Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2019
Current Population Reports
By Katherine Keisler-Starkey and Lisa N. Bunch Issued September 2020 P60-271 Acknowledgments Katherine Keisler-Starkey and Lisa N. Bunch prepared this report under the direction of Laryssa Mykyta, Chief of the Health and Disability Statistics Branch. Sharon Stern, Assistant Division Chief for Employment Characteristics, of the Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division, provided overall direction. Vonda Ashton, Mallory Bane, and Susan S. Gajewski, under the supervision of David Watt, all of the Demographic Surveys Division, and Lisa Cheok of the Associate Directorate for Demographic Programs, processed the Current Population Survey 2020 Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS ASEC) file. Andy Chen, Kirk E. Davis, Raymond E. Dowdy, Lan N. Huynh, Chandararith R. Phe, and Adam W. Reilly programmed and produced the historical, detailed, and pub- lication tables under the direction of Hung X. Pham, Chief of the Tabulation and Applications Branch, Demographic Surveys Division. Donna M. Daily, Chief of the American Community Survey Office, provided overall direction for the implementation of the 2019 American Community Survey. Nicole Butler, Dameka M. Reese, and Michelle Wiland of the American Community Survey Office oversaw the data collection including content, group quarters, and self-response. Kenneth B. Dawson, Reyan Azeem, and Arumugam Sutha of the Decennial Information Technology Division directed the edit and processing tasks for the 2019 American Community Survey 1-year estimates file. Weiman Zhang, under the supervision of KeTrena Phipps and David V. Hornick, of the Demographic Statistical Methods Division, conducted the statistical review of all Current Population Survey data. Sirius Fuller, under the supervision of Michael D. Starsinic and Mark Asiala, all of the Decennial Statistical Studies Division, conducted the statistical review of all American Community Survey data. Lisa Cheok of the Associate Directorate for Demographic Programs, provided overall direction for the survey implementation. Roberto Cases of the Associate Directorate for Demographic Programs, and Charlie Carter and Agatha Jung of the Information Technology Directorate prepared and programmed the computer- assisted interviewing instrument used to conduct the CPS ASEC. Alexandra Cockerham and Linda Orsini prepared the maps under the direc- tion of Kevin Hawley, Chief of the Cartographic Products and Services Branch, Geography Division. Additional people within the U.S. Census Bureau also made significant contribu- tions to the preparation of this report. Edward Berchick, Douglas Conway, Katrina Crankshaw, Adriana Hernandez-Viver, Matthew Marlay, Amy Steinweg, Jonathan Vespa, Susan Walsh, and Natalie Young of the Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division reviewed the contents. Faye Brock, Linda Chen, Christine Geter, and Stephen Gibson provided publica- tion management, graphics design and composition, and edito rial review for print and electronic media under the direction of Janet Sweeney, Chief of the Graphic and Editorial Services Branch, Public Information Office.Linda Vaughn of the Census Bureau’s Administrative and Customer Services Division provided printing management. Census Bureau field representatives and telephone interviewers collected the data under difficult circumstances. For the Current Population Survey data pre- sented in this report, the additional challenge of obtaining interviews during the COVID-19 pandemic increased the difficulty of this task. Without the dedication of field representatives and telephone interviewers, the preparation of this report or any report from Census Bureau data would be impossible. Health Insurance Coverage in
the United States: 2019 Issued September 2020
P60-271
U.S. Department of Commerce Wilbur Ross, Secretary
Karen Dunn Kelley, Deputy Secretary
U.S. CENSUS BUREAU Steven Dillingham, Director Suggested Citation Katherine Keisler-Starkey and Lisa N. Bunch U.S. Census Bureau Current Population Reports, P60-271, Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2019, U.S. Government Publishing Office, Washington, DC, 2020.
U.S. CENSUS BUREAU Steven Dillingham, Director Ron S. Jarmin, Deputy Director and Chief Operating Officer Victoria A. Velkoff, Associate Director for Demographic Programs David G. Waddington, Chief, Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division Contents TEXT Introduction ...... 1
What Is Health Insurance Coverage? ...... 1 Measurement of Health Insurance Coverage in Two Surveys ..... 2 The Impact of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic on the CPS ASEC ...... 2
Highlights ...... 3 Health Insurance Coverage ...... 4 Health Insurance Coverage in 2019 by Selected Characteristics ... 6
Health Insurance Coverage Over Time ...... 8 Health Insurance Coverage by Age: 2008–2019 ...... 8 Health Insurance Coverage by Selected Characteristics: 2010, 2018, and 2019 ...... 9
Children Without Health Insurance Coverage ...... 11 Health Insurance Coverage for Adults Aged 19 to 64 by Income-to-Poverty Ratio and Medicaid Expansion Status ...... 11
State Estimates of Health Insurance Coverage ...... 14 More Information About Health Insurance Coverage ...... 16 Additional Data and Contacts ...... 16 State and Local Estimates of Health Insurance Coverage ..... 16 Source and Accuracy of the Estimates ...... 16
Additional Data and Contacts ...... 17 Customized Tables ...... 17 Public-Use Microdata ...... 17 Census Data API ...... 17 Technical Documentation ...... 17 Comments ...... 17
TEXT TABLE Table 1. Coverage Numbers and Rates by Type of Health Insurance: 2018 and 2019 ...... 5
U.S. Census Bureau Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2019 iii FIGURES
Figure 1. Percentage of People by Type of Health Insurance Coverage: 2019 ...... 4 Figure 2. Percentage of People Without Health Insurance Coverage by Selected Characteristics: 2019 .... 7 Figure 3. Percentage of People Without Health Insurance Coverage by Age: 2008 to 2019 ...... 8 Figure 4. Percentage of People by Health Insurance Coverage Type and Selected Characteristics: 2010, 2018, and 2019 ...... 10 Figure 5. Percentage of Children Under the Age of 19 Without Health Insurance Coverage by Selected Characteristics: 2018 to 2019 ...... 12 Figure 6. Uninsured Rate by Poverty Status and Medicaid Expansion of State for Adults Aged 19 to 64: 2018 to 2019 ...... 13 Figure 7. Uninsured Rate by State: 2019 ...... 14 Figure 8. Percentage of People Without Health Insurance Coverage by State: 2010, 2018, and 2019 ...... 15
APPENDIX TABLES Appendix Table 1. Percentage of People by Type of Health Insurance Coverage for Selected Ages and Characteristics Using CPS ASEC Data: 2018 and 2019...... 18 Appendix Table 2. Percentage of People by Type of Health Insurance Coverage for Selected Ages and Characteristics Using ACS Data: 2018 and 2019 ...... 19 Appendix Table 3. Percentage of People Without Health Insurance Coverage by State: 2010, 2018, and 2019 ...... 20
iv Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2019 U.S. Census Bureau Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2019
Introduction population, and policy changes that The CPS is the longest-running sur- affect access to care. vey conducted by the Census Bureau. Health insurance is a means of financ- The key purpose of the CPS ASEC ing a person’s health care expenses. This report presents statistics on is to provide timely and detailed While the majority of people have health insurance coverage in the estimates of economic well-being, of private health insurance, primarily United States in 2019 and changes in which health insurance coverage is an through an employer, many others health insurance coverage between important part. The Census Bureau obtain coverage through programs 2018 and 2019.1 The statistics in this has integrated improvements to the offered by the government. Other report are based on information col- CPS ASEC as the needs of data users individuals do not have health lected in two surveys conducted by and the health insurance environment insurance coverage at all (see the the U.S. Census Bureau—the Current have changed. This report presents text box “What Is Health Insurance Population Survey Annual Social and estimates of health insurance cover- Coverage?”). Economic Supplement (CPS ASEC) age and type of coverage based on and the American Community Survey Year to year, the prevalence of health the CPS ASEC in 2019. (ACS). insurance coverage and the distribu- The 2019 CPS ASEC statistics used tion of coverage types may change in this report were collected from due to economic trends, shifts in the 1 The Census Bureau reviewed this data February 2020 to April 2020. As a demographic composition of the product for unauthorized disclosure of confi- dential information and approved the disclosure result of the COVID-19 pandemic, avoidance practices applied to this release. some data collection procedures CBDRB-FY20-POP001-0172.
What Is Health Insurance Coverage? Health insurance coverage in the CPS ASEC refers to comprehensive coverage at any time during the calendar year.* Health insurance coverage in the ACS refers to comprehensive coverage at the time of interview. For all analyses, the population is restricted to the civilian, noninstitutionalized population. For reporting purposes, the Census Bureau broadly classifies health insurance coverage as private insurance or public insurance.
Private Coverage Public Coverage
• Employment-based: Plan provided through an • Medicare: Federal program that helps to pay employer or union. health care costs for people aged 65 and older and for certain people under age 65 with long-term • Direct-purchase: Coverage purchased directly from disabilities. an insurance company or through a federal or state marketplace (e.g., healthcare.gov). • Medicaid: Medicaid, the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP), and individual state health plans. • TRICARE: Coverage through TRICARE, formerly known as Civilian Health and Medical Program of • CHAMPVA or VA: Civilian Health and Medical the Uniformed Services. Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs, as well as care provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs and the military.
