ask, if profits are morally that are necessary to bring the company back to economic dubious, are losses more ethical? The point is to shed light on the health. History is littered with examples of dysfunctional nature of profit and loss. Both are tools for understanding a companies bailed out by government: a double blow to the company’s health. Profits indicate that resources are being used consuming public, which is deprived of both the benefits that wisely by a business; losses suggest that they are not. Although an improved company would bring to the market as well as a profits and losses are not the be-all and end-all of a company, large amount of its tax money spent to shore up the dysfunc- they are crucial first-level indicators of how effectively they are tional company’s finances. serving the wants or needs of customers. Profitable companies are the ones that find a way to create and Because human wants always outpace scarce resources, every deliver products and services at prices high enough to cover their society must have some guide for allocating those resources. costs, but low enough that customers find them attractive. The Something or someone must decide whether water will be used profitable company, in other words, is one that flourishes by for drinking, bathing, or irrigation, and whether iron ore will be creating and delivering value. used for making cars or manufacturing tractors. The same is true This positive dimension of business is often obscured by the for all social resources. Even the resource of time, which is also common stereotype of the greedy capitalist—a stereotype epito- scarce, requires some tool for sensible allocation. mized in the images on the Chance and Community Chest cards

14 Religion& Liberty One solution to the problem of allocating scarce resources is to serves as a motivating force, but also—and more importantly— control marketplace decisions and resources from some central they signify a job well done. point. To varying degrees, this is the strategy advocated by An important caveat: the social obligations of the business do socialism in its different forms. As we have learned from bitter not stop with profitably delivering goods and services. Business experience, the problem with this strategy for allocating re- must deal honestly, keep their contracts, serve the community in sources is that it concentrates enormous power in a few hands. the broadest sense, and be attentive to the moral dimensions of Excessive power tends to do nasty things to human nature. But the investment process. The price system does not magically there’s also a second problem—the knowledge problem. Even if guarantee moral behavior. To give a painful but all too realistic the political elite controlling the economy were morally perfect, example, the price system in a depraved society may signal that they still wouldn’t have enough information to effectively allo- the most valued use of young women from poor families is for cate all of the human and material resources effectively. These them to become prostitutes. Confusion arises when people see twin problems have hampered or undone every centrally such evils and mistakenly assume that getting rid of the free planned economy in history. market will somehow magically solve the problem. Only a little Fortunately, there is an alternative strategy for allocating scarce reflection should reveal the error. Moving to a command-and- resources: the network of prices that arises naturally from vol- control economy doesn’t remove lust and selfishness from the untary exchanges among buyers and sellers in a marketplace. human heart. Those vices go right on thriving. Only now they Here the laws of economics come into play. A lower price for any are fed and cared for by some arm of the state—with the added particular good signals relative abundance; people can buy more problem that poor families have even fewer alternative eco- of that good. A higher price signals relative scarcity, forcing nomic options because the command-and-control economy people to economize their use of the good. Through this system, has placed a host of morally preferable enterprises beyond where the prices of goods and services are constantly in flux, their reach. While the price system in a free economy does not consumers can balance their needs against the availability of provide a moral foundation for a society, and while it doesn’t various goods and know at any moment how much of each they remove opportunities for ill-gotten gain, it handily beats every should purchase and use, and producers can know how much of form of socialism at providing moral and socially beneficent a good they should produce and sell. Prices help us determine options for escaping poverty. whether a good or service is being wasted and therefore should This article is drawn from Rev. Robert A. Sirico’s new book, Defending not be in production, or if it is highly desired and therefore more the Free Market: The Moral Case for a Free Economy. (Regnery, of it should be produced. For instance, when entrepreneurs May 2012). discovered how to pump, store, refine, and use petroleum oil, its price dropped well below that of whale oil. Whale oil was priced out of the market, and there was less pressure to kill whales for their fat.

Profit can also be understood as a kind of price signal. Making a profit indicates to a company that it is performing its tasks in a way that a segment of the public approves—not just notionally, in opinions they might give a pollster, but with their hard- earned cash. Losses inform the managers and owners that they need to make adjustments or turn to other pursuits so that social resources are not wasted. Thus the signaling device of profit and loss serves an irreplaceable economic function. Profitability

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