Ent. Tidskr. 140 (2019)
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Författare Ent. Tidskr. 140 (2019) 36 Ent. Tidskr. 140 (2019) Korttitel 37 Ent. Tidskr. 139 (2018) Swedish lice, general introduction Checklist and key to the lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) of Sweden DANIEL R. GUSTAFSSON1, EMILY DIBLASI2, URBAN OLSSON3, TOMAS NAJER4, OLD- RICH SYCHRA4 & SARAH E. BUSH2 Gustafsson, D.R., DiBlasi, E., Olsson, U., Najer, T., Sychra, O. & Bush, S.E.: Checklist and key to the lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) of Sweden. [Artlista och nycklar till Sveriges löss (Insecta: Phthiraptera).] – Entomologisk Tidskrift 139 (4): 205-394. Uppsala, Sweden 2018. ISSN 0013-886x. A checklist of the 88 genera and 332 species of lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) recorded from Sweden is provided, including records of 128 species and 12 genera hitherto not reported from Sweden. Philopterus linariae (Piaget, 1885) is reported for the first time fromSpinus spinus (Linnaeus, 1758). Actornithophilus sedes Eichler, 1944, is reported for the first time from Calidris alpina alpina (Linnaeus, 1758). We confirm that Austromenopon lutescens (Burmeister, 1838) naturally occurs on Tringa glaroela (Linnaeus, 1758). A brief overview of the knowledge of the louse fauna in the other Nordic countries, a basic overview of louse morphology, and a key to the lice of Sweden are also provided. 1 Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resources, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, 105 Xingang West Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510260, China. Email: [email protected] 2 Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA. 3 Systematics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 463, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden. 4 Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, Uni- versity of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho tr. 1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic. Content Introduction ................................................... 205 Species removed from the Swedish list........293 Material & Methods ........................................210 Checklist by host............................................294 Morphology ...................................................215 Key to species of lice in Sweden..................308 Results........................................................... 221 Footnotes to key............................................326 Discussion .....................................................223 References....................................................329 Svensk sammanfattning.................................226 Abbrevations.................................................346 Checklist of Swedish Phthiraptera................227 Figure plates...................................................348 Lice (Phthiraptera) are a diverse group of wing- suborder Rhynchophthirina found exclusively on less, permanent ectoparasites of birds and mam- elephants and warthogs and so far unrecorded in mals. The group is divided into four suborders: Sweden. Anoplura are “sucking lice”, such as the Amblycera on birds and mammals (Fig. 1), Ano- human head and body louse Pediculus humanus plura on placental mammals (Fig. 2), Ischnocera sensu lato Linnaeus, 1758. Lice in this suborder on birds and mammals (Fig. 3), and the small have piercing mouthparts and feed primarily on 205 Daniel Gustafsson et al. Ent. Tidskr. 139 (2018) blood. Lice in the other three suborders consti- tute the “chewing lice”. These lice have mandib- ulate mouthparts used to bite or scrape the skin, hair, or feathers of their host, though some spe- cies may feed on blood. In older literature, the chewing lice are often known as the ‘Mallopha- ga’; however, this group is paraphyletic and the name discouraged (Lyal 1985; Johnson & Whit- ing 2002; Barker et al. 2003). A thorough review of the ecology and evolution of the chewing lice is provided by Clayton et al. (2016). Ischnocera Ischnocera is the largest suborder of lice, which contains about 3000 of the 5000 known species of true lice (Price et al. 2003a). Representa- tives of Ischnocera are known from virtually all families of birds and many orders of mammals. The systematics of the Ischnocera is poorly un- derstood, and most modern treatments recog- nize only four families: Goniodidae occurs on wildfowl (Galliformes) and pigeons (Colum- biformes), Trichodectidae on some mammals, the extralimital Heptapsogastridae on tinamous (Tinamiformes) and seriemas (Cariamiformes), and the morphologically variable Philopteridae Figure 1. An example of an amblyceran louse, Austromeno- which comprises all other ischnoceran lice, in- pon alpinum. The photo shows a female. Photo: Sarah Bush. cluding the extralimital Trichophilopterus ba- Ett exempel på en amblycer lus, Austromenopon alpinum. bakotophilus Stobbe, 1913, known from lemurs Bilden visar en hona. (Ferris 1993a)”. The latter family is informally divided into a number of complexes, many of Figure 2. An example of an anopluran louse, Haematopinus suis. The female (left) is substantially larger than the male (right). Ett exempel på en anoplur lus, Hae- matopinus suis. Honan till vänster är mycket större än hanen till höger. 