People were considered uninsured if they only had coverage through the Indian Health Service (IHS), as IHS cover- age is not considered comprehensive.
* Comprehensive health insurance covers basic health care needs. This definition excludes single service plans such as accident, disability, dental, vision, or prescription medicine plans.
U.S. Census Bureau Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2019 1 were altered to protect the health of the public and those collecting the The Impact of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic on the CPS ASEC data (see the text box “The Impact The Census Bureau administers the CPS ASEC each year between of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) February and April by telephone and in-person interviews, with the Pandemic on the CPS ASEC”). The majority of data collected in March. This year, data collection faced Census Bureau has several working extraordinary circumstances. On March 11, 2020, the World Health papers investigating how changes Organization declared that global coronavirus cases had reached pan- in CPS ASEC data collection in 2020 may have affected published esti- demic levels. As the United States began to grapple with the implications mates.2 The Census Bureau recom- of the COVID-19 pandemic for the nation, interviewing for the March mends users consider the impact CPS began (the official start date was March 15). In order to protect the of the pandemic on CPS ASEC data health and safety of Census Bureau staff and respondents, the survey collection in interpreting changes in suspended in-person interviews and closed both Computer-Assisted health insurance coverage between Telephone Interviewing (CATI) contact centers on March 20. For the rest 2018 and 2019 using the CPS ASEC. of March and through April, the Census Bureau continued to attempt all interviews by phone. For those whose first month in the survey was The ACS is an ongoing survey that March or April, the Census Bureau used vendor-provided telephone num- collects comprehensive information bers associated with the sample address. on social, economic, and housing topics. Due to its large sample size, While the Census Bureau went to great lengths to complete interviews the ACS provides estimates at many by telephone, the response rate for the CPS basic household survey was levels of geography. In response to 73 percent in March 2020, about 10 percentage points lower than in pre- legislative needs by partner federal ceding months and the same period in 2019, which were regularly above agencies, the ACS added questions 80 percent. Further, as the Bureau of Labor Statistics stated in their FAQs on health insurance in 2008. This accompanying the April 3 release of the March Employment Situation, report presents estimates of year- “Response rates for households normally more likely to be interviewed to-year change and the difference in person were particularly low. The response rate for households enter- between health insurance coverage ing the sample for their first month was over 20 percentage points lower in 2010 and 2019 based on the ACS. than in recent months, and the rate for those in the fifth month was over The use of both surveys provides 10 percentage points lower.” a more complete picture of health insurance coverage in the United The change from conducting first interviews in person to making first States in 2019. contacts by telephone only is a contributing factor to the lower response rates. Further, it is likely that the characteristics of people for whom a Measurement of Health Insurance telephone number was found may be systematically different from the Coverage in Two Surveys people for whom the Census Bureau was unable to obtain a telephone The CPS ASEC and the ACS both ask number. While the Census Bureau creates weights designed to adjust for whether people have health insur- nonresponse and to control weighted counts to independent population ance coverage and, if so, about the estimates by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, the magnitude of the type of health coverage they have. increase in (and differential nature of) nonresponse related to the pan- The two surveys differ in the ques- demic likely reduced their efficacy.1 Using administrative data, Census tion wording, the reference period for Bureau researchers have documented that the nonrespondents in 2020 health insurance estimates, and when are less similar to respondents than in earlier years. Of particular interest for the estimates in this report are the differences in median income and 2 For additional information related to the impact of COVID-19 on the 2020 CPS ASEC, educational attainment, indicating that respondents in 2020 had rela- see Berchick, Edward R., Laryssa Mykyta, and tively higher income and were more educated than nonrespondents. For Sharon M. Stern, “The Influence of COVID-19 -Related Data Collection Changes on Measuring more details, see
2 Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2019 U.S. Census Bureau and how the data are collected.3 Key measurement.5 The CPS ASEC is or part of 2019 was 92.0 percent differences between the surveys are used to produce official estimates (Table 1).7 summarized below. of income and poverty, and it serves • Private health insurance cover- as the most widely cited source of In the CPS ASEC, which is con- age was more prevalent than estimates on health insurance and ducted between February and April, public coverage, covering 68.0 the uninsured. The Census Bureau respondents answer questions about and 34.1 percent of the popula- generally recommends the CPS ASEC whether they had health insurance tion at some point during the be used for national statistics and the coverage at any time in the previ- year, respectively (see the text ACS be used for small populations, ous calendar year. People are con- box “What Is Health Insurance subnational geographies, and com- sidered “uninsured” only if they had Coverage?”).8 Employment-based parisons over a longer time period no health insurance coverage at any insurance was the most common (from 2008 to 2019). time during the previous calendar subtype (Figure 1 and Table 1). year. In contrast, the ACS is collected This report describes health insur- • In 2019, 9.2 percent of people, continuously throughout the calen- ance coverage at the national level or 29.6 million, were not covered dar year. The survey asks if a person using the CPS ASEC. It primarily uses by health insurance at the time of is currently covered by any of a list the ACS 1-year estimates to exam- interview, according to the ACS, of types of health insurance. People ine coverage for key populations up from 8.9 percent and 28.6 mil- are considered uninsured in the ACS and to compare changes in cover- lion (Table 1).9 if they report that they do not have age between 2018 and 2019. ACS health coverage at the time that they 1-year estimates data were collected • In 2019, the percentage of answered the survey. during 2019 and, thus, data collec- people with employer-provided tion occurred before the COVID-19 coverage at the time of interview The CPS ASEC and the ACS also pandemic. The use of both surveys was slightly higher than in 2018, differ in terms of interview mode, or provides a more complete picture from 55.2 percent in 2018 to 55.4 how the data are collected. The CPS of health insurance coverage in the percent in 2019.10, 11 ASEC is conducted by interviewers, United States in 2019. either with a personal visit or over • The percentage of people with the telephone. For the ACS, although Highlights Medicaid coverage at the time some respondents complete the of interview decreased to 19.8 • In 2019, 8.0 percent of people, or survey with an interviewer, the major- percent in 2019, down from 20.5 26.1 million, did not have health ity of people respond for themselves percent in 2018 (Table 1). using an Internet questionnaire or a insurance at any point during mailed paper form. the year, according to the CPS • Between 2018 and 2019, the per- ASEC (Figure 1 and Table 1).6 centage of people without health The CPS ASEC underwent a two- The percentage of people with insurance coverage decreased stage redesign in recent years, health insurance coverage for all in one state and increased in 19 including changes to the question- states (Figure 8). naire in 2014 and to post-survey collection processing methods in 7 All comparative statements in this report 2019.4 Evidence suggests that the have undergone statistical testing, and unless 5 Jackson, H. and E. R. Berchick, otherwise noted, all comparisons are statistically redesign addressed known limitations “Improvements in Uninsurance Estimates significant at the 90 percent confidence level. to CPS ASEC health coverage mea- for Fully Imputed Cases in the Current Standard errors used in statistical testing and Population Survey Annual Social and Economic margins of errors presented in tables reflect the sures and improved health insurance Supplement,” Inquiry: The Journal of Health Care use of replicate weights to account for the com- Organization, Provision, and Financing, 2020 plex sampling design of the CPS ASEC and ACS.
U.S. Census Bureau Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2019 3 • All states and the District of 2.6 percent were covered through are consistent with those reported Columbia had a lower uninsured TRICARE. Of the two most common in the CPS ASEC. For example, more rate in 2019 than in 2010. types of public coverage, Medicare people had private health insurance covered more people than Medicaid (67.4 percent) than public coverage Health Insurance Coverage (18.1 percent compared with 17.2 (35.4 percent) at the time of inter- percent, respectively). About 1.0 per- view.14 Employment-based insurance This report classifies health insurance cent of people were covered through was the most common subtype of coverage into three categories: VA or CHAMPVA health care (Table 1 health insurance coverage held at overall coverage, private coverage, and Figure 1).13 the time of interview in 2019 (55.4 and public coverage (see the text percent), followed by Medicaid (19.8 The ACS also provides estimates box “What Is Health Insurance percent), Medicare (18.1 percent), of health insurance coverage at the Coverage?”). direct-purchase insurance (13.1 national level. As a result of the differ- Most people (92.0 percent) had health percent), TRICARE (2.7 percent), ences between the CPS ASEC and the insurance coverage at some point and VA or CHAMPVA health care (2.2 ACS discussed above, the estimates during 2019 (Figure 1 and Table 1). percent) (Table 1).15 of health insurance coverage are not That is, 8.0 percent of people, or 26.1 expected to be the same in both The two surveys find different year- million, were uninsured for the entire surveys. to-year changes in overall coverage calendar year. More people had pri- and for some types of coverage. vate health insurance (68.0 percent) The ACS found that 90.8 percent of For instance, the CPS ASEC found than public coverage (34.1 percent).12 the population had health insurance health insurance coverage statisti- coverage at the time of interview Employment-based insurance was cally increased between 2018 and in 2019, and the CPS ASEC found the most common subtype of health 2019, driven by employment-based 92.0 percent had coverage at some insurance, with 56.4 percent of people health insurance. In contrast, the ACS point during 2019. The relationships holding this type of coverage in 2019. showed the overall coverage rate among coverage types in the ACS About 10.2 percent of people held direct-purchase health coverage, and 14 Some people may have more than one cov- 13 The final category includes CHAMPVA erage type at the time of the interview. 12 See the text box “What Is Health Insurance (Civilian Health and Medical Program of the 15 The ACS estimates for Medicare and Coverage?” for definitions of private and public Department of Veterans Affairs) coverage and TRICARE are not significantly different than coverage. Some people may have more than one care provided by the Department of Veterans the CPS estimates for Medicare and TRICARE, coverage type during the calendar year. Affairs and the military. respectively.
Figure Percentage of People by Type of Health Insurance Coverage (Population as of March )
Type of Coverage
Uninsured With health insurance
Any private plan Employment-based Direct-purchase TRICARE
Any public plan Medicare Medicaid VA and CHAMPVA
Note: The estimates by type of coverage are not mutually exclusive; people can be covered by more than one type of health insurance during the year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions in the Current Population Survey, see
4 Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2019 U.S. Census Bureau Table 1. Coverage Numbers and Rates by Type of Health Insurance: 2018 and 2019 (Numbers in thousands. Margins of error in thousands or percentage points as appropriate. CPS ASEC population as of March of the following year. ACS population as of July of the calendar year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see
2018 2019 Change Coverage type Margin of Margin of Margin of Margin of (2019 less Number error1 (±) Percent error1 (±) Number error1 (±) Percent error1 (±) 2018) CPS ASEC2
Total ...... 323,668 133 X X 324,550 132 X X X
Any health plan...... 296,206 641 91.5 0.2 298,438 689 92.0 0.2 *0.4
Any private plan3, 4...... 217,780 1,222 67.3 0.4 220,848 1,121 68.0 0.3 *0.8 Employment-based3 . . . . . 178,350 1,283 55.1 0.4 183,005 1,142 56.4 0.4 *1.3 Direct-purchase3...... 34,846 647 10.8 0.2 33,170 776 10.2 0.2 *–0.5 Marketplace coverage3 . . . 10,743 428 3.3 0.1 9,716 417 3.0 0.1 *–0.3 TRICARE3...... 8,537 508 2.6 0.2 8,534 522 2.6 0.2 Z
Any public plan3, 5 ...... 111,330 962 34.4 0.3 110,687 967 34.1 0.3 –0.3 Medicare3...... 57,720 401 17.8 0.1 58,779 408 18.1 0.1 *0.3 Medicaid3...... 57,819 891 17.9 0.3 55,851 927 17.2 0.3 *–0.7 VA or CHAMPVA3, 6...... 3,217 182 1.0 0.1 3,221 188 1.0 0.1 Z
Uninsured2 ...... 27,462 630 8.5 0.2 26,111 657 8.0 0.2 *–0.4
ACS2
Total ...... 322,249 15 X X 323,121 18 X X X
Any health plan...... 293,684 178 91.1 0.1 293,482 210 90.8 0.1 *–0.3
Any private plan3, 4...... 217,623 404 67.5 0.1 217,812 446 67.4 0.1 –0.1 Employment-based3 . . . . . 177,740 354 55.2 0.1 178,919 404 55.4 0.1 *0.2 Direct-purchase3...... 43,191 184 13.4 0.1 42,302 179 13.1 0.1 *–0.3 TRICARE3...... 8,767 79 2.7 Z 8,782 88 2.7 Z Z
Any public plan3, 5 ...... 114,750 205 35.6 0.1 114,315 222 35.4 0.1 *–0.2 Medicare3...... 56,869 63 17.6 Z 58,327 59 18.1 Z *0.4 Medicaid3...... 65,965 234 20.5 0.1 64,077 247 19.8 0.1 *–0.6 VA or CHAMPVA3, 6...... 7,477 44 2.3 Z 7,247 57 2.2 Z *–0.1
Uninsured2 ...... 28,566 183 8.9 0.1 29,639 210 9.2 0.1 *0.3 * Changes between the estimates are statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level. X Not applicable. Z Rounds to zero. 1 A margin of error (MOE) is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the MOE in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. This number, when added to and subtracted from the estimate, forms the 90 percent confidence interval. MOEs shown in this table are based on standard errors calculated using replicate weights. 2 In the CPS ASEC, individuals are considered to be uninsured if they do not have health insurance coverage for the entire calendar year. In the ACS, individuals are considered uninsured if they are uninsured at the time of interview. 3 The estimates by type of coverage are not mutally exclusive; people can be covered by more than one type of health insurance during the year. 4 Private health insurance includes coverage provided through an employer or union, coverage purchased directly, or TRICARE. 5 Public health insurance coverage includes Medicaid, Medicare, CHAMPVA (Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs), and care provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs and the military. 6 Includes CHAMPVA, as well as care provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs and the military. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2019 and 2020 Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS ASEC), 2018 and 2019 American Community Surveys (ACS), 1-Year Estimates.
U.S. Census Bureau Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2019 5 decreased between 2018 and 2019. An focuses on coverage at any time in rates among all race and ethnic increase in employment-based cover- 2019 using the CPS ASEC. groups (Figure 2).21 age at the time of interview in the ACS Age is associated with the likelihood Family economic resources may was offset by decreases in direct pur- that a person has health insurance also determine access to coverage. chase, Medicaid, VA, and CHAMPVA coverage. Older adults (those over One way to consider the economic coverage. Both surveys found that the age of 65) and children (those resources of a family is to look at Medicare coverage increased and under the age of 19) are more likely coverage by the income-to-poverty Medicaid coverage declined between to have health insurance coverage ratio. The income-to-poverty ratio 2018 and 2019.16 Direct-purchase than those aged 19 to 64, in part compares a family’s or an unrelated coverage also decreased in both because their age makes them eligible individual’s income with the appli- surveys.17 for certain public health insurance cable threshold. People in families are The diverging results from the programs. Medicare provides health classified as being in poverty if their two surveys may reflect real-world coverage benefits for most adults family income is less than their pov- changes. For instance, the timing of aged 65 and older. Children under the erty threshold.22 People who live alone changes in economic conditions may age of 19 may qualify for coverage or with nonrelatives have a poverty affect when individuals experience through Medicaid or the Children’s status that is defined based on their coverage transitions. Higher employ- Health Insurance Program (CHIP), and own income. ment in the latter part of the year other children may receive coverage Health insurance coverage rates are may not be reflected in coverage through a parent or guardian’s plan up generally higher for people in higher estimates at time of interview (ACS), to the age of 25.19 In 2019, 1.1 per- income-to-poverty ratio groups. In but may be captured by measures of cent of adults aged 65 and older were any coverage in the previous calendar uninsured for the entire calendar year, year (CPS ASEC).18 At the same time, followed by children under the age of 21 Federal surveys give respondents the the operational changes to CPS ASEC 19 (5.2 percent) and adults aged 19 to option of reporting more than one race. Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race data collection required due to the 64 (11.1 percent) (Figure 2). group are possible. A group, such as Asian, may COVID-19 pandemic may also have be defined as those who reported Asian and no In 2019, coverage differed across race other race (the race-alone or single-race con- contributed to higher estimates of cept) or as those who reported Asian, regard- and Hispanic origin groups. The unin- employer-provided coverage. less of whether they also reported another race sured rates for non-Hispanic Whites (the race-alone-or-in-combination concept). The body of this report (text, figures, and tables) Health Insurance Coverage in 2019 by and Asians were 5.2 percent and 6.2 shows data using the first approach (race alone). 20 Selected Characteristics percent, respectively. The percent- Use of the single-race population does not imply ages of Blacks and Hispanics with that it is the preferred method of presenting or The prevalence of health insurance analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety no health insurance coverage for the of approaches. Data for American Indians and coverage varies across social and entire calendar year were higher than Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other economic characteristics. This section Pacific Islanders, and those reporting two or for non-Hispanic Whites, at 9.6 per- more races are not shown separately. cent and 16.7 percent, respectively. In this report, the term “non-Hispanic White” refers to people who are not Hispanic and who Hispanics had the highest uninsured reported White and no other race. The Census 16 The increase in Medicare coverage was Bureau uses non-Hispanic Whites as the compar- partly due to growth in the number of people ison group for other race groups and Hispanics. aged 65 and older. Among those 65 years Since Hispanics may be any race, data in this and older, the Medicare coverage rate did not report for Hispanics overlap with data for race statistically change between 2018 and 2019 in groups. Being Hispanic was reported by 15.6 per- either survey. However, the percentage of the cent of White householders who reported only U.S. population 65 years and older increased one race, 5.0 percent of Black householders who between 2018 and 2019. 19 The CHIP is a public program that provides reported only one race, and 2.5 percent of Asian 17 The 2018–2019 differences of the ACS health insurance to children in families with householders who reported only one race. estimates for Medicare, Medicaid, and Direct income too high to qualify for Medicaid, but Data users should exercise caution when Purchase were not significantly different than who are likely unable to afford private health interpreting aggregate results for the Hispanic the 2018–2019 differences of the CPS estimates insurance. population or for race groups because these for Medicare, Medicaid, and Direct Purchase, 20 The small sample size of the Asian popula- populations consist of many distinct groups that respectively. tion and the fact that the CPS ASEC does not differ in socioeconomic characteristics, culture, 18 Notably, since the ACS added health use separate population controls for weighting and nativity. For further information, see insurance questions, the comparisons in health the Asian sample to national totals contributes to
6 Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2019 U.S. Census Bureau Figure Percentage of People Without Health Insurance Coverage by Selected Characteristics (Population as of March )
Total Age Under age 19 Aged 19 to 64 Aged 65 and older Race and Hispanic Origin White, not Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic (any race) Income-to-Poverty Ratio Poverty universe Below 100% of poverty Between 100% and 399% of poverty At or above 400% of poverty Work Experience Total, aged 15 to 64 All workers Full-time, year-round workers Less than full-time, year-round workers Did not work Marital Status Total, aged 19 to 64 Married Not married
1 The poverty universe excludes unrelated individuals under the age of 15 such as foster children. Note: In the Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS ASEC), people are considered uninsured if they do not have health insurance coverage for the entire calendar year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions in the Current Population Survey, see
2019, the uninsured rate was high- less than full-time, year-round; or full-time, year-round (13.4 percent) est among people in poverty (living not working at all during the calen- or nonworkers (12.2 percent). below 100 percent of their poverty dar year.23 In 2019, 10.2 percent of Many adults obtain health insurance threshold) and decreased as the people who worked at some point coverage through their spouse and, income-to-poverty ratio increased. during the previous calendar year did therefore, health insurance coverage People in poverty had the highest not have health insurance coverage. is related to marital status. In 2019, uninsured rate (15.9 percent), while Full-time, year-round workers were adults aged 19 to 64 who were not people living at or above 400 percent less likely to be uninsured (8.9 per- married were about twice as likely of poverty had the lowest uninsured cent) than people working less than to be uninsured than their married rate (3.0 percent). counterparts (15.0 percent compared 23 In this report, a full-time, year-round For many people aged 15 to 64, worker is a person who worked 35 or more with 7.6 percent). health insurance coverage is also hours per week (full-time) and 50 or more weeks during the previous calendar year (year- related to work status such as work- round). For school personnel, summer vacation ing full-time, year-round; working is counted as weeks worked if they are sched- uled to return to their job in the fall.