206 Ent. Tidskr. 139 (2018) Swedish lice, general introduction which may represent monophyletic groups de- serving familial status. Ischnoceran lice have developed highly specialized body forms (“ecomorphs”) associ- ated with specific niches they occupy on the host’s body. These ecomorphs have evolved convergently in many different lineages of lice (Johnson et al. 2012), and appear to be closely correlated with how the lice escape the host’s primary defence, preening. Four general types of ecomorphs are generally recognized. “Wing lice” are slender and elongated (Figs 32–33, 38); they mainly escape preening by hiding be- tween feather barbs on the wings. “Body lice” are rounded lice with broad, rounded heads (Figs 26–27); they mainly escape preening by burrowing deeply into the downy areas towards the base of the body feathers. “Head lice” have large triangular heads with very strong mandi- bles (Figs 34–35, 39). Head lice avoid preen- ing because birds have difficulty preening their own heads. Notably, head lice are among the few lice that can be observed at a distance (Fig. 4). Lastly, a variety of body shapes are typically referred to as “generalists” (Figs 36–37, 40–41); this group is a catchall grouping, and as we learn more about these “generalist” lice, we are likely to find it also includes uniquely specialized lice Figure 3. An example of an ischnoceran louse, Philopterus corvi. The photo shows a male louse. Photo: Tomas Najer. (Baum 1968; Mey 1982a, 1994a). Keys to the ischnoceran genera arranged ac- Ett exempel på en ischnocer lus, Philopterus corvi. Bilden cording to host order were published by Price et visar en hane. al. (2003a); however, many of these ischnoceran genera were erected based on patterns of host association rather than characteristics of the lice themselves. We know from modern morpho- neotropical marsupials (Paucituberculata and logical and molecular treatments that many of Didelphimorphia), and the extralimital Boopi- these genera are paraphyletic (e.g. Johnson et dae on Australopapuan marsupials (Dasyuro- al. 2002a), and large-scale revisions on many morphia, Diprotodontia, Peramelemorphia) and groups are sorely needed. carnivorans (Carnivora). Trimenoponidae and Gyropidae are known in Sweden only from in- Amblycera troduced mammals (guinea pigs). Amblycera is the second largest suborder, com- Unlike ischnoceran lice, the amblyceran lice prising almost 1500 known species. Six families are most closely associated with the skin of are generally recognized: Menoponidae on most the host rather than specific feather tracts. The groups of birds, Laemobothriidae primarily on five families of amblyceran lice recorded from birds of prey (Accipitriformes, Falconiformes) Sweden are each very different morphologi- and rails (Gruiformes), Ricinidae on perch- cally (Figs 16–17, 22–25). Little is known about ing birds (Passeriformes) and hummingbirds niche specialization in most groups of ambly- (Apodiformes), Gyropidae mainly on rodents ceran lice. Some slender menoponid lice (e.g. (Rodentia), Trimenoponidae on rodents and Actornithophilus) are known to live part of their 207 Daniel Gustafsson et al. Ent. Tidskr. 139 (2018) a b Figure 4. – a) Black-headed gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus in winter plumage with several head lice, likely Saemundssonia lari, visible behind the eye. Head lice like these are often visible on bird with white heads, and the first author has seen this on several species of gull and on a domestic duck. – b) Close-up of same photo. Photo: Johan Lind /N, with kind permission. – a) Skrattmås Chroicocephalus ridibundus i vinterdräkt med ett flertal huvudlöss, sannoliktSaemundssonia lari, klart synliga bakom ögat. Huvudlöss är ofta synliga på vithuvade fåglar, och försteförfattaren har sett dem i fält på flera måsarter och en tamanka. – b) Inzooming av samma bild. lives inside larger quill feathers (e.g. Paterson are generally recognized (Kim et al. 1986, Dur- 1954). Ricinid lice have mouthparts modified to den & Musser 1994a). Anopluran lice are nota- pierce the host’s skin to obtain blood (Nelson bly absent from some mammal groups such as 1972a). Keys to the genera of Amblycera were whales and dolphins (Cetacea), bats (Chirop- provided by Clay (1970a), Ledger (1980), and tera), which have