U.S. Census Bureau Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2019 7 Health Insurance Coverage Over the CPS ASEC over time.24 CPS redesigned CPS ASEC.25 This report Time ASEC health insurance estimates for uses the ACS to present health insur- calendar year 2013 through 2017 are ance coverage over the longer time Although the CPS ASEC is the lon- not directly comparable to previous period. Further, this year the report gest running survey producing esti- years. Additionally, estimates for uses ACS data to measure year-to- mates of health insurance coverage, calendar year 2018 and later years year changes in coverage by selected the economic and political landscape should only be compared with 2017 characteristics. These data for 2019 has shifted over the past 25 years. estimates from the 2018 ASEC Bridge were collected prior to the COVID- These real-world changes have led to file or 2016 estimates from the 2017 19 pandemic and are not impacted a robust agenda for survey improve- Research file. by subsequent changes in survey ment. Most recently, the Census operations. For more information, Bureau has implemented improve- The ACS, which began collecting see the text box “The Impact of the ments to the CPS ASEC in a two-step data on health insurance coverage in Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic process, starting with a questionnaire 2008, provides comparable estimates on the CPS ASEC.” redesign in 2014 and an updated of health insurance coverage and processing system in 2019. changes in health insurance cover- Health Insurance Coverage by Age: age over a longer period than the Due to changes in survey content 2008–2019 and methodology, researchers should As shown in Figure 3, between 2008 use caution when comparing health and 2013, the uninsured rate for insurance coverage estimates from children under the age of 19 steadily
24 For a discussion of measuring change 25 For a discussion of health insurance cover- over time with the CPS ASEC, see Berchick, age in the ACS, see text box “Health Insurance Edward R., Jessica C. Barnett, and Rachel D. Coverage in the ACS” in Berchick, Edward R., Upton, "Health Insurance Coverage in the Jessica C. Barnett, and Rachel D Upton, "Health United States: 2018," Appendix A, Current Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2018," Population Reports, P60-267, U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P60-267, U.S. Census Washington DC, 2019,
Figure Percentage of People Without Health Insurance Coverage by Age to (Civilian noninstitutionalized population) Percent
Aged 19–64
Aged 0–18
Aged 65+
Note: Estimates reflect the population as of July of the calendar year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions in the American Community Survey, see
8 Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2019 U.S. Census Bureau declined and the uninsured rate for The increase in the uninsured rate populations with income-to-poverty adults aged 65 and older increased for Hispanics was driven by a 1.4 ratios between 100 and 399 percent of slightly. Following an increase percentage-point decrease in the poverty and at or above 400 percent between 2008 and 2010 during and percentage of Hispanics with public of poverty.31 Rates of public health immediately following the recession, coverage (to 36.3 percent) (Figure insurance decreased among the popu- the uninsured rates for working-age 4). Despite the decrease in their lations with income-to-poverty ratios adults declined between 2010 and overall coverage, the percentage between 100 and 399, but increased 2013. The uninsured rate further of Hispanics with private coverage for those at or above 400 percent of decreased by 4.1 percentage points increased by 0.6 percentage points poverty. Both private and public cov- for adults aged 19 to 64 and by 1.2 (to 50.1 percent) between 2018 and erage rates for people with income- percentage points for children under 2019 (Figure 4 and Appendix Table to-poverty ratio below 100 percent the age of 19 between 2013 and 2014, A-2).28 Between 2018 and 2019, of their poverty threshold did not when many provisions of the Patient Blacks also experienced an increase statistically change (Figure 4).32 Protection and Affordable Care Act in private coverage (0.4 percentage Workers are generally more likely (ACA) were implemented.26 points)29 and a decrease in public cov- to have private coverage than non- erage (0.4 percentage points).30 The Between 2018 and 2019, the unin- workers, due to the availability of percentage of non-Hispanic Whites sured rate for the two under-65 age employment-based coverage. In 2019, with private coverage decreased 0.4 groups each increased by 0.4 percent- 84.6 percent of full-time, year-round percentage points to 74.7 percent, age points, to 12.9 percent for adults workers were covered through private while the percentage with public aged 19 to 64 and to 5.7 percent for insurance, a decrease of 0.5 percent- coverage increased 0.2 percentage children under the age of 19. The age points compared with 2018. points to 34.3 percent. uninsured rate for people aged 65 Private insurance coverage rates for and older did not statistically change Health insurance coverage and type those who worked less than full-time, between 2018 and 2019. also vary by income-to-poverty ratio. year-round decreased by 0.3 percent- People in higher income-to-poverty age points to 66.4 percent.33 Private Health Insurance Coverage by groups were more likely to be covered coverage did not statistically change Selected Characteristics: 2010, 2018, through private coverage than people for nonworkers between 2018 and and 2019 in lower income-to-poverty groups 2019. Between 2018 and 2019, Hispanics in 2019. For example, in 2019, 87.6 Looking at public coverage in 2019, experienced the largest change in percent of people with income-to- nonworkers were about twice as likely uninsured rates among race and poverty ratio at or above 400 percent as those who worked less than full- Hispanic origin groups, increasing of poverty had private coverage, time, year-round to have public cover- from 17.9 percent in 2018 to 18.7 per- compared with 60.1 percent for those age: 42.6 percent and 21.0 percent cent in 2019, a 0.7 percentage-point with incomes 100 to 399 percent of had public coverage, respectively. increase. The percentage of non- poverty, and 26.6 percent for those About 7.4 percent of full-time, year- Hispanic Whites and Asians without with incomes below poverty. round workers had public coverage. health insurance coverage increased In contrast, public coverage was the Between 2018 and 2019, public cover- by 0.2 and 0.3 percentage points, most prevalent for the population age decreased by 0.5 percentage respectively. However, there was no in poverty (65.2 percent) and least points for nonworkers, 0.2 percentage statistical change in the percentage prevalent for the population with points among those who worked full- of Blacks without health insurance income-to-poverty ratios at or above time, year-round, and 0.2 percentage coverage between 2018 and 2019 400 percent of poverty (21.9 percent). (Appendix Table A-2).27 Between 2018 and 2019, rates of pri- 31 The change in the private coverage rate between 2018 and 2019 for those with income- vate coverage decreased among the to-poverty ratios between 100 and 399 percent of poverty was not statistically different from 26 See text box “Health Insurance Coverage the change for those at or above 400 percent of and the Affordable Care Act” in Berchick, 28 The change in the private coverage rate poverty. Edward R., Emily Hood, and Jessica C. Barnett, between 2018 and 2019 for Hispanics was not 32 The change in the public coverage rate "Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: statistically different from the change for Blacks between 2018 and 2019 for those with income- 2017," Current Population Reports, P60-264, or Asians. to-poverty ratios between 100 and 399 percent U.S. Census Bureau, Washington DC, 29 The change in the private coverage rate of poverty was not statistically different from the
U.S. Census Bureau Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2019 9 Figure Percentage of People by Health Coverage Type and Selected Characteristics and (Civilian noninstitutionalized population If appears to be missing for a characteristic then it is within percentage point of the estimate The dierence in the and point estimates may still be statistically significant To determine the significance of these dierences please see Table A-)
Public Private
Total
Race and Hispanic Origin
White not Hispanic
Black
Asian
Hispanic (any race)
Income-to-Poverty Ratio
Poverty universe
Below of poverty Between and of poverty At or above of poverty
Work Experience Aged to
All workers
Worked full-time year-round Worked less than full-time year-round Did not work
Marital Status
Aged to
Married
Not married
Percent
The poverty universe excludes unrelated individuals under the age of such as foster children Note Dierences are calculated with unrounded numbers which may produce dierent results from using the rounded values in the figure The estimates by type of coverage are not mutually exclusive people can be covered by more than one type of health insurance during the year For information on confidentiality protection sampling error nonsampling error and definitions in the American Community Survey see
10 Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2019 U.S. Census Bureau points among those who worked less selected characteristics, the percent- regions in the United States, and than full-time, year-round.34 age of children without coverage between 2018 and 2019, their unin- was significantly higher in 2019 than sured rate increased 0.6 percentage Because health insurance can be in 2018 (Figure 5). points to 7.7 percent.39 The uninsured obtained through a spouse, marital rate also increased for children in the status is an important factor for cover- The uninsured rate increased for Northeast (0.2 percentage points), age. Neither married nor unmarried children in each income-to-poverty children in the Midwest (0.3 percent- adults experienced a statistical change group. The uninsured rate increased age points), and children in the West in private coverage rates between 0.7 percentage points for children liv- (0.5 percentage points).40 2018 and 2019.35 Among married ing in families in poverty.37 For those adults in 2019, 12.0 percent had public between 100 and 399 percent of pov- Health Insurance Coverage for coverage, a 0.6 percentage-point erty and those above 400 percent of Adults Aged 19 to 64 by Income- decrease compared with 2018. Among poverty, the uninsured rate increased to-Poverty Ratio and Medicaid unmarried adults in 2019, 23.5 percent by 0.5 percentage points and 0.3 per- Expansion Status had public coverage, a 0.5 percentage- centage points, respectively. In both The ACA provided the option for point decrease from 2018. years, the percentage of children states to expand Medicaid eligibility without health insurance coverage For all social and demographic char- to people whose income-to-poverty decreased as the income-to-poverty acteristics examined, public coverage ratio fell under a particular thresh- ratio increased. 41 increased between 2010 and 2019.36 old. As of January 1, 2019, 32 Private coverage generally increased The uninsured rate increased for all states and the District of Columbia over this same time period, with a children between 2018 and 2019, but had expanded Medicaid eligibility 42 few exceptions. The percentage of the increase was largest for Hispanic (“expansion states”) ; 18 states had non-Hispanic Whites covered by pri- children. The uninsured rate increased not expanded Medicaid eligibility vate health insurance decreased 0.4 for non-Hispanic White children (by (“nonexpansion states”). The unin- percentage points between 2010 and 0.2 percentage points) and Black chil- sured rate in 2019 varied by state 2019. During this period, private cov- dren (by 0.3 percentage points) to 4.3 Medicaid expansion status. In 2019, erage rates also decreased for people percent and 4.6 percent, respective- among adults aged 19 to 64, those who were not in poverty. ly. 38 In 2019, 9.2 percent of Hispanic in expansion states had lower unin- children were uninsured, representing sured rates (9.8 percent) than those Children Without Health Insurance a 1.0 percentage-point increase from Coverage 2018.
In 2019, 5.7 percent of children Other characteristics also reveal that 39 For information about how the under the age of 19 did not have Census Bureau classifies regions, see changes in health insurance cover-
U.S. Census Bureau Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2019 11 Figure Percentage of Children Under the Age of Without Health Insurance Coverage by Selected Characteristics to (Civilian noninstitutionalized population Children aged and under)
Total
Income-to-Poverty Ratio
Poverty universe Below 100% of poverty Between 100% and 399% of poverty At or above 400% of poverty
Race and Hispanic Origin
White, not Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic (any race)
Nativity
Native-born citizen Naturalized citizen Noncitizen
Region
Northeast Midwest South West
Medicaid Expansion Status
Nonexpansion state Expansion state
1 The poverty universe excludes unrelated individuals under the age of 15 such as foster children. Medicaid expansion status as of January 1, 2019. For a list of expansion and nonexpansion states, see Appendix Table A-3, Percentage of People Without Health Insurance Coverage by State: 2010, 2018, and 2019. Note: All presented statistics have a statistically dierent change between 2018 and 2019 at the 90 percent confidence level, except for Asian. Dierences are calculated with unrounded numbers, which may produce dierent results from using the rounded values in the figure. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions in the American Community Survey, see
12 Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2019 U.S. Census Bureau in nonexpansion states (18.4 percent) Uninsured rates were lower for all of people without health insurance (Figure 6). income-to-poverty groups in expan- increased 1.1 percentage points to sion states than in nonexpansion 14.6 percent in expansion states, and Under the ACA, states can expand states. At the same time, the unin- 1.0 percentage points to 23.3 percent Medicaid eligibility to people whose sured rate increased for individuals in in nonexpansion states.44 The unin- income-to-poverty ratio falls under a all income-to-poverty groups in both sured rate for those living at or above particular threshold. For adults aged expansion and nonexpansion states 400 percent of poverty increased 19 to 64, the relationship between between 2018 and 2019. The mag- by 0.3 percentage points in expan- poverty status and health insurance nitude of change between the years sion states to 4.2 percent, and by 0.6 coverage in 2019 may be related to varied by poverty status and state percentage points in nonexpansion the state of residence and whether expansion status. For people living states to 7.1 percent over the same that state expanded Medicaid eligibil- below the poverty line, the uninsured period. ity (Figure 6).43 rate increased by 0.7 percentage points in expansion states to 16.4 43 Thirty-two states and the District of Columbia expanded Medicaid eligibility on or percent, and 1.7 percentage points in 44 The change in the uninsured rate for those before January 1, 2019. For a list of the states and nonexpansion states to 36.4 percent. living between 100 and 399 percent of poverty their Medicaid expansion status as of January 1, in expansion states is not statistically different 2019, see Appendix Table A-3: Percentage of For those living between 100 and 399 from the change in the uninsured rate for those People Without Health Insurance Coverage by percent of poverty, the percentage living between 100 and 399 percent of poverty State: 2010, 2018, and 2019. in nonexpansion states.
Figure Uninsured Rate by Poverty Status and Medicaid Expansion of State for Adults Aged to to (Civilian noninstitutionalized population adults aged to )
Expansion states Nonexpansion states
Below Between At or above Total Below Between At or above Total of and of of and of poverty of poverty poverty of poverty poverty poverty
Percentage-point change in uninsured rate between and
1 Medicaid expansion status as of January 1, 2019. For a list of expansion and nonexpansion states, see Appendix Table A-3, Percentage of People Without Health Insurance Coverage by State: 2010, 2018, and 2019. Note: All presented statistics have a statistically different change between 2018 and 2019 at the 90 percent confidence level. Differences are calculated with unrounded numbers, which may produce different results from using the rounded values in the figure. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions in the American Community Survey, see
U.S. Census Bureau Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2019 13 State Estimates of Health Insurance or more.46 The remainder of states were less than 1.0 percentage points. Coverage had uninsured rates between 5.0 and Thirty states and the District of In 2019, the percentage of people 11.9 percent in 2019 (Figure 8). Columbia did not have a statistically significant change in their uninsured without health insurance at the time Between 2018 and 2019, the percent- rate. of interview in each state ranged age of people without health insur- from 3.0 percent (Massachusetts) to ance coverage decreased in one state Many Medicaid expansion states 18.4 percent (Texas) (Figures 7 and and increased in 19 states (Figure 8). had uninsured rates lower than 45 8). Five states and the District of The magnitude of decrease in Virginia the national average, while many Columbia had an uninsured rate of was 0.9 percentage points. The larg- nonexpansion states had uninsured less than 5.0 percent, and seven states est increase was in Wyoming, which rates above the national average had an uninsured rate of 12.0 percent increased by 1.8 percentage points. (Figure 8). In 2019, the uninsured However, Wyoming’s increase was not rates by state ranged from 3.0 percent significantly different from the major- to 12.2 percent in expansion states, ity of other states. All other increases and from 5.7 percent to 18.4 percent 45 The percentage of people without health in nonexpansion states. insurance coverage in Massachusetts (3.0 percent) was not statistically different from the 46 Consistent with Figure 7, classification into percentage without coverage in the District of these categories is based on rounded uninsured Columbia (3.5 percent). rates.
Figure 7.
AK Uninsured Rate by State: 2019 (Civilian noninstitutionalized population)
0 500 Miles
WA
ME MT ND
OR MN VT ID NH MA WI NY SD MI WY CT RI PA IA NJ NE NV OH DE ! ! UT IN ! ! ! IL ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! WV ! MD ! CA ! CO ! ! ! ! ! ! !
!
VA ! KS MO ! ! KY ! DC NC TN AZ OK AR SC NM Percent without AL health insurance MS GA coverage 12.0 or more TX LA 9.0 to 11.9 7.0 to 8.9 FL 5.0 to 6.9 Less than 5.0
0 100 Miles U.S. : 9.2 HI
0 100 Miles
A state with a circle around its abbreviation expanded Medicaid eligibility on or before January 1, 2019. Note: For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions in the American Community Survey, see
14 Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2019 U.S. Census Bureau Figure Percentage of People Without Health Insurance Coverage by State and (Civilian noninstitutionalized population States with names in bold experienced a statistically significant change between and ) Massachusetts District of Columbia Rhode Island Hawaii Vermont Minnesota Iowa New York Wisconsin Pennsylvania
Michigan Connecticut Maryland New Hampshire Kentucky Delaware Ohio Washington West Virginia North Dakota
Oregon Illinois California New Jersey Virginia
Colorado Maine Montana Nebraska Indiana
Louisiana Arkansas
United States Kansas Utah Alabama New Mexico Missouri Tennessee South Dakota Idaho South Carolina North Carolina
Arizona Nevada Alaska Wyoming Mississippi Florida Georgia Oklahoma Texas Percent Expanded Medicaid eligibility as of January Expanded Medicaid eligibility after January and on or before January Expanded Medicaid eligibility after January and on or before January Expanded Medicaid eligibility after January and on or before January Expanded Medicaid eligibility after January and on or before January Note For information on confidentiality protection sampling error nonsampling error and definitions in the American Community Survey see
U.S. Census Bureau Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2019 15 For all states and the District of Small Area Health Insurance Estimates Areas. The 2020 CPS ASEC sample Columbia, the uninsured rate are available at
16 Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2019 U.S. Census Bureau Additional estimates in this report experience on data.census.gov, data smallest geographic unit that is identi are from the American Community users of all skill levels can search fied within the PUMS is the Public Survey (ACS). The ACS is an ongo- premade tables or create custom Use Microdata Area. These data are ing, nationwide survey designed to statistics from Public Use Microdata available online at
U.S. Census Bureau Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2019 17 2 0.2 0.5 0.2 less less –0.2 –0.3 –0.1 –0.6 –0.8 –0.3 –0.4 –0.2 –0.4 *–0.4 *–0.7 *–0.4 *–0.6 *–1.0 *–0.4 *–1.1 *–0.4 *–0.6 *–0.5 *–0.5 *–0.9 (2019 2018) Change 1 of of 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 1.7 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.7 1.8 0.7 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 (±) error Margin Margin 5 2019 8.3 7.6 8.0 7.8 3.0 5.2 9.6 6.2 8.0 8.9 13.5 11.1 12.0 19.0 16.7 15.7 10.7 15.9 10.2 15.4 14.1 13.4 12.2 11.0 Percent
Uninsured 1 of of 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 1.6 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.6 2.0 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.5 (±) error Margin Margin 2018 8.1 8.3 8.5 8.2 3.4 5.4 9.7 6.8 8.5 9.5 13.7 11.7 13.0 19.9 17.8 16.0 11.3 16.3 10.7 15.6 13.6 13.8 13.1 10.8 Percent 2 0.6 1.7 0.1 0.2 0.4 1.2 1.2 *1.9 *0.7 less less –0.3 –0.4 –0.2 –1.4 –0.3 –0.9 –0.7 –0.3 –0.3 –0.3 –0.1 *–0.5 *–1.7 *–0.6 *–1.1 (2019 2018) Change 1 of of 4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 2.3 0.3 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.9 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.3 1.0 0.3 0.8 0.2 1.0 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.8 (±) error Margin Margin 2019 7.0 34.1 33.5 12.2 19.2 33.0 33.5 17.2 41.8 23.6 25.2 31.4 35.8 21.3 34.0 18.2 66.6 11.2 65.9 55.5 21.6 39.1 37.3 29.5 Percent
1 of of 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 2.2 0.3 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.8 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.9 0.2 0.7 0.2 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.7 (±) error Public health insurance Margin Margin 2018 7.2 34.4 33.8 12.6 18.5 33.2 34.9 17.6 41.2 25.3 26.1 29.7 36.5 21.6 34.3 18.8 66.8 11.1 65.8 54.4 21.3 40.2 36.2 27.7 Percent 2 0.5 0.9 1.3 0.4 1.0 0.3 0.5 *0.8 *1.1 *0.8 *0.9 *2.7 *2.0 *0.8 *1.1 less less *0.7 *1.8 –0.4 –0.3 –0.6 –0.3 *–1.7 *–1.4 *–2.5 (2019 2018) Change
1 Total 3 of of 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 2.5 0.4 0.9 1.0 1.1 2.2 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.9 0.3 0.8 0.3 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.8 (±) error Margin Margin 2019 68.0 70.1 83.4 88.8 75.2 56.5 74.4 55.2 67.4 74.4 51.8 51.6 65.1 68.1 73.9 22.9 80.8 25.2 85.8 39.9 68.2 53.2 63.0 72.6 Percent
1 of of 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 2.2 0.4 1.1 1.0 1.3 2.3 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 (±) Any health insurance Any error Margin Margin Private health insurance Private 2018 67.3 69.3 82.3 89.2 74.8 55.6 73.5 55.4 64.7 73.1 52.4 49.6 64.7 67.3 72.8 22.0 80.5 24.7 85.1 41.6 68.5 51.3 64.4 75.1 Percent 2 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.6 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.4 *0.4 *0.7 *0.4 *0.4 *0.6 *1.0 *1.1 *0.4 *0.6 less less *0.5 *0.5 *0.9 –0.5 –0.2 –0.2 (2019 2018) Change
1 of of 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 1.7 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.7 1.8 0.7 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 (±) error Margin Margin 2019 92.0 92.2 92.4 97.0 94.8 86.5 88.9 90.4 88.0 93.8 81.0 83.3 84.3 92.0 89.3 84.1 89.8 84.6 91.1 85.9 86.6 87.8 89.0 91.7 Percent
1 of of 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 1.6 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.6 2.0 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 (±) error Margin Margin 2018 91.7 91.5 91.8 96.6 94.6 86.3 88.3 90.3 87.0 93.2 80.1 82.2 84.0 91.5 88.7 83.7 89.3 90.5 84.4 86.2 86.4 86.9 89.2 91.9 Percent 2019 3,319 3,802 42,991 18,290 19,905 60,517 67,065 33,879 52,816 51,349 44,379 53,047 48,924 43,078 number 100,795 324,550 247,869 146,818 194,518 193,272 324,048 210,228 157,181 112,803 2018 3,385 4,200 42,758 18,683 19,770 59,925 65,475 38,056 58,204 55,302 43,271 55,573 50,632 43,624 number 101,805 323,668 247,472 135,559 194,679 193,548 323,172 210,794 155,221 111,950 ...... Characteristic ...... 7 ...... and Hispanic Origin Public health insurance coverage includes Medicaid, Medicare, CHAMPVA (Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs), and care provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs and the military. Affairs Veterans of by the Department provided and care Affairs), of Veterans of the Department Health and Medical Program (Civilian CHAMPVA includes Medicaid, Medicare, coverage Public health insurance Federal surveys give respondents the option of reporting more than one race. Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race group are possible. A group, such as Asian, may be defined as those who reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single- race-alone (the race Asian and no other reported be defined as those who such as Asian, may A group, possible. are group race of defining a basic ways two Therefore, than one race. more the option of reporting respondents give surveys Federal 6 Individuals are considered to be uninsured if they do not have health insurance coverage for the entire calendar year. the entire for coverage health insurance do not have if they be uninsured to considered Individuals are Private health insurance includes coverage provided through an employer or union, coverage purchased directly, or TRICARE. directly, purchased or union, coverage an employer through provided includes coverage health insurance Private Details may not sum to totals because of rounding. totals not sum to may Details The combined category “married” includes three individual categories: “married, civilian spouse present,” “married, U.S. armed forces spouse present,” and “married, spouse absent.” and “married, spouse absent.” spouse present,” armed forces “married, U.S. “married, civilian spouse present,” individual categories: “married” includes three category combined The A margin of error (MOE) is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the MOE in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. This number, when added to and subtracted from the estimate, forms the 90 percent confidence confidence the 90 percent forms the estimate, from and subtracted when added to number, This the estimate. reliable the less of the estimate, the size to the MOE in relation larger The variability. of an estimate’s (MOE) is a measure of error A margin Note: The estimates by type of coverage are not mutually exclusive; people can be covered by more than one type of health insurance during the year. of health insurance than one type more by people can be covered not mutually exclusive; are of coverage type by estimates The Note: ASEC). (CPS Supplements Annual Social and Economic and 2020 2019 Survey, Population Current Bureau, Census U.S. Source: * Changes between the estimates are statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level. confidence at the 90 percent zero from different statistically are the estimates * Changes between 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ...... poverty ...... poverty year-round ...... poverty ...... poverty . Total Table A-1. A-1. Table and 2019 2018 Data: Using CPS ASEC and Characteristics Ages Selected for Coverage of Health Insurance Type by of People Percentage and definitions, nonsampling error, sampling error, protection, on confidentiality information For year. of the following as of March Population points. in percentage of error in thousands, margins (Numbers see (https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar20.pdf>) ...... White interval. MOEs shown in this table are based on standard errors calculated using replicate weights. weights. using replicate calculated errors based on standard in this table are MOEs shown interval. race concept) or as those who reported Asian regardless of whether they also reported another race (the race-alone-or-in-combination concept). This table shows data using the first approach (race alone). The use of the single-race population does not imply population The use of the single-race alone). (race approach using the first data table shows This concept). (the race-alone-or-in-combination another race also reported they of whether Asian regardless or as those who reported concept) race not shown are races or more two reporting and those Islanders, and Other Pacific Hawaiians Native Natives, American Indians and Alaska for Data of approaches. uses a variety Bureau Census The data. or analyzing of presenting method it is the preferred that separately. At or above 400 percent of 400 percent or above At Race White, not Hispanic White, ...... Widowed Total, 19 to 64 years old 64 years 19 to Total, Black Divorced Marital Status Married Asian ...... Separated ...... race) Hispanic (any Never married Never Income-to-Poverty Ratio Income-to-Poverty universe poverty Total, Total, 15 to 64 years old 64 years 15 to Total, .... of poverty 100 percent Below Work Experience Experience Work All workers .... of poverty 138 percent Below Worked full-time, year-round full-time, Worked Between 100 and 199 percent of 100 and 199 percent Between Worked less than full-time, than full-time, less Worked Between 200 and 299 percent of 200 and 299 percent Between Did not work at least 1 week least at Did not work Between 300 and 399 percent of 300 and 399 percent Between
18 Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2019 U.S. Census Bureau 2 Z 0.4 0.2 *0.3 *0.2 *0.4 *0.3 *0.2 *0.4 *0.3 *0.9 *0.7 *0.4 *0.3 *0.4 *0.5 *0.4 less less *0.7 *0.5 *0.7 *0.5 *0.5 *0.8 *0.7 (2019 2018) Change 1 of 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 (±) error Margin Margin 2019 3.9 9.5 9.2 8.3 6.3 6.6 9.2 8.6 12.9 13.7 10.1 14.3 20.7 18.7 16.7 12.4 16.0 12.0 15.9 10.2 15.2 15.8 14.7 12.2 Percent Uninsured
1 Z Z of 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 (±) error Margin Margin 2018 3.6 9.0 8.9 8.0 6.0 6.3 8.9 9.7 7.9 12.5 13.3 10.1 14.1 19.8 17.9 16.4 12.0 15.5 11.6 15.2 14.6 15.3 14.2 11.3 Percent 2 Z Z *1.0 *0.2 less less *0.4 –0.2 *–0.6 *–0.6 *–0.8 *–0.4 *–0.3 *–0.2 *–0.5 *–1.1 *–1.4 *–0.5 *–0.2 *–0.6 *–0.4 *–0.5 *–0.2 *–0.4 *–0.2 *–0.5 (2019 2018) Change 1 of 4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 (±) error Margin Margin 2019 7.4 35.4 34.5 21.9 12.0 34.3 17.7 34.4 43.5 26.6 25.6 31.3 36.3 21.6 35.5 18.8 65.2 11.8 64.1 53.4 21.0 42.6 36.1 27.6 Percent
1 Z of 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 (±) error Public health insurance Margin Margin 2018 7.7 35.6 34.5 20.9 12.6 34.2 18.3 35.2 43.9 26.9 26.1 32.5 37.7 22.1 35.8 19.4 65.4 12.2 64.6 53.8 21.3 43.1 36.1 27.2 Percent 2 Z Z Z Z Z 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.1 *0.4 *0.6 less less –0.1 –0.1 –0.1 *–0.3 *–0.9 *–0.4 *–0.2 *–0.3 *–0.5 *–1.0 *–0.3 *–1.6 *–1.4 (2019 2018) Change
1 Total 3 of 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 (±) error Margin Margin 2019 67.4 70.9 87.6 82.1 74.7 72.8 58.5 55.7 63.7 74.7 52.4 50.1 64.4 67.4 72.2 26.6 78.8 28.6 84.6 42.6 66.4 49.6 64.2 76.5 Percent
1 of 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 (±) Any health insurance Any error Margin Margin Private health insurance Private 2018 67.5 71.2 88.5 82.1 75.2 72.8 58.1 55.3 63.6 74.3 52.3 49.5 64.4 67.5 72.2 26.6 79.0 28.9 85.1 43.5 66.7 49.6 65.8 77.9 Percent 2 Z less less –0.4 –0.2 *–0.3 *–0.2 *–0.4 *–0.2 *–0.4 *–0.3 *–0.3 *–0.9 *–0.7 *–0.4 *–0.3 *–0.4 *–0.5 *–0.4 *–0.7 *–0.5 *–0.7 *–0.5 *–0.5 *–0.8 *–0.7 (2019 2018) Change
1 of 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 (±) error Margin Margin 2019 90.8 91.7 96.1 90.5 93.7 87.1 86.3 89.9 85.7 93.4 79.3 81.3 83.3 90.8 87.6 84.0 88.0 84.1 89.8 84.8 84.2 85.3 87.8 91.4 Percent
1 Z Z of 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 (±) error Margin Margin 2018 96.4 91.0 91.1 92.0 94.0 87.5 86.7 89.9 85.9 93.7 80.2 82.1 83.6 91.1 88.0 84.5 88.4 90.3 84.8 84.7 85.4 85.8 88.7 92.1 Percent 2019 3,116 4,031 96,394 40,702 20,865 18,534 59,687 68,582 39,464 58,864 53,043 51,063 45,128 50,359 44,035 number 132,325 323,121 233,212 194,023 192,988 319,225 209,861 160,568 109,506 2018 3,193 4,245 96,942 40,385 21,005 18,317 59,022 67,911 41,838 62,225 55,314 52,982 46,160 50,877 43,720 number 126,752 322,249 233,038 194,357 193,295 318,500 210,307 160,032 107,050 ...... Characteristic ...... 6 ...... and Hispanic Origin Public health insurance coverage includes Medicaid, Medicare, CHAMPVA (Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs), and care provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs and the military. Affairs Veterans of by the Department provided and care Affairs), of Veterans of the Department Health and Medical Program (Civilian CHAMPVA includes Medicaid, Medicare, coverage Public health insurance The combined category “married” includes three individual categories: “married, civilian spouse present,” “married, U.S. armed forces spouse present,” and “married, spouse absent.” and “married, spouse absent.” spouse present,” armed forces “married, U.S. “married, civilian spouse present,” individual categories: “married” includes three category combined The 5 Federal surveys give respondents the option of reporting more than one race. Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race group are possible. A group, such as Asian, may be defined as those who reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single- race-alone (the race Asian and no other reported be defined as those who such as Asian, may A group, possible. are group race of defining a basic ways two Therefore, than one race. more the option of reporting respondents give surveys Federal Private health insurance includes coverage provided through an employer or union, coverage purchased directly, or TRICARE. directly, purchased or union, coverage an employer through provided includes coverage health insurance Private Details may not sum to totals because of rounding. totals not sum to may Details A margin of error (MOE) is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the MOE in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. This number, when added to and subtracted from the estimate, forms the 90 percent confidence confidence the 90 percent forms the estimate, from and subtracted when added to number, This the estimate. reliable the less of the estimate, the size to the MOE in relation larger The variability. of an estimate’s (MOE) is a measure of error A margin * Changes between the estimates are statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level. confidence at the 90 percent zero from different statistically are the estimates * Changes between zero. to Z Rounds 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: The estimates by type of coverage are not mutually exclusive; people can be covered by more than one type of health insurance at the time of interview. at of health insurance than one type more by people can be covered not mutually exclusive; are of coverage type by estimates The Note: Estimates. 1-Year (ACS), Surveys American Community and 2019 2018 Bureau, Census U.S. Source: ...... poverty year-round ...... poverty ...... poverty poverty . Total Table A-2. A-2. Table and 2019 2018 Data: Using ACS and Characteristics Ages Selected for Coverage of Health Insurance Type by of People Percentage and definitions, nonsampling error, sampling error, protection, on confidentiality information For population. Civilian noninstitutionalized points. in percentage of error in thousands, margins (Numbers see (https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/tech_docs/accuracy/ACS_Accuracy_of_Data_2019.pdf>) ...... White race concept) or as those who reported Asian regardless of whether they also reported another race (the race-alone-or-in-combination concept). This table shows data using the first approach (race alone). The use of the single-race population does not imply population The use of the single-race alone). (race approach using the first data table shows This concept). (the race-alone-or-in-combination another race also reported they of whether Asian regardless or as those who reported concept) race not shown are races or more two reporting and those Islanders, and Other Pacific Hawaiians Native Natives, American Indians and Alaska for Data of approaches. uses a variety Bureau Census The data. or analyzing of presenting method it is the preferred that separately. interval. MOEs shown in this table are based on standard errors calculated using replicate weights. weights. using replicate calculated errors based on standard in this table are MOEs shown interval. Race White, not Hispanic White, Total, 19 to 64 years old 64 years 19 to Total, ...... Widowed Black Marital Status Married Divorced Asian ...... Separated ...... race) Hispanic (any Never married Never Income-to-Poverty Ratio Income-to-Poverty universe poverty Total, Total, 15 to 64 years old 64 years 15 to Total, .... of poverty 100 percent Below Work Experience Experience Work All workers .... of poverty 138 percent Below Worked full-time, year-round full-time, Worked Between 100 and 199 percent of 100 and 199 percent Between Worked less than full-time, than full-time, less Worked Between 200 and 299 percent of 200 and 299 percent Between Did not work at least 1 week least at Did not work Between 300 and 399 percent of 300 and 399 percent Between At or above 400 percent of 400 percent or above At
U.S. Census Bureau Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2019 19 Table A-3. Percentage of People Without Health Insurance Coverage by State: 2010, 2018, and 2019 (Numbers in thousands. Civilian noninstitutionalized population. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see
Medicaid Difference in uninsured 2010 uninsured 2018 uninsured 2019 uninsured expansion 2019 less 2018 2019 less 2010 State state? Yes (Y) or Margin of Margin of Margin of Margin of Margin of No (N)¹ Percent error² (±) Percent error² (±) Percent error² (±) Percent error² (±) Percent error² (±) United States ..... X 15.5 0.1 8.9 0.1 9.2 0.1 *0.3 0.1 *–6.3 0.1 Alabama ...... N 14.6 0.4 10.0 0.3 9.7 0.3 –0.3 0.4 *–4.9 0.5 Alaska...... +Y 19.9 1.1 12.6 0.9 12.2 0.8 –0.4 1.2 *–7.6 1.3 Arizona ...... Y 16.9 0.3 10.6 0.3 11.3 0.3 *0.7 0.5 *–5.6 0.5 Arkansas ...... Y 17.5 0.5 8.2 0.3 9.1 0.4 *0.9 0.5 *–8.3 0.7 California ...... Y 18.5 0.2 7.2 0.1 7.7 0.1 *0.5 0.2 *–10.8 0.2 Colorado ...... Y 15.9 0.5 7.5 0.3 8.0 0.3 *0.5 0.4 *–7.9 0.5 Connecticut ...... Y 9.1 0.3 5.3 0.3 5.9 0.3 *0.6 0.4 *–3.2 0.5 Delaware ...... Y 9.7 0.8 5.7 0.7 6.6 0.6 0.9 0.9 *–3.1 1.0 District of Columbia .... Y 7.6 0.7 3.2 0.5 3.5 0.6 0.4 0.8 *–4.1 0.9 Florida ...... N 21.3 0.3 13.0 0.2 13.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 *–8.1 0.3 Georgia ...... N 19.7 0.4 13.7 0.3 13.4 0.3 –0.2 0.4 *–6.3 0.5 Hawaii...... Y 7.9 0.5 4.1 0.4 4.2 0.4 0.1 0.5 *–3.7 0.6 Idaho ...... N 17.7 0.7 11.1 0.6 10.8 0.5 –0.3 0.8 *–6.9 0.9 Illinois ...... Y 13.8 0.2 7.0 0.2 7.4 0.2 *0.4 0.3 *–6.4 0.3 Indiana ...... +Y 14.8 0.3 8.3 0.3 8.7 0.3 *0.5 0.4 *–6.1 0.4 Iowa ...... Y 9.3 0.3 4.7 0.3 5.0 0.3 0.3 0.4 *–4.3 0.5 Kansas ...... N 13.9 0.4 8.8 0.4 9.2 0.4 0.4 0.5 *–4.7 0.6 Kentucky ...... Y 15.3 0.4 5.6 0.3 6.4 0.3 *0.8 0.4 *–8.8 0.5 Louisiana ...... #Y 17.8 0.4 8.0 0.3 8.9 0.3 *0.9 0.4 *–8.9 0.5 Maine ...... N 10.1 0.5 8.0 0.5 8.0 0.5 Z 0.7 *–2.1 0.7 Maryland ...... Y 11.3 0.3 6.0 0.2 6.0 0.3 Z 0.4 *–5.3 0.4 Massachusetts ...... Y 4.4 0.2 2.8 0.2 3.0 0.2 *0.2 0.2 *–1.4 0.3 Michigan ...... ^Y 12.4 0.2 5.4 0.1 5.8 0.2 *0.4 0.2 *–6.6 0.3 Minnesota ...... Y 9.1 0.3 4.4 0.2 4.9 0.2 *0.5 0.3 *–4.2 0.3 Mississippi ...... N 18.2 0.5 12.1 0.4 13.0 0.5 *0.8 0.7 *–5.2 0.7 Missouri ...... N 13.2 0.3 9.4 0.3 10.0 0.3 *0.6 0.4 *–3.1 0.4 Montana ...... +Y 17.3 0.7 8.2 0.5 8.3 0.5 0.1 0.7 *–9.1 0.9 Nebraska ...... N 11.5 0.4 8.3 0.4 8.3 0.4 Z 0.6 *–3.2 0.6 Nevada ...... Y 22.6 0.6 11.2 0.4 11.4 0.5 0.2 0.6 *–11.2 0.7 New Hampshire ...... ^Y 11.1 0.7 5.7 0.4 6.3 0.6 0.5 0.7 *–4.9 0.9 New Jersey ...... Y 13.2 0.2 7.4 0.2 7.9 0.2 *0.4 0.3 *–5.4 0.3 New Mexico...... Y 19.6 0.7 9.5 0.6 10.0 0.6 0.4 0.8 *–9.6 0.9 New York ...... Y 11.9 0.2 5.4 0.1 5.2 0.1 –0.2 0.2 *–6.7 0.2 North Carolina ...... N 16.8 0.3 10.7 0.2 11.3 0.3 *0.5 0.3 *–5.5 0.4 North Dakota ...... Y 9.8 0.7 7.3 0.6 6.9 0.7 –0.4 0.9 *–2.9 1.0 Ohio ...... Y 12.3 0.2 6.5 0.2 6.6 0.2 0.1 0.3 *–5.7 0.3 Oklahoma ...... N 18.9 0.3 14.2 0.3 14.3 0.3 0.1 0.5 *–4.6 0.5 Oregon ...... Y 17.1 0.4 7.1 0.3 7.2 0.3 0.1 0.4 *–10.0 0.5 Pennsylvania ...... ^Y 10.2 0.2 5.5 0.1 5.8 0.2 *0.2 0.2 *–4.4 0.3 Rhode Island ...... Y 12.2 0.7 4.1 0.5 4.1 0.6 Z 0.8 *–8.1 0.9 South Carolina ...... N 17.5 0.4 10.5 0.4 10.8 0.3 0.4 0.5 *–6.7 0.5 South Dakota ...... N 12.4 0.9 9.8 0.6 10.2 0.7 0.4 0.9 *–2.2 1.1 Tennessee ...... N 14.4 0.4 10.1 0.3 10.1 0.3 Z 0.4 *–4.2 0.5 Texas ...... N 23.7 0.2 17.7 0.2 18.4 0.2 *0.6 0.3 *–5.4 0.3 Utah ...... N 15.3 0.6 9.4 0.5 9.7 0.5 0.2 0.7 *–5.7 0.8 Vermont ...... Y 8.0 0.7 4.0 0.5 4.5 0.5 0.5 0.7 *–3.6 0.8 Virginia ...... ~Y 13.1 0.3 8.8 0.3 7.9 0.3 *–0.9 0.4 *–5.1 0.4 Washington ...... Y 14.2 0.4 6.4 0.2 6.6 0.3 0.2 0.3 *–7.6 0.4 West Virginia ...... Y 14.6 0.6 6.4 0.4 6.7 0.4 0.3 0.6 *–7.9 0.7 Wisconsin ...... N 9.4 0.2 5.5 0.2 5.7 0.2 0.3 0.3 *–3.7 0.3 Wyoming ...... N 14.9 1.1 10.5 0.9 12.3 1.3 *1.8 1.5 *–2.6 1.7
* Statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level. ² A margin of error is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the margin of error in ^ Expanded Medicaid eligibility after January 1, 2014, and on or before January 1, 2015. relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. This number, when added to and + Expanded Medicaid eligibility after January 1, 2015, and on or before January 1, 2016. subtracted from the estimate, forms the 90 percent confidence interval. Margins of error shown in # Expanded Medicaid eligibility after January 1, 2016, and on or before January 1, 2017. this table are based on standard errors calculated using replicate weights. ~ Expanded Medicaid eligibility after January 1, 2018, and on or before January 1, 2019. Note: Differences are calculated with unrounded numbers, which may produce different Z Rounds to zero. results from using the rounded values in the table. ¹ Medicaid expansion status as of January 1, 2019. For more information, see Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2010, 2018, and 2019 American Community Surveys (ACS),
20 Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2019 U.S. Census Bureau